Download presentation macroevolution the result of microevolution. Macroevolution
SIMILARITIES between micro- and macroevolution
DIFFERENCES IN MICRO- AND MACROEVOLUTION
Evidence for macroevolution
Paleontological Evidence
Transitional forms
Embryological evidence
Biogenetic law
Comparative anatomical evidence: homologous and similar organs, rudiments, atavisms
Molecular genetic evidence of evolution
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Macroevolution, its evidence
Macroevolution Macroevolution of the organic world is the process of the formation of large systematic units (from species - new genera, from genera - new families, etc.) in the course of evolution throughout the history of the Earth
SIMILARITIES between micro- and macroevolution Microevolution The same processes are at work - the struggle for existence, natural selection and associated extinction. Are divergent in nature Macroevolution
DIFFERENCES IN MICRO- AND MACROEVOLUTION Formation of new subspecies from populations, and from subspecies - species. Occurs in a relatively short time Occurs within a species Microevolution Macroevolution Formation of new genera from species, families from genera, etc. Occurs over a long time (historical eras) Supraspecific evolution
The result of macroevolutionary processes is significant changes in the external structure and physiology of organisms.
Theses to prove the unity of the origin of life (the presence of common characteristics in all living organisms). Relationships between living and extinct organisms or between organisms in a large systematic group. The action of the driving forces of evolution (facts confirming the action of natural selection).
Evidence of macroevolution Evidence of macroevolution Paleontological Embryological Comparative anatomical Molecular genetic
Some of the paleontology excavations Skeleton of a fossil cotylosar Seymouria, which occupied an intermediate position between amphibians and reptiles. Fossilized dinosaur eggs
Paleontological Evidence: fossil remains; fossil transitional forms; phylogenetic series
Fossil transitional forms are extinct organisms that combine the characteristics of more ancient and evolutionarily younger groups. Phylogenetic series are sequences of fossil forms that reflect the historical development of modern species (phylogeny).
Transitional forms Transitional forms serve as evidence of evolution, since they indicate the historical connection of different groups of organisms. Archeopteryx Ichthyostegus Seed Ferns
These discoveries are recent and concern forms called Ichthyostega. The skeleton of these forms clearly indicates the transitional nature of this group. The tail and rays of the caudal fin still have characteristic fish characteristics, while the pectoral and ventral fins have already changed into fore and hind limbs, used for movement on land. Therefore these forms deserve to be placed between the class of fishes and the class of amphibians.
As a result of the transition to life in open spaces and changes in feeding patterns due to steppe, there was an increase in body size, lengthening of the limbs and a decrease in the number of fingers
Embryological evidence Embryology is the science that studies the embryonic development of organisms.
Embryological evidence Development of multicellular animals from a fertilized egg. Similarities in the embryonic development of animals. Divergence of embryo characteristics during embryonic development.
K. Baer at the beginning of the 19th century. formulated the law of embryonic similarity: the earlier stages of individual development are studied, the more similarities are found between different organisms
Biogenetic law Biogenetic law: the individual development of an individual (ontogenesis) is a short and rapid repetition (recapitulation) of the most important stages of the evolution of a species (phylogeny). E. Haeckel and F. Müller (1866)
Comparative anatomical evidence
Comparative anatomical evidence of evolution homologues analogues rudiments of atavism
Homologous organs Homologous organs are organs that have the same structural plan, develop from similar rudiments and are identically located, but perform different functions.
Examples of homologous organs in plants These are all modified leaves Cactus spines Pea tendrils Barberry needles
Analogous organs The main feature of analogy is the similarity of functions regardless of structure and origin. Similar organs are the result of convergence.
Similar organs Wings are... Modified forelimbs Folds of chitinous membrane Skin membrane
Similar organs in plants 1 – barberry spines arise from the leaves; 2 – white acacia from stipules; 3 – hawthorn – from shoots; 4 – blackberries – from bark
rudiments Rudiments are underdeveloped organs that have lost their biological functions during evolution.
atavisms In some individuals, rudiments can develop into organs of normal size. Such a return to the organ structure of ancestral forms is called atavism.
Molecular genetic evidence of evolution In all organisms, hereditary information is stored in DNA, consisting of four types of nucleotides. DNA is part of chromosomes, the number of which is a species characteristic. Deciphering of hereditary information in all organisms occurs in the process of transcription and translation with the participation of mRNA and tRNA.
Slide 2
Macroevolution: site marking
- Extreme points delineating the circle of macroevolutionary processes:
- Aramorphosis - idioadaptation
- Divergence – parallelism – convergence
- Progress-regression
- ...and a huge number of synonymous or filler terms that make the markup more detailed, more descriptive, but do not explain anything.
- Aramorphosis, parallelism and so on are not a reason, but a statement.
- And what?
Slide 3
Macroevolution - site marking
- The study of paleontological finds and modern forms allows us to now consider the existence of two main types of evolutionary development of the group to be quite firmly established (Lamark, 1809, Haeckel, 1866; etc.): the emergence of a large number of closely related forms, differing in adaptations of the same scale, and development with the emergence to another adaptive zone due to the group acquiring some fundamentally different adaptations that allow them to go beyond the boundaries of the previous adaptive zone.
- Adaptive radiation of the same scale is designated differently in modern evolutionary literature (idioadaptation, allomorphosis, allogenesis, cladogenesis, etc.). To use unambiguous terms, it is advisable to focus on one of these terms; The term “allogenesis” seems to be one of the most appropriate (Paramonov, 1966). To describe the development of a group on the way to another adaptive zone, the acquisition of evolutionary adaptations of greater significance, the terms “aromorphosis” and “anagenesis” were used. ...we, following A.L. Takhtadzhyan (1966), use the term “arogenesis” for such group transformations.
- (From Timofeev-Resovsky and others)
- Aramorphosis according to A.N. Severtsov does not have a clear definition. It is usually specified graphically
Slide 4
- Evolutionary transformations that significantly increase the adaptive capacity of a given group (allowing the expansion of the old or occupy a new adaptive zone) have a significant impact on the organism as a whole, but do not change the general level of organization, were called epectomorphoses. ...Epectomorphoses persist for a long time during subsequent adaptive radiation, becoming characteristics of large taxa
- Schmalhausen proposed calling regressive changes catamorphoses, and replacing the term “idioadaptation” with allomorphoses.
- new names were proposed for the three main directions of the evolutionary process: morphophysiological progress began to be called arogenesis (or anagenesis), morphophysiological regression - catagenesis, development of particular adaptations - allogenesis or cladogenesis
- Scheme of the main directions of the evolutionary process:
- A – arogenesis, AL – allogenesis, K – catagenesis, E – epectogenesis
- Planes represent different levels of organization
- From Jordan
Slide 5
- A. N. Severtsov called the evolutionary transformations of the organization leading to morphophysiological progress aromorphoses. According to A. N. Severtsov, aromorphoses are changes in the structure and functions of organs that are of general significance for the body as a whole and raise the energy of its vital activity to a new qualitative level.
- Thus, the undoubted aromorphoses in the evolution of vertebrates were: the development of the mechanism of active ventilation of the gills (gill pump) in ancient vertebrates through movements of the visceral gill skeleton, the acquisition of the jaw apparatus (with the restructuring of the anterior gill arches), the intensification of gill ventilation during the development of the gill cover in bony animals. fish, the acquisition by the latter of a swim bladder - a hydrostatic apparatus that allows fish to regulate their buoyancy; the development in the ancestors of higher terrestrial vertebrates - amniotes - of embryonic membranes (amnion, serosa, allantois), providing the possibility of laying eggs on land; development of a powerful suction (rarefaction) respiratory pump of the chest in reptiles; formation of the aircraft in birds; development of viviparity and feeding of young with milk in mammals; improvement of the brain in birds, mammals and humans.
- Aromorphoses have a very high general adaptive value, increasing the independence of the organism from the external environment.
Slide 6
- Upper and lower jaws and teeth of various snakes
- 1 – python, 2,7 – smooth-toothed colubrids, 3, 8 – posterior grooved colubrids, 4,5,9 – slates, 6, 10 – vipers
- Rhinoceros Skullvipers
- Modifications of the skull of snakes - an example of epectogenesis
- A free, mobile, rotating upper jaw and a free, moving downward lower jaw - epectomorphosis, which allowed snakes
- move from feeding on insects (the food spectrum of legless lizards) to hunting vertebrates. The general level of vital activity (energy exchange) remains the same.
- Video
Slide 8
- Divergence (from medieval Latin divergo - deviate)
- Wolverine feeds mainly on carrion. Wide paws with membranes between the toes help her move through loose snow in the northern taiga and forest-tundra. Weight about 15 kg.
- Weasel is the smallest of the mustelids. It is able to penetrate mouse holes. It feeds mainly on mice.
- The badger is omnivorous, active in the warm season, and hibernates in the northern part of its range in winter. Builds very complex burrows in which it spends most of its time. Weight about 15 kg.
- Divergence within the mustelidae family
Slide 9
- Convergence is not the exact opposite of divergence. Taxa diverge, and convergence is a characteristic of the evolution of organs (similar functions in non-homologous organs) and (or) life forms of distant taxa with the acquisition of external similarity.
- Convergence (from Latin convergo - approaching, converging)
- Mammals adapted to gliding jumps: 1 – woolly wing, 2 – marsupial squirrel, 3 – flying squirrel
Slide 10
- Parallelism - convergence of homologous organs
- The “standing in a column” pose and the location of the eyes on the head, characteristic of rodents in open spaces. In the bottom row are related forms in other biotopes.
- 1 – little ground squirrel, 2 – Brandt’s vole, 3 – yellow pied gerbil, 4 – great gerbil, 5 – common squirrel, 6 – eastern vole, 7 – midday gerbil.
- Parallelism in the development of equine limbs and liptotherns in the Neotropics
Slide 11
- The term parallelism is also used not to characterize changes in organs, but to indicate the direction of evolution of taxa
- An example of parallel evolution can be the Quaternary history of whitefish: spreading from a single center (the West Siberian sea-lake) throughout the northern Holarctic, they formed a number of isolated groups of the rank of subspecies, half-species, and superspecies. Within the isolates, independent differentiation occurs into few-stamened forms, feeding on benthos, and multi-stamens, feeding on plankton, as well as parallel division according to the place of reproduction into lake and river forms.
Slide 12
- Polyphyly is the union of groups of different origins into one taxon. Poly-many, phylum – branch.
- In the second half of the twentieth century, many researchers tried to prove the polyphyletic origin of such well-known groups as flowering plants, amphibians, and mammals.
- Monophyly is the origin of a taxon from one ancestral taxon.
- Simpson proposed that taxa generated by a taxon equal to them in rank be considered monophyletic (monophyly according to Simpson).
- However, the rank of higher taxa is subjective.
- Ashlock proposed that supraspecific taxa descended from one ancestral species be considered monophyletic (monophyly according to Ashlock)
- A fairly representative school of cladists accepts a more strict criterion of monophyleticity - origin from one species, how to prove this and how to operate with this? It makes no sense to use monophyly according to Ashlock, which lacks the possibility of verification.
Slide 13
- Neutralist theory of evolution - neutral traits only diverge. Paraphyly and polyphyly at this level are excluded.
- Innovative news: the evolution is double-headed, like an eagle on a ruble.
- Head No. 1. Adaptive evolution, Darwinian evolution - the evolution of adaptations directed by selection. It can be convergent, divergent, progressive-regressive, etc.
- Head No. 2. Neutralist evolution, non-Darwinian evolution - the evolution of traits that are indifferent to selection (the difference in the thickness of the lips between blacks and Indians). If a trait is not subject to stabilizing or driving selection, it always “dissolves.”
- An analogy is the divergence of languages due to the cultural isolation of their speakers. The longer the isolation, the greater the divergence of languages: man – cholovik, men – Mensch. They cannot be tied either to the terrain or to the climate.
Slide 14
Neutral evolution is the key to phylogeny
- Phylogenetic relationships between 8 groups of vertebrates (top diagram) and differences in the number of amino acid substitutions (Kaa) in the same species (bottom diagram) along the α-chains of hemoglobins (black dots) and β-chains (light dots). From Kimura, 1985)
- An additive tree built based on differences in transport RNAs.
- It can't be done any other way.
- The phylogeny of such large groups can only be created by analyzing the evolution of macromolecules.
Slide 15
Macroevolution - modern complexities
- To date, the possibilities of morphological, embryological and paleontological methods for analyzing phylogeny have been practically exhausted. With their help, it was possible to create a relatively complete picture of the evolution of vertebrates and vascular plants, and partially of invertebrates.
- Lower plants and prokaryotes are not amenable to traditional analysis.
- Since the 1980s there has been rapid progress. In general terms, the contours of the phylogenetic connections of all living things are outlined. The overall design was completely unexpected.
- The new knowledge is based on a new method - the study of the evolution of molecules, first neutral, then, in the current century, adaptive.
- At the initial stage of evolution, active “horizontal” gene transfer is observed - their exchange between representatives of very distant systematic groups. This is the main factor in the evolution of Archean and, to a lesser extent, Proterozoic biotas.
- In eukaryotes, it is accompanied by the fusion of cells or the absorption of a cell by a cell with very different degrees of autonomy of the individual components of the general superorganism (symbiogenetic theory).
- The phylogenetic scheme at this level is not a tree, but a network.
Slide 16
- Evolutionary tree of eukaryotes. Branch points from the main trunk above the euglenozoans are placed arbitrarily.
Slide 17
Horizontal gene transfer - what does it lead to?
- Prokaryotes are represented by two kingdoms - archaebacteria and eubacteria
- A domain is a conserved sequence of amino acids present in several (usually many) protein molecules in different organisms. Most domains are characterized by a strictly defined function and represent functional blocks of protein molecules.
- In the genome of eukaryotes, proteins responsible for operations with the genome (replication, transcription, translation) and proteins that carry out operations with membranes are from archaea; proteins, proteins of the main metabolism are from eubacteria.
- there is a hypothesis that the primary prokaryotic non-nuclear organism was formed by the fusion of an archaebacterium with a eubacterium, and the basic energy metabolism of this organism was of a eubacterial nature (glycolysis, fermentation)
- Quantitative ratio of common and unique protein domains in archaea, bacteria and eukaryotes. The areas of the figures are approximately proportional to the number of domains (from A.V. Markov, A.M. Kulikov, 2004).
Slide 18
Biological progress: the tension between complexity and success
A.N. Severtsov removes it, separating biological and morpho-physiological progress
Biological progress:
- increase in the number of individuals
- progressive settlement and capture of new areas
- disintegration of a taxon into subordinate systematic units
Morpho-physiological progress:
- differentiation of an organism
- intensification of functions
- Severtsov’s followers add improvement of integration, rationalization of the body’s structure, increase in the level of homeostasis, etc.
Morpho-physiological progress is one of the ways to achieve biological progress.
As well as morpho-physiological regression.
Slide 19
The main philosophical problem of macroevolution is directionality
- Early evolutionists explained the development of nature in terms of final causes, the desire for progress, creative power and similar agents.
- Darwin removed the predetermination of the course of evolution, but not everyone liked it.
- From time to time, both abroad and in our country, heresies arose aimed at searching for causes of evolution other than natural selection.
- Darwinism is a theory that allows you to explain everything “backwards”, but leaves no room for predictions - how does it differ from the theories of other social sciences. Darwinian evolution is random and unpredictable.
- In the USSR, the rejection of Darwinism was carried out under the banner of nomogenesis - an attempt to build evolution on the basis of “laws” (nomos in Greek - law). They ended in nothing, but nomogeneticists - L.S. Berg, A.A. Lyubishchev - were such bright and original personalities that nomogenesis became an important page in the history of Russian biology.
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summary of other presentations“Macroevolution and its evidence” - General principles of evolution. Biochemical evidence. Fossil transitional forms. Finding Archeopteryx. Divergence. Embryological evidence for macroevolution. Paleontological data. Macroevolution. Education process. Macroevolution, its evidence. Evidence for macroevolution.
“Evidence of the evolution of the animal world” - Features of the distribution of animals and plants. Elementary chemical composition. Homologous organs. Haeckel's biogenetic law. Archeopteryx. Similarity in cell structure. Living transitional forms. Similar organs. Rudiments. Homology. Proof. General plan of the structure of chordates. Law of germinal similarity. Similarity of genetic coding methods.
"Evidence of the Evolution of Wildlife" - Horses continued to increase in size. Noticeable tail. Evidence of the unity of origin of the organic world. Coelacanth. Dolphin embryo. One month old human embryo. Evolution gave birth to real horses. Morphological evidence of evolution. Limbs. Archeopteryx. Numerous experiments on horses. Stegocephals. The structure of the forelimbs. Paleontological evidence. The horses have grown noticeably.
“Examples of evidence of evolution” - Lobe-finned fish. Comparative anatomy. Atavisms. Rudiments. Oviparous. Modern taxonomy. Paleontology. Evidence of evolution. Fossil transitional forms. Biogenetic law. Forelimbs of vertebrates. Organs. Biogeography. Modern genetics. Evidence of the evolution of the organic world. Embryology.
“Directions of macroevolution” - Endangered species. Dodder. Animal mobility. Directions of evolution. Insects. Macroevolution. Differences in appearance. Tapeworm. Cereals. Biological regression. Demarcation. Supply of tissues with oxygen. Aromorphosis. Main directions. Extinction of species. Adaptations. The flat body shape of stingrays and flounder. Insectivorous plants. Pike perch jaws. Cetaceans. Zoologist Alexey Nikolaevich Severtsov.
"Palaeontological evidence of evolution" - Age of layers. Paleoecological conditions. Unicellular. Section of Triassic deposits. Vertex. Research results. Development of life on Earth. equisetites. Progressive icing. Origin of species: by natural selection. Geochronological table. Podozamites. Cladophlebis. The stem of a seed fern. Phoenicopsis rarinervis. Cycads. Czekanowskia rigida. Eutheria. Reptile eggs.
Macroevolution is the process of forming large systematic units: from species of new genera, from genera of new families, etc. this is the process of forming large systematic units: from species of new genera, from genera of new families, etc. species of genera of families of species of genera of families
In evolution, convergence (convergent development) can also be observed - the process of evolutionary development of two or more unrelated groups in a similar direction. In evolution, convergence (convergent development) can also be observed - the process of evolutionary development of two or more unrelated groups in a similar direction.
With convergent development, the similarity between unrelated organisms is always only external (external characteristics undergo evolutionary changes in one direction as a result of adaptation to the same environmental conditions). With convergent development, the similarity between unrelated organisms is always only external (external characteristics undergo evolutionary changes in one direction as a result of adaptation to the same environmental conditions).
Microevolution is a phenomenon and processes occurring within a species, in its elementary evolutionary units, populations, and leading to speciation. phenomena and processes occurring within a species, in its elementary evolutionary units, populations, and leading to speciation.
Biogeocenosis is a historically established stable set of populations of different species connected with each other and with the surrounding inanimate nature by metabolism, energy and information. Biogeocenosis is a historically established stable set of populations of different species connected with each other and with the surrounding inanimate nature by metabolism, energy and information.
Populations of each species in a biogeocenosis contact and interact with populations of other species and with the conditions of inanimate nature, resulting in a struggle for existence and natural selection. Populations of each species in a biogeocenosis contact and interact with populations of other species and with the conditions of inanimate nature, resulting in a struggle for existence and natural selection.
The result of microevolution can be an intraspecific diversity of forms, ensuring their plasticity in changing environmental conditions and contributing to their prosperity. The result of microevolution can be an intraspecific diversity of forms, ensuring their plasticity in changing environmental conditions and contributing to their prosperity.
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Macroevolution, its evidence Lesson in 11th grade Biology teacher of the highest category I.A. Kochenkova
Macroevolution Macroevolution of the organic world is the process of the formation of large systematic units (from species - new genera, from genera - new families, etc.) in the course of evolution throughout the history of the Earth The development of life on Earth as a whole, including its origin, is called macroevolution
Comparison of microevolution and macroevolution Microevolution The same processes are at work - the struggle for existence, natural selection and the associated extinction. Are divergent in nature Macroevolution
Comparison of microevolution and macroevolution Formation of new subspecies from populations, and from subspecies - species. Occurs in a relatively short time Occurs within a species Microevolution Macroevolution Formation of new genera from species, families from genera, etc. Occurs over a long time (historical eras) Supraspecific evolution
The result of macroevolutionary processes is significant changes in the external structure and physiology of organisms.
Evidence of macroevolution Evidence of macroevolution Paleontological evidence Embryological evidence Comparative anatomical evidence
paleontology The science of fossil organisms - paleontology - irrefutably proves that in past eras the animal and plant world of the Earth was sharply different from the modern one.
Paleontological Evidence: fossil remains; fossil transitional forms; phylogenetic series
Some of the paleontology excavations Skeleton of a fossil cotylosar Seymouria, which occupied an intermediate position between amphibians and reptiles. Fossilized dinosaur eggs
Transitional forms Transitional forms serve as evidence of evolution, since they indicate the historical connection of different groups of organisms. Archeopteryx Ichthyostegus Seed Ferns
These discoveries are recent and concern forms called Ichthyostega. The skeleton of these forms clearly indicates the transitional nature of this group. The tail and rays of the caudal fin still have characteristic fish characteristics, while the pectoral and ventral fins have already changed into fore and hind limbs, used for movement on land. Therefore these forms deserve to be placed between the class of fishes and the class of amphibians.
Phylogenetic series Phylogenetic series are series of species that successively replaced each other in the process of evolution of various groups of animals and plants
Phylogenetic series As a result of the transition to life in open spaces and changes in feeding patterns due to steppe, an increase in body size, elongation of limbs and a decrease in the number of fingers occurred
Comparative anatomical evidence Comparing the structure of organisms, finding similarities
Comparative anatomical evidence of evolution homologues analogues rudiments of atavism
Homologous organs Homologous organs are organs that have the same structural plan, develop from similar rudiments and are identically located, but perform different functions. Homology indicates the common origin of organisms possessing it; differences in the structure of homologous organs are the result of divergence.
Examples of homologous organs in plants These are all modified leaves Cactus spines Pea tendrils Barberry needles
Similar organs Wings are... Modified forelimbs Folds of chitinous membrane Skin membrane
Analogous organs The main feature of analogy is the similarity of functions regardless of structure and origin. Similar organs are the result of convergence.
Similar organs in plants 1 – barberry spines arise from the leaves; 2 – white acacia from stipules; 3 – hawthorn – from shoots; 4 – blackberries – from bark
rudiments Rudiments are underdeveloped organs that have lost their biological functions during evolution.
atavisms In some individuals, rudiments can develop into organs of normal size. Such a return to the organ structure of ancestral forms is called atavism.
Embryological evidence Embryology is the science that studies the embryonic development of organisms.
Embryological evidence Development of multicellular animals from a fertilized egg. Similarities in the embryonic development of animals. Divergence of embryo characteristics during embryonic development.
Biogenetic law Biogenetic law - the individual development of an individual (ontogenesis) is a short and rapid repetition (recapitulation) of the most important stages of the evolution of a species (phylogeny). German scientist E. Haeckel (1866)
Homework: §61, question. Fill out the table “Comparative characteristics of the stages of the evolutionary process” Stage In which groups of organisms is this carried out Material for the evolutionary process Main evolutionary factor Results Microevolution Macroevolution