Materials science of chemical fibers. Presentation on the topic "fibers" Chemistry in textile production presentation

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Cotton COTTON is the fiber that covers the seeds of the cotton plant. When it ripens, the fruits (bolls) open and raw cotton (fiber with unseparated seeds) is collected from them. The boll contains seeds covered with cellulose fibers, which can be long or short. Therefore, cotton is called long-staple or short-staple. The quality of materials produced from cotton depends on this. During processing, cotton fiber (fibers more than 20 mm long), fluff (less than 20 mm) and down (less than 5 mm) are separated from the seeds. Cotton is used to produce fabrics, knitwear, threads, cotton wool, etc. Cotton fluff and lint are used in the chemical industry as raw materials for the production of artificial fibers and threads, films, varnishes, etc. Cotton is resistant to alkalis, but decomposes under the influence of acids .

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WOOL is the fiber obtained by shearing sheep, goats, camels and other animals. The quality of wool depends on the cross-sectional thickness and length of the wool fibers. The bulk of wool processed in industry is sheep. Types of wool fibers: fluff - the most valuable thin, soft crimped fiber; transitional hair, that is, thicker, stiffer and less crimped than fluff; “dead hair” is a low-strength and hard fiber. Wool is used to produce yarn, fabrics, knitwear, felting products, etc. Wool is sensitive to the action of alkalis, which make it brittle, but on the contrary, it is resistant to acids. The chemical composition of wool is a protein substance. When wool burns, it releases the characteristic smell of burnt feathers.

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Flax is one of the perennial herbs and shrubs of the flax family, a spinning and oilseed crop. Fiber flax is mainly cultivated in stems with 20-28% fiber, and oil flax, or curly flax, with seeds containing 35-52% linseed oil. Flax fibers are obtained from the bast stalk of flax. This is the first fiber that man learned to produce already in the Stone Age. Long flax fibers are made of cellulose. Linen is the strongest natural fiber. Therefore, it is used in the production of strong threads, fabrics for sails, and due to its good hygienic properties, linen fabrics are used to make linen.

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SILK - natural textile thread of animal origin; a product secreted by the glands of silkworm caterpillars. By unwinding several cocoons together, raw silk is obtained, from which twisted silk is produced, used for the manufacture of fabrics, knitwear, and sewing threads. The waste is processed into yarn for technical and other fabrics. In terms of its chemical composition, silk is a protein substance. Soft, shiny, beautiful-looking silk products, however, have low wear resistance and high cost.

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Chemical fibers are obtained from chemical processing products of natural polymers (artificial fibers) or from synthetic polymers (synthetic fibers). Polymers (from poly... and Greek meros share, part), substances whose molecules (macromolecules) consist of a large number of repeating units; The molecular weight of polymers can vary from several thousand to many millions. Based on their origin, polymers are divided into natural or biopolymers (for example, proteins, nucleic acids, natural rubber), and synthetic (for example, polyethylene, polyamides, epoxy resins), obtained by polymerization and polycondensation methods. Based on the shape of the molecules, linear, branched and network polymers are distinguished; organic, organoelement, and inorganic polymers are by nature. Linear and branched polymers are characterized by a set of specific properties, for example, the ability to form anisotropic fibers and films, as well as exist in a highly elastic state. Polymers are the basis of plastics, chemical fibers, rubber, paints and varnishes, adhesives, ion exchangers. The cells of all living organisms are built from biopolymers.

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Over the years, natural fibers have ceased to fully satisfy humans, so scientists around the world have worked to find a replacement for them. More than three hundred years ago (in 1655), the outstanding English physicist Robert Hooke published a treatise in which there was the following statement: “It is possible, apparently, to find ways to artificially obtain a sticky mass, similar to how it is formed by a silkworm... If such a mass will be found, then, apparently, an easier task will be to find a way to stretch this mass into thin threads...” But only in 1884, a student of Louis Pasteur, the French inventor Hilaire de Chardonnay, managed to obtain artificial fibers. The most common types of artificial fibers are obtained by processing cellulose. Chardonnay was the first to decide to convert cellulose into a solution using a solvent and obtain a new fiber from this solution. To do this, he pressed the resulting liquid mass through thin holes. To obtain fibers, a polymer solution or melt is forced through the finest holes of a spinning die. The resulting fibers are spun into threads used to make textiles.

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When processing waste wood and sawdust, cellulose is released. In the process of producing viscose fiber, cellulose is treated with reagents (NaOH and CS2). Viscose fiber is an artificial fiber formed from viscose; consists of hydrated cellulose. Easy to paint, hygroscopic; Disadvantages: large loss of strength when wet, easy creasing, low wear resistance can be eliminated by modifying the viscose fiber. Due to the availability of raw materials and the low cost of reagents, the production of viscose fiber is highly economical. It is used (sometimes mixed with other fibers) for the production of clothing fabrics, knitwear, and cord. In the process of producing acetate fibers, cellulose is treated with acetic anhydride, the resulting cellulose acetate is dissolved in acetone and pressed through dies.

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Acetate fibers are artificial fibers formed from solutions of cellulose triacetate (triacetate fiber) and the product of its partial saponification (acetate fibers themselves). Soft, elastic, wrinkles little, transmits ultraviolet rays; disadvantages: low strength, low thermal and wear resistance, significant electrification. They are used mainly in the production of consumer products, such as linen. World production is about 610 thousand tons.

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Fiber is a thin unspun thread of plant, animal or mineral origin. Definition

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Fibers Natural Chemical Organic Inorganic Silk, cotton, wool Mineral Synthetic Artificial

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Capron

Nylon is a synthetic polyamide fiber. This substance became the product of a polycondensation reaction when aminocaproic acid was heated under pressure. Due to the main component - aminocaproic acid - the resulting new substance was called nylon.

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Formula and appearance

Nylon or nylon fiber is a white-transparent, shiny, very durable, smooth substance. Nylon (or polyamide-6) is a synthetic polyamide fiber. Monomers: caprolactam

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Properties

Along with high strength, nylon fibers are characterized by resistance to abrasion. When heated, its strength decreases. It softens easily; a thread can be pulled out of a melted piece of nylon. When burning, it melts, forming a dark shiny ball, burns with an unpleasant odor

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Nylon tights Plastic gears Fishing nets made of nylon threads Tire frames made of cord fabric Tires with nylon cords Application

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Cotton Cotton (cotton fabric) is a plant fiber that covers the seeds of the cotton plant.

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Appearance

Cotton is a thin, short, soft, fluffy fiber. The fiber is somewhat twisted around its axis.

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Properties

Sufficient strength.

High heat resistance: withstands heat up to 150°C in a dry atmosphere. At 245°C the fiber turns brown and ignites. Burns very easily, burns completely, yellow flame, gray ash, smell of burnt paper.

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Wool is the hair of animals (sheep, goats, camels, etc.) collected for processing. Methods of obtaining: Wool from animals is obtained by shearing, less often by combing. Application: Wool is used to make yarn, fabrics, knitwear, felting products, etc. Wool

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Physical properties and appearance: Rough, elastic fibers. Actions of the reagents: Dissolves in alkalis. Character of combustion, melting: Burns poorly, forming a dense sintered ball. Odor when burning, melting: Burnt feather.

The heat resistance of wool is low: the maximum drying temperature is 60-70 ° C; at a temperature of 100-105° C, wool loses moisture, the fiber becomes hard and brittle, and at 120° C, wool turns yellow and begins to decompose. Wool has low thermal conductivity, so woolen fabrics have high heat-protective properties. Alkali, especially caustic soda, destroys wool fiber, and the product becomes loose (creeps), so it is recommended to wash wool products with neutral soap or special synthetic detergents.

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Wool is resilient, elastic, strong, and has a crimped fiber (the finer the wool, the more crimped it is). Thanks to their good elasticity, woolen products do not wrinkle and retain their good appearance for a long time. The thermal conductivity coefficient of wool is lower than that of many textile fibers. This is why wool bedding is the warmest. The main substance that wool consists of: keratin - belongs to the group of protein (protein) substances.

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The main source material for the production of textile products is fiber. They can be divided into several groups. Natural fibers or natural fibers are divided into textile fibers of plant (e.g. cotton, flax, hemp), animal (wool, natural silk) and mineral (asbestos) origin, suitable for making yarn. Chemical fibers are obtained from chemical processing products of natural polymers (artificial fiber) or from synthetic polymers (synthetic fiber). The production of chemical fibers usually involves forcing a solution or melt of polymer through the openings of a spinneret into a medium that causes the resulting fine fibers to solidify. Such a medium when molding from melts is cold air, from solutions hot air (“dry” method) or a special solution - a precipitation bath (“wet” method). Available in the form of monofilament, staple fiber or a bundle of many thin threads connected by twisting.

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Natural fibers of plant origin can be divided into two groups: cotton or cotton fibers and bast fibers. Cotton commonly refers to the fibers that cover the seeds of the cotton plant. Bast is the name given to the fibers contained in the stems, leaves and shells of the fruits of various plants. The most common types of bast fibers are: flax, hemp (hemp fiber), jute, etc.

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COTTON - fibers covering cotton seeds. When it ripens, the fruits (bolls) open and raw cotton (fiber with unseparated seeds) is collected from them. The boll contains seeds covered with cellulose fibers, which can be long or short. Therefore, cotton is called long-staple or short-staple. The quality of materials produced from cotton depends on this. During processing, cotton fiber (fibers more than 20 mm long), fluff (less than 20 mm) and down (less than 5 mm) are separated from the seeds. Cotton is used to produce fabrics, knitwear, threads, cotton wool, etc. Cotton fluff and lint are used in the chemical industry as raw materials for the production of artificial fibers and threads, films, varnishes, etc. Cotton is resistant to alkalis, but decomposes under the influence of acids .

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FLAX is a genus of annual and perennial herbs and shrubs of the flax family, a spinning and oilseed crop. Fiber flax is mainly cultivated in stems with 20-28% fiber, and oil flax, or curly flax, with seeds containing 35-52% linseed oil. Flax fibers are obtained from the bast stalk of flax. This is the first fiber that man learned to produce already in the Stone Age. Long flax fibers are made of cellulose. Linen is the strongest natural fiber. Therefore, it is used in the production of strong threads, fabrics for sails, and due to its good hygienic properties, linen fabrics are used to make linen.

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Polyamide fiber is a synthetic fiber formed from melts or solutions of polyamides. Durable, elastic, resistant to abrasion, repeated bending and the action of many chemical reagents; disadvantages: low hygroscopicity, increased electrification, low heat and light resistance. It is used in the production of fabrics, knitwear, tire cord, filter materials, etc. Main trade names: from polycaproamide, nylon, nylon-6, perlon, dederon, amylan, stilon; from polyhexamethylene adipinamide anide, nylon-6,6, rodianylon, nylon.

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Polyester fiber is a synthetic fiber spun from a melt of polyethylene terephthalate or its derivatives. Advantages: slight creasing, excellent light and weather resistance, high strength, good resistance to abrasion and organic solvents; Disadvantages: difficulty in dyeing, strong electrification, hardness can be eliminated by chemical modification. It is used, for example, in the production of various fabrics, artificial fur, ropes, and for reinforcing tires. Main trade names: lavsan, terylene, dacron, tetheron, elana, tergal, tesil.

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Polyacrylonitrile fiber (acrylic fiber) is a synthetic fiber formed from solutions of polyacrylonitrile or its derivatives. In many properties it is close to wool, resistant to light and other atmospheric agents, acids, weak alkalis, and organic solvents. Outer and underwear knitwear, carpets, and fabrics are made from polyacrylonitrile fiber. Main trade names: nitron, orlon, acrylan, cashmilon, curtel, dralon, volpryula.

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Additional material

The raw material for the production of artificial fibers is cellulose obtained from spruce wood and cotton waste. The raw material for the production of artificial fibers is cellulose obtained from spruce wood and cotton waste. The raw materials for the production of synthetic fibers are gases - products of the processing of coal and oil. The raw materials for the production of synthetic fibers are gases - products of the processing of coal and oil.

The production of chemical fibers is divided into three stages: 1. Preparation of the spinning solution. All chemical fibers, except mineral ones, are produced from viscous solutions or melts, which are called spinning. 1. Obtaining a spinning solution. All chemical fibers, except mineral ones, are produced from viscous solutions or melts, which are called spinning.

2. Fiber forming. The viscous spinning solution is passed through dies - caps with tiny holes. The number of holes ranges from 24 to 36 thousand. Streams of solution flowing from the dies harden, forming solid thin threads. Next, the threads from one spinneret are combined into one common thread on spinning machines, pulled out and wound onto a bobbin. 2. Fiber forming. The viscous spinning solution is passed through dies - caps with tiny holes. The number of holes ranges from 24 to 36 thousand. Streams of solution flowing from the dies harden, forming solid thin threads. Next, the threads from one spinneret are combined into one common thread on spinning machines, pulled out and wound onto a bobbin.

3. Fiber finishing. The resulting threads undergo washing, twisting, and heat treatment (to fix the twist). Some fibers are bleached, dyed and treated with a soap solution to make them soft. 3. Fiber finishing. The resulting threads undergo washing, twisting, and heat treatment (to fix the twist). Some fibers are bleached, dyed and treated with a soap solution to make them soft.

Viscose fiber is pure cellulose obtained from spruce wood without any impurities. Depending on its purpose, viscose can have a shiny or matte surface. By changing the shine, thickness and crimp of the fibers, viscose fabric can be given the appearance of silk, cotton or wool. By using thickened viscose threads, you can achieve an imitation of linen. Viscose fiber is pure cellulose obtained from spruce wood without any impurities. Depending on its purpose, viscose can have a shiny or matte surface. By changing the shine, thickness and crimp of the fibers, viscose fabric can be given the appearance of silk, cotton or wool. By using thickened viscose threads, you can achieve an imitation of linen.

Viscose fabrics are inferior in strength to natural silk, although super-strong viscose fabrics are also produced. When wet, their strength decreases significantly - by 50-60%. Viscose absorbs moisture better than cotton, but is inferior in wear resistance. Viscose fabrics are inferior in strength to natural silk, although super-strong viscose fabrics are also produced. When wet, their strength decreases significantly - by 50-60%. Viscose absorbs moisture better than cotton, but is inferior in wear resistance. Viscose fibers burn in the same way as linen and cotton fibers: quickly, evenly, with a bright flame, smell of burnt paper, and leave easily crumbling light gray ash. Viscose fibers, unlike plant fibers, are sensitive to the action of alkalis and acids. Viscose fibers burn in the same way as linen and cotton fibers: quickly, evenly, with a bright flame, smell of burnt paper, and leave easily crumbling light gray ash. Viscose fibers, unlike plant fibers, are sensitive to the action of alkalis and acids.

The raw material for acetate fiber is cotton wood waste. Silk fabrics made from acetate fiber are very similar in appearance to natural silk and have a shiny surface. The raw material for acetate fiber is cotton wood waste. Silk fabrics made from acetate fiber are very similar in appearance to natural silk and have a shiny surface. Fabrics made from acetate fiber do not absorb moisture well, but dry quickly; They have less strength than viscose, but greater elasticity, so they hardly wrinkle and retain their shape well. Acetate does not tolerate strong heat and melts at a temperature of 210 degrees. Fabrics made from acetate fiber do not absorb moisture well, but dry quickly; They have less strength than viscose, but greater elasticity, so they hardly wrinkle and retain their shape well. Acetate does not tolerate strong heat and melts at a temperature of 210 degrees.

Fabrics made from synthetic fibers Synthetic fabrics are made from fibers obtained as a result of complex chemical reactions. They differ from each other in chemical composition, properties, and combustion character. Synthetic fabrics are made from fibers obtained through complex chemical reactions. They differ from each other in chemical composition, properties, and combustion character. In different countries, these fibers are called differently, so we will focus only on the most common fibers and fabrics made from them. In different countries, these fibers are called differently, so we will focus only on the most common fibers and fabrics made from them.

Fabrics made from polyester, lavsan, crimplene are soft and flexible, but very durable. They practically do not wrinkle, hold their shape well when heated, hold folds and pleats, do not fade in the sun, and are not affected by moths and microorganisms. Their disadvantage is low hygroscopicity. Fabrics made from polyester, lavsan, crimplene are soft and flexible, but very durable. They practically do not wrinkle, hold their shape well when heated, hold folds and pleats, do not fade in the sun, and are not affected by moths and microorganisms. Their disadvantage is low hygroscopicity. Nylon, nylon, dederon are the strongest of all synthetic fibers. Fabrics made from these fibers are harsh to the touch, have a smooth surface, are tear-resistant, abrasion-resistant, do not fade and wrinkle a little, and are not affected by moths and microorganisms. Disadvantages include poor hygroscopicity and sensitivity to high temperatures. Nylon, nylon, dederon are the strongest of all synthetic fibers. Fabrics made from these fibers are harsh to the touch, have a smooth surface, are tear-resistant, abrasion-resistant, do not fade and wrinkle a little, and are not affected by moths and microorganisms. Disadvantages include poor hygroscopicity and sensitivity to high temperatures.

Acrylic and nitron have the appearance of voluminous crimped fibers, so fabrics made from them are very reminiscent of wool. They have the same properties as polyester fabrics; they are very sensitive to high temperatures: they quickly melt, turning brown, then burn with a smoky flame. Acrylic and nitron have the appearance of voluminous crimped fibers, so fabrics made from them are very reminiscent of wool. They have the same properties as polyester fabrics; they are very sensitive to high temperatures: they quickly melt, turning brown, then burn with a smoky flame. Elastane (Lycra) is most often used in a mixture with other fibers. Elastane fibers are very elastic when stretched, capable of increasing their length seven times and then shrinking back to their original size. Elastane (Lycra) is most often used in a mixture with other fibers. Elastane fibers are very elastic when stretched, capable of increasing their length seven times and then shrinking back to their original size.

Fabrics with elastane are used in the manufacture of tight-fitting clothing: trousers, jeans, knitwear, hosiery. Such clothes fit close to the figure and do not restrict movement. Products with elastane stretch well, wrinkle little and are durable. Fabrics with elastane are used in the manufacture of tight-fitting clothing: trousers, jeans, knitwear, hosiery. Such clothes fit close to the figure and do not restrict movement. Products with elastane stretch well, wrinkle little and are durable. A comparative description of the properties of fabrics made from various fibers is presented in the table below. Fabrics are listed in descending order of properties. A comparative description of the properties of fabrics made from various fibers is presented in the table below. Fabrics are listed in descending order of properties.

Properties StrengthShrinkability Hygroscopicity Elasticity Washability NylonPolyesterLinenSilkCottonAcrylicViscoseAcetateWoolElastaneWoolCottonLinenSilkAcetateCottonLinenSilkViscoseWoolAcetateNylonAcrylicPolyesterElastaneElastaneNylonWoolSilkPolyester AcrylicViscoseCottonElastanePolyesterNylonAcrylicSilkAcetateLinenCottonViscoseWool

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Natural fibers of plant origin can be divided into two groups: cotton or cotton fibers and bast fibers. Cotton commonly refers to the fibers that cover the seeds of the cotton plant. Bast fibers are the fibers contained in the stems, leaves and shells of fruits of various plants. The most common types of bast fibers are: flax, hemp (hemp fiber), jute, etc.

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Cotton

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High heat resistance: withstands heat up to 150°C in a dry atmosphere. At 245°C the fiber turns brown and ignites. Burns very easily, burns completely, yellow flame, gray ash, smell of burnt paper.

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Materials science of chemical fibers. Presentation on the topic "fibers" Chemistry in textile production presentation

Capron

Formula and appearance

Properties

Appearance

Properties

Cotton

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