TOPIC 7. ENTERTAINMENT INDUSTRY

7.4. Club activities

Clubs perform socio-psychological, cognitive, organizational, entertainment, and recreational functions. The goals of club activities are the development of social activity and creativity of the individual, raising the cultural level, communication on interests, recreation. There are complex and specialized clubs. In complex clubs, a wide range of interests are satisfied, in specialized ones - the same type of interests: cultural and educational, physical education, health, environmental, technical creativity, recreation, communication, etc. As a rule, the smaller the locality, the higher the complexity of the club.

Club communities are organized on both a commercial and non-profit basis. In world practice, private clubs of a commercial nature have become widespread, where club members can gather for social, professional and friendly communication. Membership in the club is paid. It requires an entrance fee and annual membership fees. The more elite the club, the higher the fees. Elite clubs establish a queue of people wishing to become members of the club, find out their pedigree, etc. Non-elite clubs are built on a democratic basis. Famous elite London clubs - Boodle's, St. James, White's. The oldest elite club in the USA is Fish House.

There are different types of country and city commercial clubs. Country clubs, as a rule, are equipped for sports: golf, tennis, swimming, horse riding, aerobics. There are several types of membership in a country club: full (allows you to use all the premises and equipment), social (allows you to use only the premises of the social infrastructure - recreation rooms, a bar, sometimes a swimming pool, a tennis court), weekend membership, membership only on weekdays.

Among city ​​clubs– professional, elite, sports, dining, university, military, friendly, corporate, yacht clubs. The clubs have everything you need to have a good rest and have fun. Much attention is paid to good cuisine and drinks.

Among the countries with a developed network of private clubs is the USA. There are about 14,000 private clubs. Some of them charge a high entrance fee to maintain the exclusivity of the establishment - up to $250 thousand. Elections to the club's board are carried out in accordance with its charter. The president, vice-president, secretary and board are elected for a year at a general meeting of club members. The President is responsible for the general policy of the club. The treasurer is in charge of finances. The secretary takes minutes of meetings and is responsible for correspondence. Managers are involved in forecasting, long-term planning, drawing up financial estimates, working with personnel, managing the catering department, and the economic department. There is an American Club Managers Association.

In Soviet Russia, clubs were organized mainly on the principles of initiative and initiative. Currently, commercialization is underway, using Western experience in organizing club business. Many elite clubs have appeared that are closed to random people. These are business clubs (entrepreneurs, directors, etc.), closed family, men's and women's clubs. Members of such clubs use the services provided on the basis of club cards, the cost of which varies. Thus, the elite “Ladies' Club” in Tomsk offers two types of membership cards. The first, worth 2 thousand rubles, allows you to visit the club for a month without the right to use the services of gyms. The second, worth 3.5 thousand rubles, includes the cost of fitness. In addition to elite clubs, friendly clubs (Afghans, veterans, etc.), sports, ethnocultural, educational and language clubs (English, French, German), and dating clubs are common.

In 1998, there were 56,138 club-type institutions in Russia (their number is slightly decreasing over time) and 357,328 club formations (their number is increasing slightly). In the Tomsk region in 1999 there were 337 clubs. Only about 60% are in satisfactory material condition.

The effectiveness of the club depends on the ability to manage the cyclical nature of the development of the club movement - to change outdated ideas and directions of work.

Club activities as one of the means of group support for students

Prepared by a physical education instructor

A club association is a children's group of different ages (united for different types of activities and having a common ideology).

One of the features of adolescence is the desire for independence and at the same time dependence on the opinion of the group.

It is in teenage groups that communication with peers takes place in a more confidential atmosphere and information is perceived with less resistance, which is why the idea arose by involving teenagers in club activities to involve them in socially significant activities and in organizing and conducting their life activities.

Club activities can manifest themselves in different forms, from traditional mutual assistance to targeted efforts in solving world problems (mobilizing the public, protecting the rights of citizens, preventing and preventing crisis situations and social ill-being). And it provides teenagers with the opportunity to make their own decisions and look for a way out of life’s problems.

This will allow you to solve several problems at once:

Allows you to reach a fairly large teenage audience

Forms stable attitudes, both among the teenagers themselves who are members of the club, and among the children around them.

Develops a sense of self-respect and responsibility among peers.

Expands the capabilities of adolescents to independently solve certain life problems.

Helps to develop skills necessary in adult life and for future professional activities.

To attract enormous teenage potential, it is necessary to adhere to the following approaches to organizing voluntary initiatives:

It is very important that this is the initiative of the teenagers themselves, and not an initiative brought down from above, which can turn voluntary activity into “voluntary-compulsory”.

The tasks of their activities should be developed by teenagers themselves (then any work will be carried out not for teenagers, but together with them).

It is best to start a club's activities by defining the mission, what the club is and what goal it is striving for. In this case, the mission acts as an additional incentive or motivator for club members and as a calling card of the team.

When determining the mission of the club, teenagers must answer the following questions:

Who are we? (organization status)

In the name of what? (the highest goal and values ​​of the organization, as well as the qualitative changes towards which the activity and its needs are aimed)

For whom? (target group to which the organization’s activities are directed)

Where? (geographical area covered by the organization's activities)

What are we doing? (type of activity aimed at meeting the needs of the target group)

The mission statement should be concise, understandable to the target group and positive.

Then strategic goals are determined - the main directions of activity to implement the club’s mission.

This can be done by asking the following questions:

How? (expand and clarify the questions of the “What We Do” mission)

What qualitative results (changes) are we going to achieve?

What is our target group (who the organization's activities are aimed at) and what are its needs?

Mission definition work allows teens to:

Clarify their own ideas about the organization

Inspires and encourages action based on a “common philosophy”

Helps prevent and resolve various conflict situations

The moment when everyone realizes their own responsibility in implementing their plans

Club as a meeting place. This presupposes the presence of a special internal atmosphere based on trust and security. To create such an atmosphere, it is absolutely necessary to have a special place where the guys could come in order to communicate with each other in a comfortable environment. The very opportunity to be open, not to fear for one’s psychological safety, and to exchange news is very attractive to a teenager. Therefore, we need to provide them with such an opportunity. In practice, it is implemented, firstly, during club days, secondly, in the process of preparing joint creative activities, and thirdly, the guys can be invited to come to the club at the time when they need it: they can, for example , celebrate some holiday or event together. However, the attractiveness of the club as a meeting place is also fraught with danger: over time, the meaningful aspect of the activity may be replaced by a “get-together”, and then the system-forming component of the project will disappear. To prevent this from happening, every meeting with teenagers, every visit to the club should be aimed at something. If it is a club day, then it should have both a theme and a program; if this is the preparation of a creative work, then it should be really prepared, and not postponed “until tomorrow.” The guys must understand that if they were going to do something and came to the club for this, then results are expected from them, and they are responsible for the quality of this result.

Club as a means of self-identification in a positive context.

Any movement presupposes belonging to it.

In adolescence, involvement and belonging to a certain community as a manifestation of the desire for grouping plays an important role in the development of the individual, the acquisition of emotional and social experience. Each teenager necessarily finds for himself a reference environment, that is, an “inner circle” in which there is “one of the same , like me.” (A club association perfectly fulfills the role of such a reference group. In it, the child recognizes himself as part of a group that has its own values, rules, hierarchy, order and goals of existence. If a teenager clearly defines himself as part of a group - a “club association “, then he accepts its values ​​and rules and then transfers them to other areas of his life. As we see, the club performs an extremely important educational role - it creates an environment for the teenager in which socially acceptable behavior, activity, respect, support are accepted. development and internal growth are welcomed and valued. In order for the club association to serve as a means of self-identification, attention must be paid to the process of growing group potential. Group dynamics, identification of leaders, skills of independent distribution of roles and responsibilities, and the ability to objectively evaluate what has been done are prerequisites for the formation of an attitude towards the surrounding reality. A good tool for this are role-playing games and various situational games on the ground. During such games, a teenager gains experience in relationships, concessions and compromises, he has the opportunity to test himself, test his intellectual and communication abilities. For a teenager, role-playing games are the easiest way to try on those roles that tomorrow, perhaps, will become a profession, social status, or life position.

Club as a solution personal problems of a teenager. A club association can serve as a means for a teenager to solve personal problems in three dimensions: firstly, a safe environment and the presence of a mixed-age group help to get rid of the desire to oppose themselves to adults; secondly, the teenager learns to communicate with adults, and they, in turn, gradually begin to focus on subjective relationships with the child; thirdly, the club association itself as a teenage group provides an excellent opportunity to discuss problems that have arisen in an atmosphere of trust and safety. All the most common “problems of adolescence,” such as impaired contact with parents, leadership problems, self-esteem, the problem of choosing a life path, love and friendship, one way or another, can be resolved through the teenager’s participation in the life of the club association.

Club as a means of self-development. The activities of the club association encourage the teenager to acquire new knowledge and skills that he needs to carry out good endeavors. Among the children there may be artists, photographers, technicians, applied workers, and actors. Therefore, it is necessary to provide for such types of creative activities that would help children demonstrate their abilities, skills and abilities. The organization of club creative workshops seems to be successful.

Club as a means of gaining knowledge And skills in organizing your own living space.

Any independent activity implies responsibility, the ability to plan and organize, manage one’s own time and correctly determine one’s capabilities and boundaries. Since the club is based on specific and objective activities, the children have an excellent opportunity to acquire and consolidate the skills of organizing their own lives, both in terms of “technical” and in terms of emotions. The basis of the activity of the club association is leisure organization people and activities aimed at developing social activity

One of the most effective ways in this matter is to use the system collective creative activities (CTD)

Main stages of organizing leisure activities a team:

1. Planning. Carried out taking into account the themes and objectives of the club association. Based on the results of preliminary organizational work, a substantive basis for the club’s work is created.

2. Identification of leaders, creation of creative groups. A certain balance must be maintained here, otherwise there is a danger that the teacher will completely take the initiative into his own hands and deprive the children of independence.

The very preparation of the creative work and work with group leaders initially falls on the shoulders of the coordinator. For example, one of the creative groups is drawing up a script, another is designing the place where the KTD will be held, and the third is preparing prizes. When assigning roles, it is important to take into account the interests and abilities of the children. By the confidence of teenagers, their activity, and passion, one can determine the moment when the initiative completely passes into the hands of the children. If a department “leaks” ahead of time, then the creative work may be abandoned halfway, but if you do not go into the shadows in time, then there is a high risk of suppressing the creative initiative of the group. Having failed, the guys in the future may perceive the offer to take the initiative into their own hands as “punishment.” Success depends on how prepared the children are and how they are determined to work. It should be noted that in some cases the guys can act as organizers, in others - as participants. Thus, there is an alternation of creative assignments.

3. Carrying out the case. The role of an adult in a particular activity depends on whether it is “author’s” (then the “author” acts as the leader) or whether the adult can be an ordinary person
participant, jury member or expert. In any case, the adult should try not to interfere with the conduct of the activity if it is really well prepared, giving the group the opportunity to exercise its independence.

4. Case analysis. There are various methods for analyzing cases: express survey, feedback. Feedback from participants and organizers will serve as the basis for the final evaluation of the case carried out by the creative teams.

It is important to emphasize that with such a system of organizing leisure time, teenagers act not so much as consumers, “objects,” but as its organizers.

Development of social activity based on the club

The work of the club allows you not only to relax and have an interesting time, but also to engage in serious social work. We suggest using this opportunity in the following way: establish contact with one of the orphanages or shelters in your city and carry out creative activities for children there with the help of teenagers, find youth publications and editorial offices of youth newspapers and offer them assistance in preparing stories, finding materials for their publications; help organizations working with street children participate in raids, actions, campaigns; contact the city administration with a proposal to help prepare information materials (booklets, posters) for young people.

This work gives the children a sense of their own importance, teaches them to be more tolerant of people, to look with different eyes at those who are in some way different from others.

Organization of the club's work

In order for a club to truly be a club, one must try to fulfill several conditions. It is clear that your capabilities may be limited, but you can try to get by with “little loss.” First of all.

The club must have its own premises. Let it be small, but it’s yours. It is the responsibility of the guys to arrange it and put it in order. It is undesirable for the club to have to “share” this premises with someone else. In this case, the guys will not be able to feel like owners and treat the club as a “home”.

The more imagination, work and effort the guys put into the design and “construction” of the club, the more pleasure they will come there.

It is imperative to develop clear rules about what can and cannot be done in the club. This applies to smoking, rules of addressing each other, order, time of arrival at the club, etc. The rules must be drawn up together with the guys and accepted only after everyone agrees with one or another provision.

It is desirable that the club have a clear “schedule” of work: club days, work of creative groups, a day for “free meetings”.

It is necessary to provide children with the opportunity to get together and celebrate birthdays and other holidays together.

It is important to determine how and when you can bring friends who want to join the movement to the club.

Some tips:

Club day is best held once a week. On this day, all the guys gather, creative activities are held, “new kids” come, discussions are organized, etc. d?

To prepare creative activities, you should choose other days when only those who are busy with a specific task will come: drawing up a script, developing an event, decorating

or preparing an article. If the space allows, you can gather several creative groups at the same time.

The sooner a truly functioning system of self-government emerges in the club, the better. Don’t be afraid to hand over to the guys the responsibility for maintaining order in the club and ensuring that everything planned is completed on time. Try not to create a hierarchical structure in the club - “main” and “rest”. Of course, some of the guys have more leadership qualities, but this is not a reason to establish a dictatorship or hazing.

Examples of forms of work in the club

Training course - youth group training program.

"Movie Not for all". Teenagers are invited to watch a film where there are deep philosophical and social problems that cannot be answered unambiguously. Such forms of work make it possible to influence the formation of moral values ​​and semantic guidelines, such as compassion and mercy, tolerance, kindness, mutual assistance, and decency. It is important here that teenagers see what a real work of art is. All this contributes to the development of artistic taste.

Country trip. This form allows you to study and relax at the same time. A country walk can be considered as a way to intensify daily work and simply as encouragement. Typically, the trip is planned for 3 - 5 days. It is built on the principles of collective creative activity and sharing responsibility for everything that happens outside. When preparing for this event, you need to clearly define its purpose and the degree of participation of everyone.

Promotion - an active form of work carried out by movement participants in schools, clubs, concerts, and sports events. The purpose of the action can be different: information, promotion of a healthy lifestyle, attracting new members to the movement. The role of volunteers in actions depends on its goals and content. In one case this is the distribution of leaflets, booklets, in another - holding a theme day at school, in the third - participation in a television program.

Disco. Almost all teenagers enjoy visiting discos. Any of them can be filled with different content. Here you can talk about how to organize “clean”, “sober” and interesting leisure. Such a disco, regardless of whether teenagers prepare it or you turn to the help of professionals, must be carefully prepared. Otherwise, it may turn out that its results will be exactly the opposite of those expected.

meetings. Project and movement "Molo"

The club is created with the aim of increasing the social activity of its members, their creativity, education and cultural level. Club visitors relax and have fun together. Club members are characterized by initiative, independence, public opinion and consciousness. In the club, interpersonal contacts are established and developed, varying in goals, degree of regulation, depth, stability, duration and other characteristics. The club acts as a leisure center.

The club is run by leaders or specialists versed in various types of art. When carrying out their functions, personnel are guided by the theory and methodology of organizing leisure activities, using methods and techniques for organizing the interaction of people.

Clubactivity is multi-purpose. There are complex and specialized clubs. Complex clubs are designed to organize communication between people with a wide range of interests. The educational activities of such clubs, the development of creativity, and the provision of cultural recreation and entertainment should take into account the interests of the heterogeneous composition of visitors. Specializedclubs are aimed at a contingent of visitors with a narrower range of interests.

When strengthening one of the functions of the activity, the clubs have the character of cultural and educational, recreation, communication, youth, environmental, sports and health clubs. In some cases, club activities can be combined with the organization of consumer services for the population (baking, preparing national dishes).

Club facilities should be focused on the implementation of various types of leisure activities. The club complex of premises consists of premises for work groups and studios.

The club's auditorium must be designed for multi-purpose use. It must transform quickly. The floor of the room should be flat and at the same level. Furniture should be mobile or easily dismantled. It is advisable to provide natural lighting in the hall. The interior space of the hall should be comfortable, cozy, and conducive to communication. The interior should create a cozy club atmosphere.

The effectiveness of functional connections is assessed taking into account their commitment and intensity. Integrated use of premises in clubs is achieved by eliminating duplicate areas and premises that will be formed if a separate material and technical base is created for each type of activity. Some rooms allow multifunctional use.

When analyzing club activities, the number of participants, the composition and number of interest groups, the degree of connection with leisure and recreation institutions, the frequency and place of meetings of participants, and the club space are studied.

The socio-demographic structure of the participants represents the distribution of persons depending on age, gender, and marital status. Groups have their own value orientations and behavior patterns, which indicate the socio-psychological structure of the participants.

The formation of a club community goes through several stages - formation, development and destruction. Characteristic features of the last stage are a decrease in attendance at events and a decrease in the closeness of contacts. Each stage of club development requires special organizational principles and management methods.

Today it is impossible to imagine the educational process without the inclusion of schoolchildren in club activities, organized on a voluntary basis, taking into account the interests and needs of children. It creates conditions for the development of their creative abilities, for communication, self-expression and self-affirmation, provides them with opportunities for relaxation and satisfaction of their hedonistic needs.

The second generation state standards, the most important idea of ​​which is the implementation of a system-activity approach in the pedagogical process, assume such an organization that will allow each child to be placed in an active position and to show him his subjectivity. Club activities are aimed precisely at this. It is she who will first of all help solve the problems outlined by the standard in organizing extracurricular work for students.

The most common in practice and, as experience shows, effective in educational terms are group forms of club work; It is in the process of activity of associations of interests that favorable conditions are created for the creation of a team, it becomes possible to take into account the interests and capabilities of each of its members, and to develop the individuality of the child.

Club associations at school are varied: clubs themselves, clubs, studios, sections, societies. Each of them has its own characteristics, but they are all voluntary associations of students of interest. However, each type of club association has its own specific features, and these are reflected in their definitions.

Club at school is an association of students with interests on a voluntary basis, organizing a variety of creative activities for children, having a specific structure and self-government body.

Circle- This is an amateur association of students with interests that carries out thematic activities, usually of an educational or creative nature.

Studio- a definition most often applied to those club-type associations in which students engage in the arts (choreographic, choral, theater).

Section- this is a thematic part of a specific activity carried out according to a special program. More often the term is used to designate a structural unit, for example, a club.

Society is a voluntary, permanent association of schoolchildren or their groups (clubs, sections) engaged in some thematic activity (scientific society of schoolchildren, environmental society, etc.).

The most common types of clubs in schools are: mugs And clubs. Formally, a circle differs from a club in that its quantitative composition is usually smaller; its activities are narrowly focused and are often organized according to a specially proposed program; it usually has no structural divisions (sections, departments), and there is no elected self-government body.

Each club association is characterized general signs, which together reflect their inner essence.

The first sign is voluntariness of joining the association. It is this attribute that primarily determines the purpose, content of his activities, and the choice of forms and methods of work.

The second sign of a club association is its general availability to any member of the school community. The general availability of classes to everyone determines the amateur nature of the organization of the club association and the democratic style of its life. Access to the club cannot be limited by poor academic performance, violations of discipline, or competitiveness of admission to the association. It is unfair to arrange exams and screenings for joining some clubs (circles). The activities of school club associations are amateur in nature, do not set as their goal to achieve excellent results in any subject activity, and are aimed not so much at the result as at the process that brings satisfaction to its participants.

The third sign of a club association is relative stability of its composition. In its absence, it is impossible to create a team. Long-term contacts between participants form relationships of mutual dependence and responsibility, lead to children realizing that they belong to a team, and the association of interests acquires its own “face” at school. The stability of the composition contributes to the organizational design of the association: determining its structure, establishing internal and external connections, distributing social roles of participants, etc.

However, the stability of the composition of the club association is relative. With pedagogically expediently organized activities, leaving it and moving to other associations should be considered as a normal phenomenon. Most often, this is due to schoolchildren’s search for the most favorable conditions for testing their strengths and capabilities, for acquiring new knowledge, for fulfilling the desire to find their calling or realize already established individual creative plans.

At the same time, as we have already noted, the creation of a team in a club (circle) is possible with some nominally constant composition of participants. Experience shows that it must be at least 75% of the total number of members of the association.

The fourth sign of a club association is the unity of the personal significance of the goals of the work for its participants and the social orientation of their activities. Schoolchildren come to the club to satisfy their individual interests and needs, but they can implement individual plans by participating in the implementation of a socially significant goal carried out in collective activities. This is the specificity of the logic of organizing the work of a club association, its difference from the logic of the cognitive process, in which the realization of a collective goal is ensured by individual activity.

In connection with this feature of the club association, its members objectively develop and develop needs for team unity, which will certainly contribute to its faster development. Indeed, a team in a club association develops faster (than, say, a class team) and less painfully. This also happens because the division of labor in the club is usually carried out by the children themselves on the basis of voluntary choice of work area and partners for joint activities. In addition, schoolchildren often come to club associations not alone, but with their friends, a well-established contact group, with the same interests, and in the complex, varied activities of the team they immediately determine their place.

It is usually not difficult to make club activities socially beneficial. To do this, we need to put her at the service of the school community. The most expedient and natural way for this is to include the club team in the system of activities of the school team, becoming an integral organic part of the association.

The fifth sign of a club association is organization of its activities as a collective one, which, of course, does not mean that there cannot be individual activity in it. Moreover, its combination with a collective one increases the efficiency of the association (the activities of a choreographic studio or drama club are impossible without the thorough work of each participant).

In club associations, schoolchildren participate in various types of collective activities, but an indispensable condition for its organization must be creative character. Creativity is the norm of children's development; according to L. S. Vygotsky, their natural need. It certainly forms one of the most important and powerful motives for schoolchildren to join the club.

Creativity is characterized by novelty, originality, and non-standard nature of the activity itself and its products. Its level will be determined by the social significance of the results. Increasing the social role of club associations through the inclusion of their activities in the educational system of the school can become an important incentive for the development of creativity of members of a group of interests; and the higher this level of involvement in the life of the school, the more opportunities arise for developing the creative potential of the club team.

Creativity in the club is not so much an individual process as a collective one. The organization of collective creative activity contributes to the formation of an active position in each participant of the association. Then he becomes not a simple contemplator of what is happening, but its creator, while showing his individuality. In the process of such activity, each participant develops, including his creative activity.

It is easier to involve members of a club association in managing the life of their team than in primary groups of other types. This is due to the voluntary participation of schoolchildren in an association of interests and the fact that the achievement of individual goals in it is possible only if they are actively involved in the implementation of a collective goal.

Determining the characteristics of interest associations allows us to formulate them Features:

• - creating conditions for identifying, satisfying and developing the interests, abilities and inclinations of schoolchildren;
• - providing children with the opportunity to satisfy their needs in creative activities;
• - organizing communication between students based on their interests;
• - providing them with a field of activity for self-expression, self-affirmation, self-education;
• - organizing children's recreation during extracurricular hours;
• - realization of the hedonic needs of children;
• - systematization of extracurricular activities of the school team, giving them greater emotional intensity.

The specificity of the functions of the club association determines the uniqueness of the student’s position in it. It lies in the fact that the child does not have to put up with a situation that does not satisfy him (as is often the case in the classroom), because interest associations are organized on the basis of the voluntary participation of participants in them. In the club, it is easier for a schoolchild to find himself, to assert himself, and in some respect to feel like first among equals, which is necessary for every young person in the process of his development in order to overcome his own inferiority complex. In a club association, a student usually does not strive for the position of “prima”; he is satisfied with any role as long as it is individual and special.

Club associations effectively implement their educational functions if they activities will become an organic element of the school. At the same time, associations of interests can positively influence her life and contribute to the development of her educational system.

The process of a club association becoming an organic component of an educational institution is taking place three stages: the stage of formation of the system of its activities; the stage of active interaction with the school team; stage of active interaction with the out-of-school environment.

The history of club activities in Russia is closely connected with the establishment of the ideals of enlightenment and amateur creativity within the framework of pre-revolutionary extracurricular education, and then, during the Soviet period, cultural and educational work.

Since the middle of the 19th century, in the wake of the rise of the people's democratic movement, public education became widespread in Russia. One of the main institutions was people's houses, which were created by zemstvos, city councils, literacy societies or private individuals for educational purposes, as publicly accessible cultural and educational institutions that united all forms of educational and leisure activities.

The first people's house arose in 1882 in Tomsk; in St. Petersburg, the people's house opened in 1883.

After the October Revolution of 1917, people's houses were transformed into club institutions and their work became systematic and widespread. By resolution of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR dated November 12, 1920, the Main Political and Educational Committee (Glavpolitprosvet) was created, which was part of the general system of the People's Commissariat for Education. This body was responsible for organizing the work of clubs, cultural centers, and other forms of educational work aimed at moral education and ensuring the political and moral unity of the people.

Thus, the priority directions for the development of club activities have developed historically and in the process of evolution; they have a unique character inherent only in our country.

First direction appeared with the organization of clubs as independent institutions. This cultural and educational activities(hereinafter referred to as CPD), which, as an independent area of ​​ideological activity, began after the October Revolution of 1917 and is directly related to the implementation of the cultural revolution in the USSR. The CPD in the USSR had the following main directions: the formation of a communist worldview, labor education, moral education, atheistic education, scientific and technical propaganda and the dissemination of economic knowledge, aesthetic education, physical education, etc. In modern society in the era of globalization, this activity is again gaining relevance. If in the 20s of the last century it was necessary to eliminate illiteracy, today it is necessary to teach the population of the country to understand the flow of information that is bombarding them, which is not always of a positive nature, to teach them again to be patriots and active participants in the social life of their small Motherland. This direction is important, but it does not distinguish a person as a person, as an individual; it is designed for mass participation as a whole.

Second direction arose in the late 20s and early 30s of the twentieth century, this development of genres of folk art. There was an understanding that club activities and folk art genres are inextricably linked, and an awareness that amateur creativity is a powerful means of preserving and popularizing national artistic traditions. It was during this period that the foundation of state cultural policy in the field of interethnic relations was laid. This direction requires special methodological, resource support, and repertoire policy.

Third direction formed in the 90s of the twentieth century, during a turning point for the country in the formation of a democratic society. It has become a priority for clubs cultural and leisure activities, often understood as cultural and entertainment. This activity is aimed at various categories of the population: children, adolescents, youth, the economically active population, elderly people with an active lifestyle, people in difficult life situations, etc. This direction has a target audience and, as a result, its own specific forms of influence and organization of activities of such an audience. It requires taking into account the interests of the individual, individuality, and not focusing on an impersonal consumer of services.

Fourth direction It was first officially formulated on December 26, 2006 at a meeting of the State Council dedicated to state support for traditional folk culture in the Russian Federation. This direction is activities to preserve traditional folk culture. It is unique in each territory of Russia and, combining into the overall picture, is designed to form a general idea of ​​the unique national image of Russia.

Thus, historically there have been four main priority areas of club activity. The activities of club organizations at the present stage should consist of the best practices developed in all four areas. Club-type cultural institutions must, on the one hand, effectively fulfill the state (social) order for the preservation and development of the traditional culture of the peoples of Russia, be centers of cultural enlightenment in the broadest sense of the word and, at the same time, respond flexibly and quickly to the changing needs of the population, offering him modern services in the field of developmental leisure, supported by the latest technologies.

We see similar examples of multifunctional club institutions in the opening centers of cultural development and innovative cultural centers. Currently, within the framework of the program implemented by the Ministry of Culture of Russia, 17 centers have already been built, 8 were commissioned in 2016, and 12 are planned for commissioning in 2017. They are intended to become experimental sites for creating motivating creative environments as one of the necessary conditions increasing the creative and social activity of the population.

3.2. Network of club-type cultural institutions in democratic Russia

In post-Soviet times, Russia begins to reform cultural and educational institutions, in terms of giving them the main priority function - organizing leisure time for the population. Cultural enlightenment in this period of time fades into the background. The institutions began to be called cultural and leisure institutions. In 2001, there were 52,440 club institutions in the system of the Ministry of Culture. Until 2006, the dynamics of the network of institutions was stable and numbered slightly more than 50 thousand institutions. The collapse of the network of club establishments occurred in 2006, the reduction amounted to 4230 (8.1%) units in Russia compared to the level of 2001, which is due to the introduction into force of the Federal Law of October 6, 2003 No. 131-FZ “On the general principles of organizing local self-government in the Russian Federation.” Federation”, which came into force on January 1, 2006. This law did not define the powers of local governments to create conditions for club activities, which they regarded as guidelines for the liquidation of such institutions. Since the maximum part of network units is in rural areas, the most massive liquidation of institutions took place there.

The processes of negative dynamics were associated, among other things, with the incorrect approach to granting the status of a legal entity to network units; some institutions were liquidated, and some were not included in the branches of the parent (base) institution. As a result of such actions, in many settlements the social standards and standards approved by the order of the Government of the Russian Federation dated July 3, 1996 No. 1063-r “On social standards and norms” were not observed. In some rural settlements, the powers to organize leisure time for the population and create conditions for the development of folk art were practically not exercised at all (with the exception of occasional non-stationary services to the population).

At the same time, it was during this period that there was an active search for new forms of club activities, and the typology of club-type institutions expanded. Such types of club institutions appear as: houses of folklore, craft centers, centers of traditional culture, houses of friendship of peoples, ethnocultural centers, national cultural centers, etc. The creation of such institutions was explained, in many respects, by the desire of local governments to organizationally support a certain direction of club work , be it the support of national cultures or the preservation of the peculiarities of the existence of traditional culture in a separate territory. It is impossible not to note the positive role played by the above-mentioned specialized institutions created at the end of the 20th - beginning of the 21st centuries; they made it possible to make a qualitative breakthrough in the preservation of traditional culture in a number of regions of Russia, at the same time, their maintenance placed an additional burden on local budgets. The most justified was the creation and support of multifunctional (integrated) club-type institutions, when work was carried out in various areas under one roof, while human and financial resources were pooled, which is important during the period of optimization of budget expenditures.

At the moment, the number of club-type institutions under the auspices of the Russian Ministry of Culture is less than 41 thousand units, this is the largest network of cultural institutions.

Currently, there is increased attention from the Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation to the problems of club institutions. In 2017, with the support of the United Russia party, the federal department began implementing a new all-Russian project, “Local House of Culture,” aimed at strengthening the material and technical base of municipal club institutions. The project provides for the allocation of subsidies from the federal budget to the budgets of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in the amount of 1 billion 400 million rubles annually.

At the same time, the process of co-financing the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in the amount of 10% is underway. In 2017, 71 subjects of the Russian Federation with a low level of budgetary security are participating in the project. Funds within the framework of this project will be used to ensure the development and strengthening of the material and technical base and ongoing repairs of municipal cultural centers in small towns and rural areas.

3.3. Consumers of cultural goods as the main product of club activities

The mission of cultural institutions carrying out club activities is to strengthen the socio-cultural unity of Russians and increase their civic activity based on meeting public needs in the preservation and development of the traditional culture of the peoples of Russia, supporting amateur (amateur) artistic creativity, socio-cultural initiatives of the population, organizing educational leisure activities .

The activities of club institutions in organizing leisure time for the population, cultural education, development of amateur artistic creativity and preservation of the traditional culture of the peoples of Russia are carried out in two main forms: the work of club formations, holding cultural events. These forms remain relevant because such an organization of activity ensures a person’s ability to be involved in social and economic processes.

The competitive advantages of such forms in comparison with other types of recreational leisure are manifested in the following characteristics:

Free personal choice of activities that determine the individual development of a person;

Variability of the content and forms of organization of the creative process for all categories of the population, in contrast to educational organizations;

Availability of global knowledge and information for everyone;

Adaptability to emerging changes.

Analysis of these characteristics allows us to understand the value status of club activities as a unique and competitive social practice of increasing the motivational creative potential of the individual and, through them, the innovative potential of society.

The key sociocultural role of club activities is that the motivation of the internal activity of self-development of the human subculture becomes the task of the whole society, and not of individual organizational and managerial institutions: kindergarten, library, school, art school, etc. It is in the 21st century that the priority of leisure should be the transformation of living space into a motivating space that determines the self-actualization and self-realization of the individual, where the education of a person begins with the formation of motivation for knowledge, creativity, work, sports, familiarization with the values ​​and traditions of the multinational culture of the Russian people.

In recent years, there has been an increase in the interest of families and individuals in the implementation of creative abilities, including on a paid basis. Despite the reduction in the number of cultural and leisure institutions, the number of club formations increased 1.3 times over 20 years (from 305.1 thousand units in 1995 to 414 thousand units in 2014), the number of participants in club formations increased by 1. 3 times compared to the level of 1995 and in 2014 amounted to 6.2 million people (1995 - 4.6 million people).

The motivation of people to participate in various festival and competitive events has noticeably increased. The response to the growing demand was an increase in the number of club formations not only in such traditionally attractive genres as choreographic, musical, theatrical, visual and decorative arts, but also the growing need for technical creativity. Official statistical data confirms the increase in the number of club formations. The annual increase averages 0.5% (30.4 thousand people per year). And if we take into account the fact that, as a rule, the whole family is included in this process, then the number of indirect participants in creative activity increases by 2-3 times. Most of the population receives this service through municipal or state assignments within the framework of budget financing, at the same time, this type of activity allows for the commercialization of club activities in urban areas, which reduces the burden on the budget by an average of 8.5%.

The fundamentals of the legislation of the Russian Federation on culture, in the absence of constitutional guarantees of universal accessibility and free organization of leisure time for the population, nevertheless assigns powers to organize leisure time to regional and municipal authorities. This makes it possible to provide state support to the sphere of club activities, but leads to interregional and intermunicipal differentiation in the availability of services and creates risks of the development of “creative” inequality between social groups with different income levels.

The absence of regulatory mechanisms in the field of club activities, on the one hand, allows for the creation of the necessary variability and renewal of creativity development programs, on the other hand, does not ensure the provision of services of decent quality and the efficient use of budget funds at all levels.

The infrastructure of modern club business was largely created during the Soviet period and lags behind modern requirements. The system lacks new approaches to organizing activities, supported by new architectural and engineering solutions, and modeling new spaces that allow visitors to club establishments not only to spend time comfortably, but to expand the horizons of their creative and intellectual capabilities. The need to equip with modern equipment and supplies, visual aids, computer equipment, and provide high-quality Internet communications, especially for the implementation of high-tech areas, does not lose relevance.