Enterprises receive the bulk of their profits from the sale of products and services. In the process of analysis, the dynamics and implementation of the plan for profit from product sales are studied and the factors for changing its amount are determined.

Profit from product sales overall for the enterprise depends on four factors:

volume of product sales (VRP);

its structure (UDi);

cost (Ci)

and the level of average selling prices (CI) .

Product sales volume can have a positive and negative impact on the amount of profit. Increasing sales of profitable products leads to a proportional increase in profits. If the product is unprofitable, then with an increase in sales volume, the amount of profit decreases.

Structure of commercial products can have both a positive and negative impact on the amount of profit. If the share of more profitable types of products in the total volume of their sales increases, then the amount of profit will increase and, conversely, with an increase in the share of low-profit or unprofitable products, the total amount of profit will decrease.

Product cost and profit are inversely proportional: a reduction in cost leads to a corresponding increase in the amount of profit, and vice versa.

Change in the level of average selling prices The amount of profit is directly proportional: as the price level increases, the amount of profit increases, and vice versa.

Calculation of the influence of these factors on the amount of profit can be determined using the data in Table. 2.

table 2

Initial data for factor analysis of profit from product sales

(thousand roubles.)

The plan for the amount of profit from sales of products in the reporting year was exceeded by 1,396 thousand rubles. (19,296-17,900), or by 7.8%.

If we compare the amount of profit planned and conditional, calculated based on the actual volume and range of products, but at planned prices and planned cost of production, we will find out how much it has changed due to the volume and structure of products sold:

∆P(vрп,уд) = 18,278 - 17,900 = +378 thousand rubles.

Impact of changes in total cost the amount of profit is established by comparing the actual amount of costs with the planned amount, recalculated to the actual sales volume:

∆Ps = 78,322 - 80,639 = -2317 thousand rubles.

Change in the amount of profit due to selling prices for products is determined by comparing actual revenue with conditional revenue that the enterprise would receive for the actual volume of product sales at planned prices:

∆Pc = 99,935 - 96,600 = +3335 thousand rubles.

It should also be analyzed implementation of the plan and dynamics of profit from the sale of certain types of products, the value of which depends on three factors: the volume of product sales (VРПi), cost (Ci) and average selling prices (Ci). The factor model of profit from the sale of certain types of products has the form

Pi = VРПi x (Ci – Ci).

We will calculate the influence of factors on changes in the amount of profit for individual types of products by chain substitution.

Then it is necessary to study in detail the reasons for changes in sales volume, price and cost for each type of product.

Question 3. Analysis of financial results of other activities.

Fulfillment of the profit plan largely depends on the financial results of activities not related to the sale of products. This is the profit or loss of past children identified in the reporting year; profit from the rental of land and fixed assets; received and paid penalties, fines and penalties; losses from writing off bad receivables for which the statute of limitations has expired; losses from natural disasters; income from shares, bonds, deposits; income and losses from foreign exchange transactions; losses from markdown of finished products and inventories, etc.

In the process of analysis, the composition, dynamics, implementation of the plan and factors for changing the amount of losses and profits received for each source of non-operating results are studied (Table 3).

Table 3

Dynamics of financial results of other activities of the enterprise in the reporting year

Income from securities (bonds, certificates of deposit, bills) depends on their quantity, cost and level of interest rates.

In the process of analysis, the dynamics and structure of income for each type of security are studied, and the influence of factors on changes in their value is determined.

Income from the rental of fixed assets and land depends on the number of leased objects or on the size of the land area and the level of rent.

Losses from the payment of fines arise due to violations by individual services of contracts with other enterprises, organizations and institutions. During the analysis, the reasons for failure to fulfill obligations are established, and measures are taken to prevent violations.

Change in the amount of fines received may occur not only as a result of violation of contractual obligations by suppliers and contractors, but also due to weakening of financial control on the part of the enterprise in relation to them. Therefore, when analyzing this indicator, it is necessary to check whether, in all cases of violation of Contractual obligations, suppliers were subject to appropriate sanctions.

At the end of the analysis, specific measures are developed aimed at preventing and reducing losses from non-operating operations and increasing profits from long-term and short-term financial investments.

A general assessment of the financial condition of an enterprise is achieved on the basis of such performance indicators as profit and profitability.

The amount of profit and the level of profitability depend on the production, supply, sales and commercial activities of the enterprise, in other words, these indicators characterize all aspects of management.

Analysis of the formation and use of profit assumes the following stages:
1. Analysis of the composition and dynamics of balance sheet profit.
2. Analysis of financial results from ordinary activities.
3. Analysis of the level of average selling prices.
4. Analysis of financial results from other activities.
5. Analysis of the profitability of the enterprise.
6. Analysis of the distribution and use of profits.

Information sources: invoices for the shipment of products, analytical accounting data for the sales account and the accounts “Profit and Loss”, “Retained Earnings, Uncovered Loss”, accounting reporting form No. 2 “Profit and Loss Statement”, financial plan data.

The analysis uses the following profit figures: balance sheet profit, taxable profit, net profit.

Balance sheet profit includes profit from ordinary activities, financial results from operating and non-operating transactions and extraordinary circumstances. The scheme for the formation of balance sheet profit is shown in Fig. 14.

Taxable income represents the difference between profit from ordinary activities and the amount of income tax benefits.

Net profit- this is the part of the profit that remains at the disposal of the enterprise after paying income tax.

7.1. Analysis of the composition and dynamics of balance sheet profit

In the process of analysis, it is necessary to study the composition of profit from ordinary activities, its structure, dynamics and implementation of the plan for the reporting year. When studying the dynamics of profit, it is necessary to take into account inflationary factors of changes in its amount. To do this, revenue must be adjusted by the weighted average increase in prices for the enterprise's products on average in the industry, and the cost of goods, products (works, services) must be reduced by their increase as a result of an increase in prices for consumed resources over the analyzed period.

To analyze profits by composition and dynamics, an analytical table is drawn up. 25.

Table 25

Analysis of the composition, dynamics and implementation of the profit plan

Fig. 14. Scheme of factor analysis of profit

7.2. Analysis of financial results from ordinary activities

Enterprises receive the bulk of their profits from ordinary activities, which include profits from sales of products (works, services).

Profit from sales of products for the enterprise as a whole depends on four factors of the first level of subordination: volume of product sales (VRP); its structure (UD i); cost (Z i) and the level of average selling prices (C i).

The volume of product sales can have a positive and negative impact on the amount of profit. Increasing sales of profitable products leads to a proportional increase in profits. If the product is unprofitable, then with an increase in sales volume, the amount of profit decreases.

The structure of commercial products can have both a positive and negative impact on the amount of profit. If the share of more profitable types of products in the total volume of their sales increases, then the amount of profit will increase, and vice versa, with an increase in the share of low-profit or unprofitable products, the total amount of profit will decrease.

The cost of production and profit are inversely proportional: as the price level increases, the amount of profit increases and vice versa.

Calculation of the influence of these factors on the amount of profit can be performed using the method of chain substitutions, sequentially replacing the planned value of each factor with the actual value (Table 26)

Table 26

Calculation of the influence of first-level factors on changes in the amount of profit from sales

Change in the amount of profit due to:

volume of product sales

structure of commercial products

average selling prices

cost of products sold

First you need to find the amount of profit given the actual sales volume and the planned value of other factors. To do this, you should calculate the percentage of plan fulfillment in terms of product sales volume, and then adjust the planned amount of profit by this percentage.

Fulfillment of the sales volume plan is calculated by comparing the actual sales volume with the planned volume in natural (if the products are homogeneous), conditionally natural and in value terms (if the products are heterogeneous in composition), for which it is advisable to use the basic (planned) level of cost of individual products, so as cost is less susceptible to the influence of structural factors than revenue.

Then you should determine the amount of profit based on the actual volume and structure of products sold, but at the planned cost and planned prices. To do this, it is necessary to subtract the notional amount of costs from the conditional revenue:

If an enterprise produces heterogeneous types of products, then the structure of products sold is determined by the ratio of each type of product assessed at planned cost to the total volume of sales of products in the same assessment. In this situation, to calculate the influence of the structural factor on the change in the total amount of profit, the model is used

Where R ipl – planned profitability i-x types of products (the ratio of the amount of profit to the total cost of products sold).

It is also necessary to analyze the implementation of the plan and the dynamics of profit from the sale of certain types of products, the value of which depends on three first-order factors: the volume of product sales (VRP i), cost (Z unit i) and average selling prices (P i). The factor model of profit from the sale of certain types of products has the form

7.3. Analysis of the level of average selling prices

The average selling price per unit of product is calculated by dividing the proceeds from the sale of the corresponding product by sales volume. The change in its level is influenced by the following factors: the quality of products sold, sales markets, market conditions, inflationary processes.

The quality of commercial products is one of the main factors on which the level of the average selling price depends. Higher prices are set for higher quality products and vice versa.

Change in the average price of a product due to its quality (DTs quality) can be defined as follows:

,

Where C n And C p– respectively, the price of a product of new and previous quality; VRP n– volume of sales of new quality products; VRP total– total sales volume i-th type for the reporting period.

Calculation of the influence of product grade on the change in average price can be performed using the method of absolute differences.

To do this, we multiply the deviation of the actual share from the planned one for each variety by the planned price per unit of production of the corresponding variety, sum the results and divide by 100:

.

The data can be summarized in Table 27.

Table 27

Calculation of the influence of product quality on its average selling price

If the coefficient of exceeding the plan is 1.1296320 (30500:2700), then the actual sales volume for grade I in terms of the planned grade is equal to 24400 units. (21600 x 1.129630).

The data obtained indicate that due to an increase in the share of products of grade I and a decrease in grade II, revenue from its sales increased by 114,375 thousand rubles (225,31875-22,417,500), and the average price per unit of product increased by 3.75 thousand rubles =[( +5 . 750)+(-5 . 675)] :100.

Using the same methodology, the change in the average selling price is calculated depending on the sales markets of the products.

If during the year there was a change in selling prices for products compared to the planned ones due to inflation, then the change in price for each type of product is multiplied by the volume of its sales at new prices and divided by the total number of products sold during the reporting period.

7.4. Analysis of financial results from other activities

Fulfillment of the profit plan largely depends on financial results of activities not related to product sales. These are financial results obtained from operating, non-operating operations and extraordinary circumstances.

The analysis comes down mainly to studying the dynamics and causes of losses and profits in each specific case. Losses from the payment of fines arise due to violations by individual services of contracts with other enterprises, organizations and institutions. During the analysis, the reasons for unfulfilled obligations are established, and measures are taken to prevent mistakes.

A change in the amount of fines received may occur not only as a result of violation of contractual obligations by suppliers and contractors, but also due to weakening of financial control over them. Therefore, when analyzing this indicator, it is necessary to check whether, in all cases of violation of contractual obligations, appropriate sanctions were presented to suppliers.

Losses from writing off bad accounts receivable usually occur at those enterprises where accounting and control over the status of payments is at a low level. Profits (losses) of previous years identified in the current year also indicate shortcomings in accounting.

Income from securities (stocks, bonds, bills, certificates, etc.) deserves special attention. Enterprises holding securities receive certain income in the form of dividends. In the process of analysis, the dynamics of dividends, stock prices, net profit per share are studied, and the rate of their growth or decline is established.

At the end of the analysis, specific measures are developed aimed at preventing and reducing damages and losses from these types of activities.

7.5. Product profitability analysis

Profitability indicators characterize the final results of business more fully than profit, because their value shows the relationship between the effect and the available or used resources. They are used to evaluate the activities of an enterprise and as a tool for investment policy and pricing.

Profitability indicators can be combined into several groups:
1) indicators characterizing the profitability (recoupment) of production costs and investment projects;
2) indicators characterizing the profitability of sales;
3) indicators characterizing the profitability of capital and its parts.

All these indicators can be calculated on the basis of balance sheet profit, profit from sales of products and net profit.

Profitability of production activities(recoupment of costs) (R 3) is calculated by the ratio of balance sheet ( Pb) or net profit ( Pch) to the amount of costs for sold or manufactured products (Z):

It shows how much profit the company makes from each ruble spent on the production and sale of products. It can be calculated for the enterprise as a whole, its individual divisions and types of products.

Return on sales(R n) is calculated by dividing the profit from the sale of products, works and services or net profit by the amount of revenue received (RP). Characterizes the efficiency of entrepreneurial activity: how much profit does the enterprise have per ruble of sales. This indicator is widely used in a market economy. It is calculated for the enterprise as a whole and for individual types of products.

.

Return on capital(R k) is calculated by the ratio of balance sheet (net) profit to the average annual cost of all invested capital () or its individual components: own (shareholder), borrowed, fixed, working, production capital, etc.

.

In the process of analysis, it is necessary to study the dynamics of the listed profitability indicators, the implementation of the plan at their level and conduct inter-farm comparisons with competing enterprises.

The level of profitability of production activities (recoupment of costs), calculated for the entire enterprise(R), depends on three main factors of the first order: changes in the structure of products sold, their cost and average selling prices.

The factor model of this indicator has the form:

Produced in the same way factor analysis of profitability of sales. The deterministic factor model of this indicator, calculated for the entire enterprise, has the following form:

.

The level of profitability of sales of certain types of products depends on the average price level and cost of the product:

Factor analysis of return on invested capital is carried out similarly. The balance sheet amount of profit depends on the volume of products sold (VRP), its structures (UDi) , cost (3 units), average price level (Ci) and financial results from other activities not related to the sale of products and services (VFR).

The average annual amount of fixed and working capital () depends on the sales volume and the rate of capital turnover (turnover ratio K about), which is determined by the ratio of the amount of turnover to the average annual amount of fixed and working capital.

The faster the capital turns over in an enterprise, the less it is required to ensure the planned sales volume.

Conversely, a slowdown in capital turnover requires additional attraction of funds to ensure the same volume of production and sales of products. Thus, sales volume in itself does not affect the level of profitability, because with its change, the amount of profit and the amount of fixed and working capital increase or decrease proportionally, provided that other factors remain unchanged.

The relationship between these factors and the level of return on capital can be written in the form

.

Reserves for increasing the amount of profit are determined for each type of commodity product. Their main sources are an increase in the volume of product sales, a reduction in its cost, an increase in the quality of commercial products, their sale in more profitable markets, etc. (Fig. 15)

Fig. 15. Scheme for calculating reserves for increasing profits from product sales

7.6. Analysis of the distribution and use of enterprise profits

After paying taxes, profits are distributed as follows: one part is used to expand production (accumulation fund), the other is used for capital investments in the social sphere (social sector fund), and the third is used for material incentives for the enterprise's employees (consumption fund). A reserve fund of the enterprise is also created.

To increase production efficiency, it is very important that when distributing profits, optimality is achieved in satisfying the interests of the state, enterprise and workers. The state is interested in getting as much profit as possible into the budget. The management of the enterprise seeks to direct a large amount of profit to expanded reproduction. Workers are interested in increased wages.

In the process of analysis, it is necessary to study the dynamics of the share of profit that goes to self-financing of the enterprise and material incentives for workers and such indicators as the amount of self-financing and the amount of capital investments per employee, the amount of wages and payments per employee. Moreover, they must be studied in close connection with the level of profitability, the amount of profit per employee, and per ruble of fixed production assets. If these indicators are higher than at other enterprises, or higher than the normative ones for a given industry, then there are prospects for the development of the enterprise.

In addition, in the process of analysis it is necessary to study the implementation of the plan for the use of profits, for which actual data on the use of profits in all areas are compared with the data of the plan and the reasons for deviations from the plan in each area of ​​use of profits are clarified.

The main factors determining the amount of contributions to savings and consumption funds may be changes in the amount of net profit (P h) and the coefficient of profit deductions to the relevant funds (TOi).

The amount of profit deductions to the enterprise funds is equal to the product of two factors: Fi= Pch. TOi. This means that to calculate their influence, you can use one of the methods of deterministic factor analysis (Table 28).

Table 28

Calculation of the influence of first-level factors on the amount of contributions to enterprise funds

Then you need to calculate the influence of factors changing net profit on the amount of contributions to the enterprise funds. To do this, we multiply the increase in net profit due to each factor by the planned coefficient of contributions to the corresponding fund:

.

An important task of the analysis is to study the use of savings and consumption funds. The funds from these funds have a designated purpose and are spent according to approved budgets.

The accumulation fund is used mainly to finance the costs of expanding production, its technical re-equipment, introduction of new technologies, etc.

The social sector fund can be used for collective needs (expenses for the maintenance of cultural and healthcare facilities, holding recreational and cultural events), the consumption fund can be used for individual needs (remuneration based on the results of work for the year, financial assistance, the cost of vouchers to sanatoriums and holiday homes, scholarships for students, partial payment of food and travel, retirement benefits, etc.).

In the process of analysis, the correspondence of actual expenses to the expenses provided for in the estimate is established, the reasons for deviations from the estimate for each item are clarified, and the effectiveness of activities carried out at the expense of these funds is studied. When analyzing the use of savings fund funds, one should examine the completeness of financing of all planned activities, the timeliness of their implementation and the resulting effect.

7.7. Profit and profitability analysis using international standards

In foreign countries, to ensure a systematic approach to studying the factors of changes in profit and predicting its value, marginal analysis is used, which is based on marginal income.

Marginal income (MI) is the profit plus fixed costs (A).

MD=P+A,

P=MD-A.

Very often, when determining the amount of profit, instead of marginal income, revenue (RP) and the share of marginal income in it (D y) are used.

Because the

,

.

This formula is successfully applied when it is necessary to analyze the profit from the sale of several types of products.

When analyzing profit from the sale of one type of product, you can use a modified formula for determining profit if you know the quantity of products sold and the marginal income rate (D s) in unit price:

Where IN- variable costs per unit of production.

The last formula allows you to determine the change in the amount of profit due to the quantity of products sold, price and level of variable and fixed costs.

The method of profit analysis becomes somewhat more complicated in conditions of multi-item production, when, in addition to the listed factors, it is necessary to take into account the influence of the structure of products sold.

In foreign countries, to study the influence of factors on changes in the amount of profit in multi-item production, a model is used .

The average share of marginal income in revenue () in turn depends on the share of each type of product in total revenue ( UDi) and the share of marginal income in revenue for each product (the ratio of the marginal income rate to the price):

; .

After this, the factor model of profit from product sales will have the form

.

It allows you to determine the change in profit due to the quantity (volume) of products sold, its structure, selling prices, unit variable costs and fixed expenses of the enterprise.

Profitability Analysis Methodology according to the “direct cost” system will be carried out using the following factor model

.

To analyze the profitability of costs for the enterprise as a whole, we use the following factor model:

By successively replacing the planned (basic) level of each factor indicator with the actual one and comparing the calculation result before and after replacing each factor, it is possible to determine the change in the level of profitability due to the volume of products sold RP total, its structures ( UDi), prices ( C), specific variable costs (IN) and the amount of fixed costs (A).

The profitability of sales (business activities) is analyzed in a similar way:

The analysis of return on invested capital is carried out using the following factor model:

Where P b – balance sheet profit ; IR – average annual amount of investment capital; - amount of turnover (cost of products sold); K about– capital turnover ratio (the ratio of the amount of turnover to the average annual amount of capital); VFR– non-operating financial results.

Profitability analysis is carried out in a similar way if the capital turnover ratio is calculated not according to debit, but according to credit turnover of account 46, i.e. by revenue. Then the factor model of return on investment capital will have the form

The advantage of the considered methodology for analyzing profitability and profitability indicators is that its use takes into account the relationship between the elements of the model, in particular sales volume, costs and profits. This provides a more accurate calculation of the influence of factors and, as a result, a higher level of planning and forecasting of financial results. The use of this method in the financial management of domestic enterprises will make it possible to more effectively manage the process of generating financial results. However, this will become possible only if planning and accounting of enterprise costs is organized using the “direct costing” system, i.e. their groupings into constants and variables.

Questions for self-control
1. In what areas is profit analysis carried out?
2. What is the significance of analyzing the composition of profits over time?
3. In what sequence is the analysis of profits from ordinary activities carried out?
4. What factors influence changes in sales profit?
5. For what purpose is the analysis of average selling prices carried out?
6. What is the essence of analyzing financial results from other activities?
7. In what areas is profitability analysis carried out?
8. In what areas is the distribution and use of profit analyzed?
9. On what principles is profit analysis based in the direct costing system?

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Analysis of the dynamics and structure of revenue from product sales and factors of its change for the retail trade enterprise Orion DV LLC

To analyze the dynamics of sales revenue indicators, the values ​​of this indicator obtained in the reporting and previous year are used, and indicators are also calculated by time periods within the year.

Analysis of revenue from product sales begins with a study of its dynamics and structure. In this case, the data from Form No. 2 “Profit and Loss Statement” is used. The factor model of sales revenue has the following form:

BP = P rp + Z floor = P rp + MZ + A + ZP + O social +Z, (2.1)

where P rp - profit from sales of products;

Z floor - full cost of products sold, including administrative and commercial expenses;

A - depreciation;

ZP - salary;

About social - contributions to social insurance;

Z - other costs.

To make the calculation clearer, let’s draw up Table 2.4.

Table 2.4 - Analysis of the dynamics and structure of revenue from sales of products of Orion DV LLC, thousand rubles.

After analyzing the results of calculating the indicators, the following conclusions can be drawn:

• - revenue from sales of goods and services in the reporting year increased by 541 thousand rubles;
• - taking into account that the article “Cost of products sold” in trade organizations reflects the purchase price of goods, the revenue from which is reflected in a given period, then naturally the share of the cost is 53%;
• - the item “Salaries” has a share of 13.4%;
• - there is a decrease in the share of the “Profit” item and amounts to 17 thousand rubles. or 3%.

To analyze revenue we use three factor models:

BP = O o + TP 1 - V pr - P from -O 1; (2.2)

where VR is the volume of products sold excluding VAT and excise taxes;

O o - the balance of unsold products at the beginning of the reporting period;

TP 1 - actual volume of goods receipt;

In pr - other disposal of products;

O 1 - the balance of unsold products at the end of the reporting period;

P from - products shipped but not paid for in the reporting period.

Let's analyze revenue using the balance sheet method. To do this, let's draw up table 2.5.

Table 2.5 - Balance sheet method for analyzing revenue from sales of Orion DV LLC, thousand rubles.

Thus, the results of calculating changes in the volume of products sold using the balance method indicate that in the reporting period there was an increase in the balances of unsold goods at the beginning and end of the reporting period, and a decrease in the volume of products sold.

Let us dwell on the method of determining the influence of a structural factor on the growth of an effective indicator using the method of chain substitutions.

Revenue from sales of products (B) depends not only on the price (P) and quantity of products sold (VRP), but also on its structure (UD i); if the share of products of the highest category, which are sold at a higher price, increases, then the revenue for the score of this will increase, and vice versa. The factor model of this indicator can be written as follows:

V = U (VRP total UD i C 1) (2.3)

For clarity, let's draw up table 2.6.

Table 2.6 - Analysis of structural changes in products of Orion DV LLC

From table 2.6. it can be seen that due to the increase in the share of flannel in the total volume of its sales, revenue decreased by 153.7 thousand rubles. (343.2 thousand rubles - 496.9 thousand rubles). This is an unused reserve of the enterprise.

BP = O b K about; (2.4)

where O b is the average balance of working capital on the balance sheet;

K turnover - working capital turnover ratio.

Let's analyze revenue using the chain substitution method:

BP bases =O b bases K about bases =430.53.4=1463.7

VR conv =O b report K about base =6043.4=2053.6

VR report =O b report K about report =6043.5=2114

Thus, in the reporting period there was an increase in revenue due to a change in the amount of working capital by 589.9 (2053.6 - 1463.7), and a change in revenue due to an increase in the working capital turnover ratio in the amount of 60.4 (2114 - 2053.6 ). An increase in the turnover ratio, in turn, indicates the efficient use of assets.

To identify revenue reserves in Orion DV LLC, we will conduct a comparative analysis of the results of financial activities with the results of the activities of the same type of leading enterprise LLC Ladies' Happiness. We present the results in Table 2.7.

Table 2.7 - Financial performance indicators of Orion DV LLC for the period 2005-2008 and the same type of enterprise LLC Ladies' Happiness, thousand rubles.

Comparing the results of the activities of retail enterprises LLC Orion DV and LLC Ladies' Happiness, it is clear that for the enterprise LLC Orion DV: sales volume is lower by 1424 thousand rubles; the company has losses in the amount of 178 thousand rubles; accounts payable are higher by 199 thousand rubles; equity capital is 11%, and assets are 28% of the data of the enterprise LLC "Ladies' Happiness"; return on sales is negative. Profitability is one of the most important criteria for the successful operation of an enterprise and indicates that income exceeds its costs associated with generating income. In our example, the company incurs losses for four years. With negative profitability, the enterprise has no sources of development and is capable of going bankrupt.

Let's consider a number of financial indicators of the activities of Orion DV LLC, on the basis of which it will be possible to formulate an objective judgment about the state of the enterprise in a certain period of time. The analysis of revenue from the sale of goods and services shows:

• 1. Revenue from the sale of goods and services increased by 541 thousand rubles;
• 2. There is a decrease in the share of “Profit” by 3%;
• 3. Increase in revenue due to an increase in the turnover ratio of current assets, which indicates the efficient use of assets;
• 4. There is an increase in the volume of revenue from the sale of goods, works and services due to rising prices. But at the same time, revenue decreased due to a decrease in sales volumes. Thus, the calculations revealed a revenue reserve of 153.7 thousand rubles, which can be realized with an increase in production volume.

Based on the study of periodical and educational economic literature, it was established that among the authors there is no single approach to the methodology for analyzing the financial results of organizations. However, as a result of summarizing the opinions of various specialists, the sequence of analyzing the organization’s profit was determined.

At the initial stage, we will study the composition, structure and dynamics of the profit of KSUP Kolenskoye for 2012-2013. in table 2.6.

The data in Table 2.6 indicates that in KSUP Kolenskoye in 2013, compared to 2012, there was a decrease in almost all profit indicators, except for profit from current activities. Thus, profit from sales in 2013 compared to 2012 decreased by 715 million rubles, or by 21.16% (100-78.84). Profit from current activities in 2013 compared to 2012 increased by 531 million rubles, or by 6.93%. This increase is due to the excess of income from current activities over expenses from current activities.

Table 2.6 - Composition, structure and dynamics of profit of KSUP “Kolenskoye” for 2012-2013.

In 2013, expenses from disposal of fixed assets and other long-term assets exceeded income from their disposal. As a result, KSUP Kolenskoye in 2013 received a loss from investment activities in the amount of 111 million rubles. At the same time, we note that in 2012, the organization under study received a profit from investment activities in the amount of 116 million rubles.

Throughout the entire period under study, expenses from financial activities significantly exceeded income from financial activities, resulting in a loss from financial activities in 2012 in the amount of 5,776 million rubles, in 2013 - 7,852 million rubles. This is due to an increase in the amount of interest expenses and exchange rate differences from the translation of assets and liabilities.

Tax profit in 2013 compared to 2012 decreased by 1,783 million rubles. and in 2013 amounted to 214 million rubles. Thus, despite the increase in profit from current activities, KSUP “Kolenskoye” received a loss from investment activities, and there was also an increase in losses from financial activities. All this led to a decrease in profit before tax, which negatively characterizes the work of the organization under study.

The organization's profit is part of the gross income (gross profit) and, accordingly, its increase allows for profit growth, subject to cost stability. Consequently, it becomes very important to study the dynamics of these indicators and compare their growth rates. This will allow us to establish the reasons for the increase (decrease) in profit from the main activity. For this purpose, we will study the formation and dynamics of profit from sales at the Kolenskoye KSUP in 2012-2013. The results of the analysis will be presented in Table 2.7.

Table 2.7 - Formation of profit from the sale of products, works, services in KSUP "Kolenskoye" for 2012-2013.

According to Table 2.7, it is clear that during 2012-2013. The activities of KSUP "Kolenskoye" were profitable. Thus, in 2013, profit from the sale of agricultural products and raw materials amounted to 2,664 million rubles, which is 715 million rubles, or 21.16% less than in 2012. Its share in revenue from sales of agricultural products and raw materials in 2013 was 10.20%, which is 3.52 p.p. less than in 2012. This indicates a decrease in the efficiency of agricultural activities of a unitary enterprise due to intensive factors.

The decrease in profit was due to a significant increase in the cost of goods sold and administrative expenses. Thus, in 2013, compared to 2012, there was an increase in the cost of sold agricultural products and raw materials by 1819 million rubles, or 8.97%; management expenses - by 369 million rubles, or by 37.89%.

A negative aspect in the work of the agricultural organization is the increase in the share of cost in sales revenue in 2013 compared to 2012 by 2.33 percentage points.

Along with this, there is an increase in the share of management expenses in revenue from the sale of agricultural products and raw materials by 1.19 percentage points. (Fig. 2.1).

Figure 2.1 - Structure of revenue from sales of agricultural products and raw materials at KSUP Kolenskoye in 2012-2013, %

At the next stage of analyzing financial results, it is necessary to estimate the gross profit, which is the difference between sales proceeds (minus all taxes from the proceeds) and the cost of goods sold (their purchase price). In the Belarusian economic literature, instead of the term “gross profit”, the term “gross net income” or “income from sales remaining at the disposal of the organization” was widely used. Since 2008, according to the Decree of the Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Belarus dated February 14, 2008 No. 19 “On approval of forms of financial statements, Instructions on the procedure for drawing up and submitting financial statements and invalidation of certain regulatory legal acts of the Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Belarus”, the term “gross profit” is used in accounting reporting of Belarusian organizations, i.e. enshrined in law. This term has not lost its relevance even after the said resolution No. 19 was declared invalid, since it is used in the current resolution No. 111.

Table 2.8 - Information on the dynamics and implementation of the gross profit plan for KSUP Kolenskoye for 2012-2013.

The data in Table 2.15 indicates that the actual amount of revenue from sales in agriculture at the Kolenskoye KSUP in 2012-2013. above the breakeven point. The maximum amount of revenue from sales at which the organization will not be in the loss zone in 2012 was 19,398 million rubles, in 2013 - 22,159 million rubles. Let us note that the margin of financial strength for the organization’s agricultural activities in 2013 was 15.10%, which is 6.13% less than in 2012, which negatively characterizes the work of KSUP Kolenskoye.

The methodology for calculating the break-even threshold in agriculture assumes a number of changes in accordance with the characteristics of this specific industry.

Calculating the break-even threshold for production volume in this industry is not always productive, since it often does not contain information about the effectiveness of the project. The fact is that the production period in agriculture is quite long and lasts up to one and a half years for certain types of cultivated crops and raised animals. In turn, the structure of agricultural production and its volumes, i.e. the composition and structure of livestock, perennial crops, crop areas and fixed assets are the most conservative elements of such a production system as an agricultural enterprise. This means that in most cases it is impossible to change the area sown with a crop or the area of ​​perennial plantings during the cultivation period, just as it is difficult to change the number of productive livestock and fattening poultry. This is due, on the one hand, to the fact that in a diversified agricultural enterprise all sectors are interconnected and often the products of one sector are raw materials for another. But even if this is not the case, changing the structure and volume of production requires either a long period of time, significant operating costs and capital investments, or is impossible in principle. In this regard, in large agricultural enterprises with a high level of concentration of production, the size of the industry is usually many times greater than the minimum acceptable.

In these conditions, for agricultural production, a much more correct methodological approach for assessing the efficiency of production and investment projects is to determine the break-even threshold not by the volume of production for a certain period, but by crop yields and animal productivity, calculated for a certain structure of crop areas, perennial crops and livestock numbers and the existing price and cost structure.

To do this, fixed costs for the entire volume of work must be replaced by fixed costs per hectare of crop area or perennial plantings in crop production or per head of livestock and poultry in livestock farming. For the agricultural sector, the formula for the break-even threshold will be as follows:

where Qmin is the break-even threshold, centners per 1 hectare of area, centners per 1 head of livestock;

TFC" - the sum of fixed costs per 1 hectare of crop area

crops, perennial plantings or per 1 head of livestock, rub.;

P - selling price of 1 centner of agricultural products, rub.;

AVC - average (per unit of production) variable costs, rub.

Thus, calculating the break-even threshold will make it possible to determine the minimum yield or productivity, which, given the current structure of production, the existing level of prices for products, equipment and raw materials, as well as with existing technology, allows us to ensure break-even, that is, zero profitability of production, after which we will receive profit.

We will determine the level of yield of corn and potatoes that ensures (at the current price level, production structure and technology) break-even production, and calculate the safety margin in the Kolenskoye KSUP for 2013. We will present the results in Table 2.16.

Table 2.16 - Data for analyzing the break-even level of potato and corn production at the Kolenskoye KSUP for 2012-2013.

The data in Table 2.16 indicates that in KSUP Kolenskoye the break-even threshold for corn yield in 2012 was 17.8 c. from 1 hectare of area and for potatoes - 122.7 c. from 1 hectare of area. The safety margin for corn was 14.2 c. from 1 hectare of area; for potatoes 26 c. from 1 hectare of area.

In 2013, compared to 2012, there was an increase in the safety margin for corn by 0.6 c. from 1 hectare of area; and for potatoes, a decrease in the safety margin by 0.3 c. from 1 hectare of area.

Next, we will determine the level of cow productivity that ensures (at the current price level, production structure and technology) break-even milk production at the Kolenskoye KSUP in 2013, and calculate the safety margin. The results of the analysis will be presented in Table 2.17.

Table 2.17 - Data for analyzing the break-even level of milk production at the Kolenskoye KSUP for 2012-2013.

The data in Table 2.17 indicates that the break-even threshold for milk production at the Kolenskoye KSUP in 2013 was 2.63 tons, which is 0.39 tons. There is 1 cow less milk than in 2012. The safety factor in 2013 amounted to 1.397 tons, which is 0.198 tons. There is 1 cow less milk than in 2012.