Our projects. Project "Children's Magazine

Murzilka is a popular children's literary and art magazine.

It has been published since May 1924 and is addressed to children of primary school age. For 87 years of existence of the beloved children's magazine, its release has never been interrupted. In 2011, the magazine received a certificate from the Guinness Book of Records: Murzilka is a children's magazine with the longest publication period.

It is named after the fabulous creature yellow and fluffy Murzilka. Murzilka got his name thanks to the mischievous and prankster - a little forest man who existed in popular books for children of the late 19th century. It was a little man in a tailcoat, with a cane and a monocle. Then the image of the forest Murzilka changed to the image of an ordinary small dog helping everyone who is in trouble. But Murzilka in the guise of a puppy did not last long. In 1937, the famous artist Aminadav Kanevsky created a new image of Murzilka. Since then, a yellow hero lives in the children's edition of Murzilka, in a red beret and scarf, with a camera slung over his shoulder. And the kids really like it.

The main difference between the magazine for children "Murzilka" is high-quality children's literature. Over the years, Agniya Barto, Korney Chukovsky, S. Marshak, Mikhail Prishvin, Konstantin Paustovsky, Valentin Berestov, Yuri Korinets, Sergey Mikhalkov, Irina Tokmakova, Eduard Uspensky, A. Mityaev, Andrey Usachev, Marina Moskvina, Viktor Lunin, Leonid Yakhnin, Mikhail Yasnov. Currently, the magazine also publishes works by contemporary children's writers. Murzilka publishes children's fairy tales, fairy tales, children's stories, plays, children's poems.

Artists such as Evgeny Charushin, Yuri Vasnetsov, Aminadav Kanevsky, Tatiana Mavrina, Viktor Chizhikov, Nikolai Ustinov, Galina Makaveeva, Georgy Yudin, Maxim Mitrofanov have worked and continue to work in the magazine.

"Murzilka" is a mirror of our children's literature. He is the link between readers and children's literature. For many children living on the periphery, the magazine still serves as an addition to literature textbooks. The permanent sections of the journal are full of interesting, informative materials that are a worthy addition to the in-depth study of school subjects: the Russian language (“Walking with words”), natural history (flora and fauna of the planet), labor (achievements of science and technology in the headings), physical education(“Champion”), OBZH (“School of Safety”), visual arts("Let's go to the museum", "Art Gallery", "Murzilka Art Gallery"). Each issue of Murzilka has games, puzzles, puzzles, crossword puzzles, coloring books and several homemade designs.

The magazine publishes fairy tales, fairy tales, stories, plays, poems. Its main authors are modern talented writers, artists and classics of children's literature. Often the authors of the journal are the readers themselves.

Modern "Murzilka" is full of interesting, informative materials - history, achievements of science and technology, sports, major events today. Materials on such topics attract not only young readers, but also their parents. With a variety of topics and an interesting presentation, the magazine strives to satisfy the ever-growing demands of its readers.

There are topics that are not limited to publication in several issues, but continue for more long time. This is the Murzilka Art Gallery. "Gallery" introduces reproductions of paintings - masterpieces of domestic and world art, with the life and work of artists. Stories about them and reproductions of paintings are printed on the tabs, you can cut them out and collect your art collection.

Materials are printed from issue to issue to complement the program elementary school recommended by the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation. This includes the "School of Security", and fun lessons in mathematics and the Russian language, combined in a separate section-application "Puzzles, games, ideas."

Interesting not only for children, but for the whole family "Murzilka's advice", "Adventures of Murzilka", homemade products, contests, quizzes, which provide not only interesting information, call for creativity, but also bring up useful skills.

Municipal Autonomous educational institution

"Secondary school No. 7"

city of Solikamsk, Perm region

Children's magazine Murzilka.

Research project.

Fulfilled :

Kuznetsov Alexey

student 3 "B" class

MAOU secondary school №7

Work manager:

Shishkina Galina Anatolievna

teacher primary school

Solikamsk 2013

Introduction…………………………………………………………...3-4

Historical facts

General information about the Murzilka magazine…………………………..5

The history of the creation of the journal……………………………………….6-7

What did the magazine look like in the past……..……………………………8

What does the magazine look like now……………………...9-10

Organization and conduct of the study …….……………...11-13

Conclusion…………………………………………………………14

5.List of resources used.……………………………………...15

Introduction.

On the lessons literary reading we get acquainted with the works of various writers and poets, as well as with their life and work. Books are the main source of information. Soon we will begin to consider the topic

"Children's magazine - Murzilka". I like to read magazines, but I have not yet met Murzilka magazine. I wanted to know more about him. To do this, I made a series of questions on the topic of interest to me:

What does a magazine look like?

What year is it published?

Who is Murzilka?

Why is he interesting?

I put in front of megoal :

to find out - modern children read the magazine "Murzilka".

Tasks:

learn how to use reference literature;

master the skills of conducting research work;

find out - there is a magazine "Murzilka" in the libraries of our city and modern children read the magazine.

Research methods:

study of literary sources;

questioning students;

conversation with librarians.

Significance of the work:

teach students to take care of literary sources;

to instill in them the skills of working with additional journalistic sources;

expand knowledge of the magazine.

Expected results:

learn the history of the journal;

find out its significance for students;

arouse interest in the magazine.

2. Historical facts.

General information about the magazine "Murzilka".

« Murzilka "popular children's

literary and art magazine. The magazine is published once a month with a circulation of 85,000 copies. It has been published since May 16, 1924 and is addressed to children from 6 to 12 years old. For 88 years of existence of the beloved children's magazine, its release has never been interrupted. In 2012, the magazine was listed in the Guinness Book of Records as "Murzilka" - a children's magazine with the longest publication period.

History of the journal .

History Murzilkibegan in 1879, when the Canadian artist Palmer Cox created a series of drawings about brownies - these are the closest relatives of brownies, small men, about 90 centimeters tall, with brown unkempt hair and bright blue eyes (because of the brown color of their hair, they are called " brownie"). These creatures come at night and finish what the servants did not have time to do. They began a triumphal procession, first across America, and then around the world. They got to Russia thanks to the famous writer Anna Khvolson, who made a free translation of Cox's texts, giving the characters other names. Thus the name Murzilka was born.

In 1913, a book was published in Russia with drawings by Palmer Cox and Russian text from Anna Khvolson “The New Murzilka. Amazing adventures and wanderings of little forest men, where the main character was Murzilka.

E it was a boy in a black tailcoat, with a huge white flower in his buttonhole, in a silk top hat and long-nosed boots fashionable at that time. And in his hands he always had an elegant cane and a monocle. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, these fairy tales were very popular. Murzilka himself, according to the plot of the tale, constantly got into some funny stories. But after 1917, everyone forgot about this hero. The next time Murzilka was remembered was in 1924, when a new children's magazine was created under Rabochaya Gazeta.

What the magazine looked like in the past.

IN in the past it was a children's monthly magazine. It was designed for younger schoolchildren, pupils of older groups of kindergartens. The main task of "Murzilka" was to educate children in the spirit of patriotism, camaraderie, respect for work. The magazine published stories, poems, fairy tales, essays and pictures about the work of people, the heroic past of the Motherland. In a lively, entertaining and accessible form, he told the children about the history of the country, work, nature, school life, etc.

Well-known figures of literature and art participated in the creation and work of the magazine. The best children's writers were published on the pages of Murzilka: , , , , , , , , , and others.

Murzilka was a red outbred puppy who accompanied his master, the boy Petka, everywhere. His friends also changed - now they were pioneers, Octobrists, as well as their parents.

What does the journal look like now?

ABOUT however, the puppy did not last long - he soon disappeared, and Petka subsequently descended from the pages of the magazine and in 1937, the famous artist Aminadav Kanevsky created a new image of Murzilka - a kind of fluffy yellow creature, which, having undergone some changes, has survived to this day. Since then, the symbol of the Murzilka children's edition has been a fluffy yellow character, wearing a red beret and scarf. And the kids really like it. Currently, the journal publishes works by contemporary children's writers, including foreign ones. The main difference between "Murzilka" is high-quality children's literature. Fairy tales, novellas, children's stories, plays, poems are printed here. Its main authors are modern talented writers, artists and classics of children's literature. Often the authors of the journal are the readers themselves.

Modern "Murzilka" is a full-color glossy publication, as before, full of interesting, informative materials on topics that attract not only young readers, but also their parents. With a variety of topics and an interesting presentation, the magazine strives to satisfy the ever-growing demands of its readers. Many materials are not only informational character, call for creativity, but also bring up useful skills. Also, materials are printed here that complement the elementary school curriculum, for example: the Russian language (“Walking with words”), the world around us (flora and fauna of the planet), labor (achievements of science and technology in headings), physical culture

(“Champion”), OBZH (“School of Security”), fine arts (“Let's Go to the Museum”, “Art Gallery”).

Each issue of Murzilka has games, puzzles, puzzles, crossword puzzles, coloring books and several homemade designs.

There are topics that are not limited to publication in several issues, but continue for a longer time. This is the Murzilka Art Gallery. "Gallery" acquaints with reproductions of paintings - masterpieces of domestic and world art, with the life and work of artists. Stories about them and reproductions of paintings are printed on the tabs, you can cut them out and collect your art collection.

3.Organization and conduct of the study.

Materials and equipment: questionnaire with questions for children, pen.

Our research was carried out in the Moscow Autonomous Educational Institution Secondary School No. 7, Solikamsk. By the method of questioning, in which children of 4a, 4b, 3a, 3b, 3c, 2a, 2c classes took part, we found out what modern children prefer to read and they read the Murzilka magazine.

The children were asked to answer the following questions:

What magazines do you read? (Murzilka, other magazines)

We entered the results of the survey in Table 1.

Number of children

1 question

2 question

3 question

Yes

books

magazines

magazines and books

Murzilka

Other magazines

room 20

room 21

room 19

room 29

room 27

room 22

total

6 cells

140 hours

115 hours

25 hours

32 hours

69 hours

39 hours

19 o'clock

121 hours

Output.

Based on the results of the survey, the following conclusions can be drawn: a total of 140 children were interviewed - primary school students, of which 115 people like to read, 25 people do not like to read. Mostly children read magazines - 69 people. Murzilka magazine is known and read by 19 people, the rest of the children prefer to read other magazines: Fidget, Spiderman, Gingerbread Man, Comics, Winx, Yeralash and others. Thus, modern children like to read magazines, Murzilka magazine is read by 19 people, which is 13.5% of the children surveyed. This suggests that Murzilka is an unpopular magazine among children.

There is a magazine Murzilka in the libraries of our city. Target: find out there is a magazine in the libraries of our city and the children take it for reading.

Materials and equipment: questions for librarians, pen, notepad.

Our study was conducted in the libraries of the city of Solikamsk: the library of the MAOU secondary school No. 7, the library of the MAOU secondary school No. 9, the Central Children's Library, the library of the Klestovka microdistrict. Using the survey method, we found out that there is a Murzilka magazine in the libraries of our city and children take it for reading.

We asked librarians next questions:

Is there a Murzilka magazine in the library? (Not really)

What year is it issued?

Is he coming this year? (Not really)

Do children take it for reading? (Not really)

We entered the results of the survey in table No. 2.

Koptyukhova

Larisa

Vasilevna

2000

often

MAOU secondary school №9

Central Children's Library

Marina Nikolaevna

1997

seldom

Library of the microdistrict Parkovy

Mareshkina Natalya Alexandrovna

2006

seldom

TOTAL

Output:

Based on the results of the survey, the following conclusions can be drawn: the Murzilka magazine has been available in the libraries of our city since 1997, but this year 2013 the magazine is subscribed only to the Central Children's Library. Children are interested in the magazine, but rarely take it for reading. Thus, our research has confirmed that modern children rarely read Murzilka magazine or are not interested in it at all.

4. Conclusion.

In the course of my work, I acquired useful skills: I learned how to use reference literature, conduct research work, and analyze the results obtained. Studying the reference literature, I learned a lot of interesting facts about the Murzilka magazine.

During the research work, I was able to make sure that in our time there are children who do not like to read books, as well as educational magazines, which include the Murzilka magazine.

In modern times, it has become much easier to find the information you need using sources such as the Internet, television, but we must not forget that there are also books and magazines that are also important for gaining new knowledge.

With my work, I wanted to attract the attention of students and interest them in the magazine - Murzilka, which not only offers us interesting puzzles, puzzles, riddles, crafts, but also teaches us to learn about the world around us.

5.List of used resources.

On May 16, 1924, the first issue of a magazine for children from 6 to 12 years old, Murzilka, was published in the Soviet Union.

The history of Murzilka began in 1879, when the Canadian artist Palmer Cox created a series of drawings about brownies (Brownie) - these are the closest relatives of brownies, small men, about 90 centimeters tall, similar to little elves with brown unkempt hair and bright blue eyes (because of the brown hair they are called "brownies"). Their skin is predominantly fair, although brownie skin color depends on where they live and what they eat. These creatures come at night and finish what the servants did not have time to do. But this was only a test before the real creation of those images that will subsequently conquer the public. So in 1881, the same brownies appeared in the magazine Wide Awake, which began a triumphal procession, first across America, and then around the world.

By the way, as such, Cox's brownies did not have names - they were called by characteristic nicknames, such as Chinese, Sailor, Dandy, Jockey, Russian, Hindu, King, Student, Policeman, Canadian, etc.

The first edition of The Kingdom of the Little Ones, which included 27 stories and 182 drawings, was published in 1889, followed by reprints in 1898, 1902 and 1915.

And it turned out that Murzilka is incredibly similar to the famous Dunno known to us. He is the same braggart, lazy and buzzer, because of his character he constantly gets into various troubles. However, these two heroes also have differences. Murzilka, for example, is a true dandy. A tailcoat or long coat, top hat, boots with narrow toes, a cane and a monocle are indispensable components of his everyday costume. So Dunno's predilection for provocatively bright tones in clothes would have been unpleasantly struck by the refined taste of Murzilka. But this difference is purely external. Although the character of Murzilka, or, as his friends call him, The Empty Head, is quite similar to the character of his literary descendant, Dunno is written out in much more detail and volume. And if Khvolson's hero is deliberately caricatured and conditional, then Nosov's is a lively, charming and recognizable boy. Therefore, probably, readers only laugh at the careless and boastful Murzilka, but Dunno often sympathize, sincerely pity and love him.

So, the name Murzilka was born in 1913. Two years later, Anna Khvelson releases an independent work called “The Kingdom of Babies. The Adventures of Murzilka and the Forest Men, which was illustrated by the works of the same Palmer Cox, but since it was not included in the official brownie bibliography, it can be considered a remake.
It was a boy in a black tailcoat, with a huge white flower in his buttonhole, in a silk top hat and long-nosed boots that were fashionable at that time .. And he always had an elegant cane and a monocle in his hands. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, these fairy tales were very popular. Murzilka himself, according to the plot of the tale, constantly got into some funny stories. But after the 1917 revolution, the book was no longer published, and everyone forgot about this hero.

The next time Murzilka was remembered was in 1924, when a new children's magazine was created under Rabochaya Gazeta. Some of the founders remembered this name and it was adopted almost unanimously. But do not put it on the cover of a brownie! Therefore, a red outbred puppy became Murzilka, who accompanied his master, the boy Petka, everywhere. His friends also changed - now they were pioneers, Octobrists, as well as their parents. However, the puppy did not last long - he soon disappeared, and Petka subsequently left the pages of the magazine.

So he appeared in several cartoons, the last of which - "Murzilka on the satellite" - was created in 1960. It was this beret that later became an indispensable attribute of Murzilka, when he turned yellow and overgrown.

Soon other heroes began to appear in this magazine - the evil sorceress Yabeda-Koryabeda, the talking cat Shunka, Magpie-Balabolka, Sportlendik and Ladybug. All these characters have become the leading main headings of the magazine - funny and entertaining stories, curiosity questions, sports page, stories about nature.

In 1977 - 1983. the magazine published "A detective-mysterious story about Yabeda-Koryabeda and her 12 agents" (author and artist A. Semyonov) and its continuation. Often the magazine took on far from children's topics. To kids who had only recently learned to read, "Murzilka" told about the conquest of space, the construction of the DneproGES, the Olympics-80, and even interpreted the ideology of the party - "Octobers about the Communists."

The magazine "Murzilka" is still published. It is listed in the Guinness Book of World Records as "the longest-running children's magazine".

Monthly children's magazine "Working newspaper" - "Murzilka". Issue for August 1927. Illustrated with color drawings. Content - poems and stories for children of primary school age by Soviet poets and writers. None of the pages indicate the composition of the editorial board, but there is its address - Moscow, Tverskaya, 3. Original. The condition is satisfactory. Our collection contains one of the early editions with a 95-year history.

Everyone in our country knows about the existence of Murzilka - a yellow animal in a red beret and scarf, with a camera slung over his shoulder. And even if you have not read the children's magazine of the same name, you have certainly heard about it, seen colorful illustrations and met stories from this wonderful children's magazine. On May 16, 1924, the first issue of a magazine for children from 6 to 12 years old, Murzilka, was published in the USSR.

The history of this character began in 1879, when the Canadian artist Palmer Cox created a series of drawings about brownies (Brownie) - these are the closest relatives of brownies, small men, about 90 centimeters tall, similar to little elves with brown unkempt hair and bright blue eyes ( because of the brown color of their hair, they are called "brownies"). Their skin is predominantly fair, although brownie skin color depends on where they live and what they eat. These creatures come at night and finish what the servants did not have time to do. But this was only a test before the real creation of those images that will subsequently conquer the public. So in 1881, the same brownies appeared in the magazine Wide Awake, which began a triumphal procession, first across America, and then around the world.

In February 1883, Cox began publishing in the New York children's publication St. Nicholas" pictures with brownies, accompanied by poems about the adventures of heroes. And four years later, the first book "The Brownies, Their Book" was published, where a collection of stories about brownies was collected and which sold a million copies. In total, before his death in 1924, Palmer Cox created 15 original books about brownies. By the way, as such, Cox's brownies did not have names - they were called by characteristic nicknames, such as Chinese, Sailor, Dandy, Jockey, Russian, Hindu, King, Student, Policeman, Canadian, etc.

For the first time, Murzilka and his friends appeared on the pages of the Sincere Word magazine in 1887 in the fairy tale "A boy is the size of a finger, a girl is the size of a fingernail." The author of this fairy tale was the famous writer Anna Borisovna Khvolson, and the illustrations were the drawings of the artist Palmer Cox. The first edition of The Kingdom of the Little Ones, which included 27 stories and 182 drawings, was published in 1889, followed by reprints in 1898, 1902 and 1915.

In 1913, a book was published in Russia with drawings by Palmer Cox and Russian text from Anna Khvolson “The New Murzilka. Amazing adventures and wanderings of little forest men. Anna Khvolson made a free translation of Cox's texts, giving the characters other names: Maz-Peremaz, Dedko-Bearded, Znayka, Dunno, clever Skok, hunter Mick, Turntable, Chinese Chi-ka-chi, Indian Ski, Microbka, American John, etc. P. Well, actually Murzilka, on whose behalf the story was told. And it turned out that Murzilka is incredibly similar to the famous Dunno known to us. He is the same braggart, lazy and buzzer, because of his character he constantly gets into various troubles. However, these two heroes also have differences. Murzilka, for example, is a true dandy. A tailcoat or a long coat, a top hat, boots with narrow toes, a cane and a monocle are indispensable components of his everyday costume.

It is traditionally believed that a certain fluffy yellow creature was born by the artist Aminadav Kanevsky at the request of the editors in 1937. However, back in the 50s, Murzilka was a little man wearing an acorn hat on his head instead of a beret. So he appeared in several cartoons, the last of which - "Murzilka on the satellite" - was created in 1960. It was this beret that later became an indispensable attribute of Murzilka, when he turned yellow and overgrown.

The magazine was designed for October children, younger schoolchildren, pupils of older groups of kindergartens. The main task of "Murzilka" was the communist education of children in the spirit of Soviet patriotism, respect for work, collectivism and camaraderie. The magazine published stories, poems, fairy tales, essays and pictures about the creative work of the Soviet people, the heroic past of the Motherland. In a lively, entertaining and accessible form, he told the children about the history of the USSR, work, nature, school life, October affairs, etc.

The best children's writers were published on the pages of Murzilka: Samuil Marshak, Korney Chukovsky, Sergei Mikhalkov, Boris Zakhoder, Agniya Barto. “Murzilka” instilled in the youngest children a love of learning with the help of bright pictures, interestingly played plots and provocative rhymes. The magazine "Murzilka" is still published. It is listed in the Guinness Book of World Records as "the longest-running children's magazine".

Publications in the Literature section

The first children's magazines

Children's magazines were a real window into the world for Soviet schoolchildren: they published funny stories, serious literature, entertaining puzzles, and educational competitions. Each magazine of the Soviet era, one way or another, also performed an educational function - a generation of future Soviet citizens grew up on their didactic publications. Together with the Kultura.RF portal, we leaf through archival files and get acquainted with the main children's heroes of the pre-war era.

"Northern Lights" (1919–1920)

Cover of the Northern Lights magazine, No. 10-12, 1919. Photo from the archive of digitized materials of the National Electronic Children's Library.

Page of the journal "Northern Lights", No. 10-12, 1919. Photo from the archive of digitized materials of the National Electronic Children's Library.

Maksim Gorky. Photo: citaty.mira5.com

The magazine "Northern Lights", the brainchild of Maxim Gorky, was the very first Soviet publication for children from 9 to 12 years old. Materials in it were allowed only ideologically correct. For example, "Northern Lights" published essays about the combat everyday life of miners in Central Asia; the poem "Conquered Palaces" - about the palaces, which after the revolution did not belong to the kings, but to the people; the anti-religious story "Yashka" about a desperate Red Army soldier who abandoned paradise in order to return to earth to fight for a just cause. It is on such literature, and not on fairy tales, according to the creators of the magazine, the children of the new country should have been brought up.

The magazine was published in Petrograd for a very short time, about two years. The design of the issues was ascetic and modest: graphic black-and-white illustrations diluted two columns of text. Despite this, the Northern Lights quickly won its audience, and in 1920 the magazine was published with a circulation of almost 1,500 copies. However, this did not save him from closing: during the Civil War, the city simply did not have enough paper for the constant issue of a children's magazine.

"New Robinson" (1923–1925)

Cover of the New Robinson magazine, No. 12, 1924. Photo: violity.ru

Cover of the New Robinson magazine, No. 8, 1926. Photo: violity.ru

Page of the New Robinson magazine. Photo: expositions.nlr.ru

Samuil Marshak. Photo: polit.ru

This legendary Soviet magazine was originally published under the name "Sparrow", but the publishers considered this name too frivolous. A new, more serious, magazine received in 1924 and became famous precisely with it.

"New Robinson" was published on the basis of the Leningrad studio of children's literature, which was led by Samuil Marshak. The famous children's poet attracted young and talented writers to the magazine, who later became classics of children's books: Vitaly Bianchi, Boris Zhitkov, Evgeny Schwartz.

The lyrics in New Robinson were less biased than in Northern Lights. The editors under the leadership of Marshak understood that children needed a fun and interesting publication. Therefore, the magazine published popular science essays, stories about nature, humorous poems and notes. He gave the floor to the young readers themselves: he published letters from "detcorers", that is, "children's correspondents" about their lives and hobbies, as well as reviews of the magazine itself. The bold design of the "New Robinson" was in line with the NEP era and took shape under the influence of constructivism in painting: bright color combinations, play of shapes, fonts and experiments with composition.

The magazine closed in 1925 after another wave of criticism from the Russian Association of Proletarian Writers for its "free spirit".

"Hedgehog" (1928–1935)

Cover of the magazine "Hedgehog", No. 9, 1928. Photo: expositions.nlr

Cover of the magazine "Hedgehog", No. 1, 1928. Photo: expositions.nlr

Fragment of the magazine "Ezh". Photo: expositions.nlr

Fragment of the magazine "Ezh". Photo: d-harms.ru

The magazine "Hedgehog" - in deciphering "monthly magazine" - was another bright project of Samuil Marshak and the unofficial heir to the "New Robinson". Oberiut poets who did not recognize traditional forms of literature worked in The Hedgehog; Daniil Kharms, Alexander Vvedensky, Nikolai Oleinikov and Nikolai Zabolotsky were first published. The Hedgehog was designed by famous Soviet artists Vladimir Lebedev, Yuri Vasnetsov and Nikolai Radlov. Despite the fact that the magazine did not differ in color variety, it was richly illustrated with graphics and black-and-white comics, a variety of fonts, silhouettes and even photographs were used for its design.

In the early years, the magazine focused not on the ideological education of children, but on humor, fascinating and informative texts, and poetic amusements. The Hedgehog published stories about animals, about the life of African peoples, about customs different countries, about travels to the North and South Poles. The children were offered detailed instructions on the creation of bows and slingshots, schemes for modeling aircraft and hang gliders. The idea of communist education found an original embodiment in the magazine: instead of opportunistic propaganda texts, it published letters from pioneer children from the Soviet republics and even foreign countries. In them, they themselves talked about life, about themselves and about the "benefits of socialism."

However, this approach was not enough. In 1935, the magazine was closed after a long persecution in proletarian publications, where its educational policy was called alien to Soviet children.

"Chizh" (1930–1941)

Cover of the magazine "Chizh", No. 3, 1938. Photo: expositions.nlr.ru

Fragment of the magazine "Chizh", No. 3, 1932. Photo: expositions.nlr.ru

Eugene Schwartz. Photo: bel.kp.ru

Nikolay Oleinikov. Photo: polit.ru

"Extremely interesting magazine" was first published as an appendix to the "Hedgehog", but soon became an independent publication. In the early years, the Hedgehog team was engaged in its release. Nikolai Oleinikov and Yevgeny Schwartz, trying to maintain the Hedgehog's policy, paid much attention to the publication of non-ideological poems, educational materials and games. They have been adapted for readers of the youngest age. For example, in the “School “Chizh”” section, children were taught to carefully pour milk into a glass, cut bread and understand what time the clock shows. For entertainment, they published puzzles, puzzles and instructions on how to make toys with their own hands from improvised materials.

The target audience of Chizh were preschoolers, so the magazine was rich in various illustrations and small literary genres, as well as playful texts like letters from the name of "fat tomato" and "straight carrot", who dream of getting into the soup to the kids. In the design, the artists preferred sketchy caricature illustrations, watercolor sketches and satirical sketches. Chizh published works by the outstanding book illustrator Vladimir Konashevich, who became famous as the author of the classic design of books by Korney Chukovsky, Agniya Barto and Samuil Marshak.

"Chizh" inherited the spirit of freedom of creativity of the Oberiuts, they communicated with children not from the standpoint of proletarian education, but on an equal footing, as with little friends. Nevertheless, the editors could not avoid party influence - therefore, politicized materials appeared on the pages of Chizh, such as a fairy tale about little Volodya Ulyanov or a comic strip about how Lenin came from abroad and made a revolution.

The magazine existed until the beginning of the Great Patriotic War; in different time in addition to the Oberiuts, Georgy Dietrich, Tamara Gabbe, Mikhail Zoshchenko, Yuri German were published in it.

"Pioneer" (1924–present)

Cover of Pioneer magazine, No. 1, 1967. Photo: bibliograph.ru

Fragment of Pioneer magazine, 1925. Photo: wordpress.com

Korney Chukovsky. Photo: bibliograph.ru

Konstantin Paustovsky. Photo: paustovskiy.od.ua

This magazine was directly addressed to the true Soviet pioneer child. "Pioneer" appeared in the mid-1920s and was published until the early 1990s. Despite the tendentiousness of its name, the early Pioneer was a vibrant literary publication. The strongest children's authors of the era wrote for him - Korney Chukovsky, Samuil Marshak, Konstantin Paustovsky, Lev Kassil, Valentin Kaverin, Agniya Barto. There was also a special section "Ship" in the magazine, in which the readers themselves shared their creativity.

The publication fully met the needs of the era: the editors preferred socialist realist texts. For the first time, the story "The Fate of the Drummer" by Arkady Gaidar, "Poems about Uncle Styopa" by Sergei Mikhalkov, "Old Man Hottabych" by Lazar Lagin and many other works were first published in Pioneer. This trend also applied to the design of the publication: there were no unusual avant-garde illustrations in the magazine - only realistic joyful Soviet pioneers, smiling children from the countries of the socialist camp, heroic Komsomol members and participants in the Civil War.

"Murzilka" (1924 - PRESENT)

Cover of the Murzilka magazine, No. 6, 1994. Photo from the archive of the National Electronic Children's Library.

Murzilka has always had a lot of entertaining games, easy instructions for creating toys and crafts. As a magazine for the smallest - those who were just learning to read - "Murzilka" was generously illustrated by the masters of the era: Vasily Vatagin, Boris Dekhterev, Nikolai Radlov and others. Their works were distinguished by the uniqueness of the author's styles, so the design of the magazine was very diverse. Caricature illustrations of rhymes were side by side with realistic images of plants and animals, playful sketches of hooligans side by side with detailed children's portraits.

The first issues were saturated with literary texts that corresponded to the time. For example, in the first issue of Murzilka, the story “Vanyushkino happiness” was published about the eternally hungry and unhappy boy Vanya, whose mother worked too much. The children from the orphanage decided to help Vanya: they took him in, and the boy lived happily ever after.

Many articles have been devoted Soviet heroes- to pilots and sailors, some of the materials sang happy life Octobrists who dreamed of growing up as soon as possible and becoming real communists.