Personal motivation - a different look at the usual opinion. Tons of articles have been written and rewritten about motivation; in this article I will not repeat it, I will tell you about my point of view. For now I will say that any form of motivation is a crutch thanks to which we want to achieve something. Article + video, if you are too lazy to read, watch the video at the end of the article.

If you think about it, everyone lacks motivation in some areas of life, for some it is playing sports or learning foreign languages, for others it is an important goal, the fulfillment of which they constantly neglect.

On the other hand, there are plenty of highly motivated people around, careerists for example, as well as those with whom you would not want to meet. Some of these highly motivated people are trying to make our life better, while others, on the contrary, are trying to make it worse in every possible way (this includes all kinds of criminals and maniacs).

What types of motivation are there?

In general, the answer here is clear: internal and external, that is, either you are motivated by external factors or you try to motivate yourself.

Why is all this needed?

We don’t want to force ourselves, because this is associated with inconvenience, discomfort, tension, in general, with what can be called suffering, but the mind always strives to avoid suffering. It is a fact.

Motivation is like a springboard over which we jump over what we don’t want, it’s a painkiller for suffering.

In general, motivation was invented in order to effectively manage people and develop discipline in them, that is, the ability to obey other people's rules and commands.

The basis of motivation is the carrot and stick method, which has turned into a whole system. The ability to obey others under the influence of external motivation is pumped into us from kindergarten and honed in school; the true goal of education is not to make us comprehensively developed and fully realized people, but to raise us to be an obedient performer. Society needs this, it is neither good nor bad; for society to function normally, people are needed who are able to obey and follow the rules.

But for the individual, this system has a number of side effects that appear when a person tries to start his own path, make himself more perfect, get more than the average result, etc. that is, he wants to be independent and successful. This is where the problems begin.

For example, a person sets a goal for himself, naturally he has motivation, in this case personal, without the influence of external factors, he gets down to business, engages in it, and then after some time, he gives up. Because his personal motivation dried up, he received an impetus and acted according to the inertia of this impetus; if his task is not time-consuming, then he can do it in time.

If something requires constant effort over a long period of time, such as learning a foreign language or working on oneself, then many fail. Then a couple of months pass, the person remembers that he should have done it and his motivation ignites again, he starts again, and then gives up. I think this is a familiar situation.

What happens when a person leaves his job and tries to start something of his own? It is very difficult for him to work for himself, since there is no external motivation, we were taught to obey others, to be part of the system, but no one taught us to subordinate ourselves. As a result, a person does nothing; he does not know how to force himself.

We have a well-developed reaction to external motivation, but self-discipline is zero. We were well taught to obey others or to subordinate others to ourselves, but to obey ourselves is not, no one thinks about it, but without this skill no personal achievements are possible.

Yes, and the social system is enough for us to have some average results, this is the principle of education. But as a rule, there is a better and happier life on the other side of the barrieraverage results.

Personal motivation = success in life?

And what is needed to achieve high results? Personal motivation? It seems to me that motivation is like taking a pill, I took it and it seemed to feel better, for a while, and then again. If you draw a graph where one scale is time, and the other is the degree of personal motivation. This will create a wavy line. With ups and downs. And to achieve goals you need consistency, without ups and downs, you need stability of effort.

Only self-discipline can provide stability. It is a fact. You need to act stupidly according to the principle: decided-did, decided-did and so on until you do it. Gradually it becomes a habit. And you don’t need these crutches in the form of motivation, either it’s there or it’s not there, you constantly need to pull it by the ears. And self-discipline is always with you, it is a more effective tool for managing yourself and is constantly active. On the contrary, motivation is an impulse tool, it is suitable for arousing interest in something, and then it is deactivated.

It turns out to be some kind of swing, if I was able to motivate myself, then things went uphill, but I didn’t find it tomorrow, everything went downhill. This is how I learned English, set myself up, started, studied for a month, and gave up. Then everything happens again in the same direction.

To achieve something in life you need stability, and self-discipline gives it. And balancing between your moods is complete nonsense.

But how to become self-disciplined, how to achieve better results in life?

Do you need it? In my opinion, people don’t need anything, they are ready to go with the flow all their lives, because it’s more convenient and easier. Few people are truly ready to achieve something in life and change themselves by improving strategically important skills.

In general, for those who are interested, there will be separate material on self-discipline so as not to miss it.

Yes, someone write a comment! I don't even know if anyone is reading this? Write your opinion, express your thoughts on this matter, it is important for yourself, it turns on the brain and promotes self-development... Damn, who am I writing all this to, still doesn’t care.

Video on the topic of personal motivation.

An incentive that encourages people to act is regarded as the motivation of human activity. In addition, this concept hides the skills and abilities of an individual to effectively satisfy his personal needs.

In psychology, a person’s motivated impulse is understood as an ongoing process that contains mechanisms of a psychophysiological type that control human actions and determine a person’s efficiency, his discipline, stability and orientation.

Personality and its motivation according to Maslow

The main postulate of Maslow’s works: “Man is a thirsty creature.” Most often, he is never completely and completely satisfied, and if he experiences something like this, it is very short-lived. After satisfying one desire, the next one immediately arises and so on ad infinitum.

It is precisely this series of incessant desires that is the basis of personal motivation according to Maslow. This or that motive becomes significant if the previous one has been satisfied.

Let's explain with an example. So, if a person is hungry or threatened by the elements, or he experiences dislike from those around him, then most likely he will not even have the desire to paint a picture or dress luxuriously.

According to Maslow, humans are driven by multi-level motivation. For example, why does a person eat? First of all, to satisfy hunger, but there are other reasons! So it is with the rest of your needs, which have multiple reasons why they should be satisfied.

Individual behavior, need for motivation

The directed activity of the human body provokes a periodic need to motivate the individual’s behavior, as a result, the emergence of diverse motivations is possible: cognitive, nutritional, sexual, protective.

It is motivation that turns out to be a kind of trigger that triggers processes in the cerebral cortex that determine the characteristic behavior of an individual under the influence of the sensory arousal he experiences, its decrease or, conversely, its increase.

Personal aspirations excite a person and cause him an emotional uplift, while all human motivations can be considered as a transformation of the state of a need expressed in something.

The primary incentives for a person to act are his interests in objects that have lasting significance for the individual. It is interests that turn out to be the mechanisms that motivate and regulate human behavior, determined by the hierarchy of existing needs.

It is noteworthy that there is no direct relationship between interests and needs; moreover, there is often no even awareness of such a connection.

Interests motivate a person to act; moreover, they themselves are shaped by his activities. Satisfied interests grow into a crown of ever new interests that require constant satisfaction.

Thus, interests, becoming a kind of guideline for an individual’s behavior, are ultimately transformed into the main psychological motivating mechanisms of behavior. The passions he displays, his desires and aspirations are closely interconnected with a person’s interests.

As a stage of maturing needs, desires are considered that are correlated with upcoming plans to achieve goals. Desires are divided into three main categories:

• Natural natural desires: quenching thirst and hunger, natural needs, the need for rest and sleep, and the like.
• Those that are natural, but the frequent satisfaction of which can be refused - the need for sex, for example.
• Those that are unnatural and are not among the necessary desires are the need for recognition and fame, the desire for leadership and power.

A persistent desire for a certain desired specific object is called passion, and this state turns out to be dominant, directing all human life. The coloring of passion can be not only positive, but also negative, which depends on the goals of the individual.

Often negative passions became the cause of crimes and personality degradation. Positive passions guide a person to achieve significant goals in the field of art and science, for example. The complete absence of passions could be the cause of the hopeless stupidity of the human race.

A person can be motivated both at a conscious level and subconsciously. Intentions and conscious motivation are directly interrelated. Intentions are combined into initiatives that push to action. Intentions are the basis of human behavior; they also guarantee freedom of action, acting as a conscious behavioral act. Motives act as justification for intentions.

Motivated activity of the individual

A conscious impulse that is aimed at achieving some goal necessary for an individual is called a motive.

Most often, several motives are the reason for the motivated activity of an individual. Some of the motives are dominant, giving the individual’s activities a very specific meaning.

Often motives come into conflict with the means of their implementation. As a result, either a change in the motive occurs or it is inhibited. It is necessary to distinguish motives from motivations; the latter include statements of an exculpatory nature regarding the actions committed.

Attitudes are the determining factors in motivating personal activity. An attitude is a stable basis of human behavior; there are general and differentiated attitudes.

Thus, the motivation of human activity contains a set of interdependent circumstances. And the actual motivation of an individual manifests itself as a set of needs. In order for motives to be realized, the individual must do some internal work. Nowadays there are many formulations of personal motivation.

Sometimes motives are confused with goals and needs. In this case, a need means an unconscious desire to eliminate inconvenience, and a goal means the outcome of a meaningful desire. If we consider what has been said as an example, then within the framework of the described categories, hunger will be a need, and the desire to satisfy it will be a motive, at the same time, a piece of meat that should satisfy hunger will be a goal.

Personal motivation is the basis of organizational behavior

The modern requirements for managers include requirements for the ability to effectively manage subordinates and interact with people. It is important that the leader is aware of the motives of behavior and the mechanisms of development of all actions. After understanding the motives, the reasons that serve as the basis for actions will also become clear.

Understanding their essence, it is possible to identify ways to effectively influence employees, which will serve as the basis for achieving qualitatively new organizational results. The main factors that develop an individual’s mode of action include the environment in which he is located, his needs and interests, as well as motives for behavior.

The concept of environment includes a number of objective conditions - nature, production, the social part - the degree of social development, intra-group social relations. The environment surrounding an individual influences the needs that arise in a person, which are formed from his very birth.

A small person experiences innate physical and physiological needs, but only the individual’s comprehension of the environment gives rise to additional needs, which further determine his interests, desires and goals.

The formation of organizational behavior is based on factors such as the general level of culture in the organization, the microclimate in the enterprise, and the personal traits of employees and managers. To a large extent, the fulfillment of the set organizational and other goals will depend on the manager, but at the same time he must be able to identify the motives of employees and their individual abilities, maintaining an environment that would emphasize and strengthen such abilities. We should never forget that at the heart of any organization are people with their own motives, desires and goals.

Motive is the need itself, which can stimulate a person to perform any actions necessary to achieve set goals (in this case, satisfying a need).

Almost any human action is based on his needs, each of which has its own different character. Also, human needs are characterized by variability.

This means that with a change in age, location or social circle, a person’s priorities and his views on what he needs at the moment also change.

The primacy of needs also changes - the most important becomes the one most appropriate to the moment, views and meaning of a person’s life.

This is what contributes to the emergence of motives in a person’s life. Need is the most important stimulus that directs and motivates a person to activity.

What is motive, motivation, motivation?

Motives can be either negative or motivating to work.

If in the first case the motive will be protest, then in the second, on the contrary, it will be the implementation of the proposed work.

What could be the motive?

• need;
• emotion;
• feelings;
• desires.

The motivational-need sphere of the individual is formed from a whole set of motives that a person has had throughout his life.

It is believed that it is this area that shapes a person’s personality, reflecting his life principles.

Motivation is a process that motivates actions necessary to achieve the goals of one person or an entire group.

The main difference between this concept and the concept of “motive” is its ambiguity. On the one hand, a motive is a whole system of various factors that influence a person, his actions, motives and intentions. On the other hand, motive is a process that supports human activity.

Thanks to the right motivation, a person can compensate for the shortcomings of a particular activity.

The emphasis is on the success of the action, the obligatory achievement of the goal and satisfaction of the need. This means that success itself will depend not only on abilities, skills or accumulated knowledge, but also on the strength of motivation.

A high level of motivation can force a person to make every effort to achieve a result. As a rule, highly motivated people not only work harder, but also complete their tasks much more successfully.

Motivation is a direct influence on a person through his own motives. The main goal of such influence is to motivate a person to take action and achieve assigned goals.

What motives can a person have?

A person's entire life is based on motives. They are the ones who force the individual to move forward towards the created goals.

Depending on what the motive is, the final goal will differ.

Motives may be:

• different interests;
• self-realization and self-affirmation;
• feelings and emotions;
• responsibility;
• duty to the public;
• material incentive.

However, it should be understood that motive and need are completely different concepts. Motive encourages a person to perform directed activities, to complete work and achieve a set goal. Such actions give a person a personal character and highlight his actions and activities against the general background.

And need forces a person to act in order to satisfy momentary desires, which as a result can develop into a motive.

What is the meaning of motivated activity?

If you analyze the process of a person achieving a goal, you can understand that pleasure comes not only from the final result, but also from the actions themselves. Usually a person enjoys the process of mental or physical activity aimed at self-improvement.

Activity motives

1. Organic motives will concern the provision of human physiological needs. Ensuring his life: feelings of hunger, cold, self-preservation. Naturally, it is precisely these needs that a person will satisfy first. Therefore, such motives are the strongest, since they ensure the functionality of the body and its protection.
2. Functional motives – provide cultural and spiritual growth of a person. This is a person’s desire to develop himself, visit various institutions, play sports or other activities aimed at improving the physical and personal qualities of a person.
3. Material motives - focus on obtaining things necessary for comfortable living conditions of a person. Money, luxury or household items.
4. Social motives are the activities of a person as an individual. Manifestation of a person’s social interests in society. Status, fame and many others.
5. Spiritual motives - these motives are similar to functional ones, but imply a person’s desire for religion and God. Departure from the body and the real world, in the hope of obtaining spiritual saturation and tranquility.

Consciously justified motives

Beliefs are motives primarily based on a person’s worldview, his principles and rules of life. Beliefs are formed in a person, starting from his conscious age, until the very end of his life. However, the beliefs that a person recognizes as the most important remain with him forever.

Value is a person’s attitude towards the world. His balanced system based on personal experience, knowledge and character. By forming his values, a person forms the significance of certain objects, events and people in his life.

It is value, as a conscious motive, that gives a person’s life a brightly colored meaning. It can be created:

Intention is a decision that a person makes consciously. Typically, intention is aimed at achieving a certain result and encourages a person to clearly plan and act.

Without a motive in life, a person’s personal values ​​are violated. Aspirations, principles, and, consequently, the meaning of existence are lost.

Therefore, awareness of oneself and the structure of one’s thinking is available only through the analysis of actions and the motives leading to them.

5 Personal motivation

Currently, there are two approaches to defining motivation.

The first of them considers motivation as a structural formation, as a set of factors or motives. It is adhered to by many psychologists, both domestic and foreign. “Motivation is a set of factors that determine behavior. This concept describes the relationship that exists between an action and the reasons that explain or justify it” (J. Godefroy). V.I. Kovalev expresses himself more clearly: “By motivation we understand the totality of motives for behavior and activity.” Within the framework of this approach, V.D. Shadrikov dots all the i’s. According to his scheme, motivation is determined by the needs, goals of the individual, level of aspirations, ideals, conditions of activity (both objective and subjective - knowledge, skills, abilities, character), worldview, beliefs, personality orientation, etc. Taking into account these factors, a person makes a decision.

Within the second approach, motivation is considered as a dynamic formation, as a process that supports a person’s mental activity at a certain level. He also has his many supporters.

“Motivation is a process of mental regulation that influences the direction of activity and the amount of energy mobilized to perform this activity,” writes V. N. Kunitsyna.

A good illustration of the understanding of motivation as a process is the hydromechanical model of K. Lorenz, with the help of which some variants of instinctive behavior can be explained.

Option 1. The accumulated energy stimulated by external stimuli is such that it itself can cause the reservoir to open and initiate some behavior.

Option 2. The external stimulus turned out to be so attractive that a response can occur even in the absence of an objective need. For example, a delicious pie can cause appetite even in a well-fed person.

Option 3. Most often, there is a joint action of external and internal factors that complement each other.

This hydromechanical or homeostatic model of motivation illustrates well 3. Freud's concept. The desires suppressed by a person fill the reservoir of what constitutes the source of a person’s desires. But they can be satisfied only if the “I” does not resist them (due to the fact that their implementation may interfere with the individual’s adaptation to the environment) or if the pressure of moral consciousness, the “super-ego,” acts too strongly.

Already in this model, the staged nature of the motivation process is visible. Let's consider other models of the motivational process.

According to V.I. Kovalev, the process of the emergence of a motive unfolds as follows. The emergence of a need => awareness of a need => meeting a need with a stimulus => transformation (usually through a stimulus) of a need into a motive = “awareness of a motive. In the process of awareness, the motives of behavior are built into a certain hierarchy. Some of them occupy a more significant position, others - a less significant position.

A.G. Kovalev describes the process of motivation as follows. The feeling of hunger evokes in the mind an image of an object that could stimulate the need. Under the influence of this image, the subject has an urge (impulse) to action, which correlates with the situation (external conditions) with the attitudes of the individual (internal conditions), which ultimately leads to setting a goal and developing an action plan.

E. P. Ilyin offers a more detailed scheme of the motivational process (when the stimulus is the need of the body) the result of which is a motive.

Stage 1 is the stage of formation of the primary (abstract) motive. Its essence is the formation of the individual’s needs and motivation for search activity.

In order for an organic need (need) to turn into a personal need, the subject must accept it as personally significant. In this case, it will begin to be experienced by the person, which is expressed in internal tension and the person’s desire to get rid of it.

At this stage, the subject of need satisfaction is as general as possible (for example, I need to eat, but I don’t yet know what exactly I want or will eat), i.e., a so-called abstract goal arises. *

Its appearance leads to the formation of an impulse and the search for a specific object to satisfy the need. The appearance of motivation means the end of the formation of the primary motive, the structure of which includes a need, a goal, and an incentive to search for a specific goal.

Stage 2 is search external or internal activity. If a person finds himself in an unfamiliar environment or does not have the required information, he is forced to search for a real object in the external environment (“whatever turns up, I’ll eat”).

Internal search activity is associated with the mental enumeration of specific items to satisfy a need. Essentially, this is the stage of intellectual processing of a need and translating it into a plan, a goal. The task of this stage is to determine the subjective probability of achieving success.

At the 3rd stage, a specific goal is selected and the intention to achieve it is formed. At the previous stage, the goal was defined. At the same time, it appears in the form of an image of a future result. It is well known that the most painful procedure for a person is the selection procedure. Since any goal is also characterized by its level (what the result should be: high or low), the choice of goal is determined by the level of aspiration, in particular the need to achieve or avoid failure.

Thus, at this stage, the intention to achieve the goal arises, expressed in a conscious, deliberate urge to act. It is this impulse that leads to a person’s action and with its occurrence the formation of a specific motive ends.

Thus, in the view of E.P. Ilyin, motivation appears as a process of motive formation.

However, along with this understanding, another thing is possible - motivation is a set of motives for behavior and activity. In this case, to assess motivation, the same parameters are used - strength and stability - as when assessing motive. Along with them, others are used - multiplicity, structure, hierarchy.

Plurality characterizes the development of content, i.e., a sufficient number of motives. The structure of motivation is assessed by how these motives are related to each other within one level. Hierarchy is determined based on the dominance of different groups of motives.

An expressive example of this is the well-known hierarchy of motives by A. Maslow, which opens with physiological needs, includes the needs of security, need and love, self-esteem and ends with the needs of self-actualization.

The hierarchy of the needs of the individual and the motives corresponding to them, in essence, expresses its general dynamic tendency - the orientation of the individual - the system-forming quality of the individual, a kind of integrator of all dynamic tendencies of the individual. As S. L. Rubinstein noted, “the problem of direction is, first of all, a question of dynamic tendencies that, as motives, determine activity, themselves, in turn, being determined by its goals and objectives.” Therefore, the orientation of the individual is manifested in all types of needs, motives and motivational formations. It is the orientation that determines the psychological appearance of the individual, emphasized B. F. Lomov. It is in the direction that the goals in the name of which a person acts, his motives, his subjective relationships are expressed. Therefore, when determining the orientation of a personality, we can say that it expresses the personality’s attitude towards the goals of its activities at the emotional, cognitive (cognitive) and behavioral levels.

It is in the direction that the meaningful, qualitative aspect of the need-motivational sphere of the individual is expressed as the totality of all needs, motives, motivational formations and personality traits that are formed and developed during his life. Of course, this sphere itself is dynamic and therefore changes depending on the circumstances of a person’s life. However, something else is also obvious: some motives turn out to be quite stable and dominant, which form a kind of core of personality. It is in them that the orientation of the personality is manifested.

B.F. Lomov noted that the need-motivational sphere of the individual constitutes a kind of foundation on which the life goals of the individual are formed, determining his life path. The life goals of an individual find expression in the concept of life they create, its meaning, according to which the individual’s life path is built. Since orientation expresses an attitude not only to the goals of activity, but also to goals - the values ​​of life, the life path of an individual is built in the light of one or another orientation.

As mentioned above, a personality is characterized not only by what it wants and what it strives for, but also by what it can, what it is capable of. But abilities characterize not only a person’s capabilities. They are inextricably linked with inclinations, that is, they also include the moment of direction. It is possible to understand a person’s abilities through an analysis of a person’s life activity.

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Good afternoon friends! Elena Nikitina is with you, and today we’ll talk about an important phenomenon, without which there would be no success in any endeavor - motivation. What is it and what is it for? What it is made up of, what types it is divided into and why economics studies it - read all about it below.

Motivation is a system of internal and external motives that force a person to act in a certain way.

At first glance, this is something abstract and distant, but without this neither desires nor the joy of their fulfillment are possible. Indeed, even a journey will not bring happiness to those who do not want to go there.

Motivation is related to our interests and needs. That is why it is individual. It also determines the aspirations of the individual and at the same time is determined by its psychophysiological properties.

The key concept of motivation is motive. This is an ideal (not necessarily existing in the material world) object towards which the individual’s activity is aimed.

S. L. Rubinstein and A. N. Leontyev understand motive as an objectified human need. Motive is different from need and goal. It can also be seen as the conscious cause of human actions. It is aimed at satisfying a need that may not be recognized by the individual.

For example, the desire to attract attention with extravagant clothing is intended to cover the urgent need for love and belonging, which is typical for people who are insecure.

A motive differs from a goal in that a goal is the result of an activity, and a motive is its cause.

The need is cognitive.

Motive – interest in reading (most often on a specific topic).

Activity – reading.

The goal is new impressions, pleasure from following the plot, etc.

To be more specific about your own motivation, answer the following questions:

1. Why do I do anything?
2. What needs do I want to satisfy?
3. What results do I expect and why are they significant for me?
4. What makes me act a certain way?

Main characteristics

The phenomenon of motivation can be described through the following characteristics:

1. Directional vector.
2. Organization, sequence of actions.
3. Stability of selected goals.
4. Assertiveness, activity.

Based on these parameters, the motivation of each individual is studied, which is important, for example, at school. These characteristics are also of great importance when choosing a profession. A sales manager, for example, must be consistently focused on high income and active in achieving the goal.

Stages of motivation

Motivation exists as a process and includes several stages:

1. First there is a need.
2. A person decides how it can be satisfied (or not satisfied).
3. Next, you need to determine the goal and ways to achieve it.
4. After this, the action itself is performed.
5. At the end of the action, the individual receives or does not receive a reward. Reward means any success. The effectiveness of an action influences further motivation.
6. The need for action disappears if the need is completely closed. Or it remains, but the nature of the actions may change.

Types of motivation

Like any complex phenomenon, motivation varies for different reasons:

• According to the source of motives.

Extrinsic (external)– a group of motives based on external incentives, circumstances, conditions (work to get paid).

Intrinsic (internal)– a group of motives based on a person’s internal needs and interests (to work because he likes the work). Everything internal is perceived by a person as an “impulse of the soul,” because it comes from his personal characteristics: character, inclinations, etc.

• Based on the results of actions.

Positive– a person’s desire to do something in the hope of positive reinforcement (overwork in order to get time off).

Negative– setting to perform an action in order to avoid negative consequences (arrive at work on time so as not to pay a fine).

• In terms of stability.

Sustainable– works for a long time, does not need additional reinforcement (an avid hiker conquers the trails again and again, without fear of difficulties).

Unstable– needs additional reinforcement (the desire to learn may be strong and conscious in one person, weak and hesitant in another).

• By coverage.

In team management there are different personal And group motivation.

Scope of application of the concept

The concept of motivation is used both in everyday life - to regulate the behavior of the individual himself and his family members, and from a scientific point of view - in psychology, economics, management, etc.

In psychology

The science of the soul studies the connection of motives with the needs, goals, desires, and interests of a person. The concept of motivation is considered in the following main directions:

• behaviorism,
• psychoanalysis,
• cognitive theory,
• humanistic theory.

The first direction claims that the need arises when the body deviates from a certain ideal norm. For example, this is how hunger arises, and the motive is designed to return a person to his original state - the desire to eat food. The method of action is determined by an object that can satisfy the need (you can cook soup or have a snack with something ready-made). This is called reinforcement. Behavior is formed under the influence of reinforcements.

In psychoanalysis, motives are viewed as a reaction to needs formed by unconscious impulses. That is, in turn, they are based on the instincts of life (in the form of sexual and other physiological needs) and death (everything related to destruction).

Cognitive (cognitive) theories present motivation as a result of a person’s understanding of the world. Depending on what his vision is aimed at (for the future, to achieve balance or to overcome imbalance), behavior develops.

Humanistic theories represent a person as a conscious person capable of choosing a path in life. The main motivating force of his behavior is aimed at realizing his own needs, interests and abilities.

In management

In personnel management, motivation is understood as encouraging people to work for the benefit of the enterprise.

Theories of motivation in relation to personnel management are divided into meaningful And procedural. The first study the needs of a person that force him to act in a certain way. The second considers factors influencing motivation.

By stimulating subordinates to perform work activities, the manager solves several problems:

• increases employee job satisfaction;
• achieves behavior aimed at desired results (for example, increasing sales).

This takes into account such concepts as the needs, motivations, values, motives of the employee, as well as incentives and rewards. Urge refers to the feeling of lack of something. Unlike a need, it is always conscious. Drives develop a goal to satisfy a need.

For example, the need for recognition creates an incentive to achieve career heights, and the goal may be to become a director (with intermediate stages along the way).

Values ​​can be all objects of the material world that are important to a person. In this case it is social position.

Motive is understood as the desire to satisfy a need. And incentives are those external factors that cause certain motives.

Motivation aims to form the desired motives in the employee in order to direct his activity in the right direction. After all, the desire for success depends on what is meant by success.

We wrote in more detail about staff motivation especially for managers.

In economics

Among the economic theories of motivation, the teachings of the classic of science – Adam Smith – are interesting. In his opinion, work is certainly perceived by a person as something painful. Different activities are not attractive in their own way. In early societies, when a person appropriated everything he produced, the price of the product of labor was equal to compensation for the effort expended.

With the development of private property, this ratio changes in favor of the value of the product: it always seems to be greater than the effort expended to earn money for this product. In simple words, he is convinced that he works for cheap. But a person still wants to balance these components, which forces him to look for a better-paid job.

A look at employee motivation in economics is directly related to the problem of enterprise performance. As the experience of foreign, in particular Japanese, studies has shown, material incentives for labor are not always exhaustive. Often, the activity and involvement of workers in production is ensured by a comfortable environment, an atmosphere of trust, respect and belonging, social guarantees and a system of various incentives (from certificates to bonuses).

Nevertheless, the salary factor is important for the employee and is taken into account by many economic theories. For example, equity theory talks about the connection between rewards and the efforts of team members. An employee who believes that he is underappreciated reduces his productivity.

The cost of each type of incentive is assessed from an economic point of view. For example, an authoritarian management style involves an increase in the managerial apparatus, which means the allocation of additional rates and wage costs.

Labor productivity in such a team is average. While involving employees in production management, the ability to choose their own schedule or work remotely has low cost and produces high results.

Remote work is good because your income depends only on you, and you are responsible for your own motivation. Check it out - you may soon be able to make good money on your hobby.

Why do you need motivation?

The system of motives is an integral feature of the individual. This is one of the factors that shapes uniqueness. Motivation is related to our mental characteristics (for example, choleric people need to move a lot, get as many different impressions as possible) and physical condition (when we are sick, we want almost nothing). This is not by chance by nature.

The meaning of everyone’s life is to live it according to their own scenario in order to realize their own goals and purpose. This is why each person strives for a unique set of values, actions and experiences. This does not mean that everything we want is certainly good, and what we don’t want is destructive and bad.

Unformed motivation is common, and you will definitely have to work on it so that a person can overcome obstacles, including laziness, and realize that he is successful. But it’s worth listening to motives, desires, and interests in order to learn and develop yourself.

It is not for nothing that people who very strongly desire something achieve greater results than others, all other things being equal. As the people say, “God gives angels to those who strive.”

You can and should manage your aspirations. If development stands still, impressive results can be achieved.

Stay with us and you will find many more useful things. And may everything you do bring joy!