When referring to information sources regarding transport systems, one can often come across such a term as “freight turnover”. It will be useful to find out what this concept is and what is its unit of measurement.

Freight turnover means the amount (total volume) of goods transported according to the object in question: be it an enterprise, type of transport, industry or the state as a whole.

The indicator of freight turnover is measured by such a unit as a ton-kilometer, however, the use of the indicator of the total tonnage of transportation performed is more common.

To measure the volume of traffic within a state or a selected region, two units of measurement are used at once. The process of evaluating the functioning of a transport object or a separate node involves the use of only the total weight of the cargo transported in tons.

On a large scale, the freight turnover indicator gives an assessment of the relationship between states or regions, and in the transport sector it determines the throughput of certain objects. The growth of interstate cargo turnover indicates the development of trade and economy. At the time of the crisis, there is a drop in freight turnover. The instability of cargo exchange between regions suggests difficulties in the main transport system, in the functioning of companies, as well as weak internecine economic ties.

Types of transport and cargo turnover

Usually, the entire freight turnover of transport is correlated with a specific transport sector.

Usually, the entire freight turnover of transport is correlated with a specific transport area in order to assess a certain type of freight exchange.

Rail transport is the largest and most budgetary. In Russia, the railroad network serves 4/5 of the country's total freight traffic. The laying and development of communication lines is constantly increasing the number of transported goods. A general assessment of the country's freight turnover allows us to state that the more developed the railway network, the lower the cost of transporting tonnage.

Rail transport is the largest and most cost-effective freight carrier

Water transport is also one of the most profitable options for transporting cargo, but it is not possible in every region, but only between territories adjacent to the sea or a wide river. In addition, river navigation is possible only in summer - in cold weather, rivers freeze. In the hot season, river transport takes on 10-15% of the total cargo exchange in Russia. Shipping by sea is usually interstate deliveries. They account for 4-7%.

Water transport is a profitable option, but not available to everyone

Pipeline transport is used only for the transfer of liquid and volatile mixtures. Gas, ammonia, oil and other chemical binders are transferred through pipelines. In the Russian Federation, most of the export deliveries of "oil and gas products" are made through pipelines. In this industry, the increase in cargo turnover is determined by the laying of new pipeline routes.

Road transport is completely dependent on the availability and quality of roads. Most autodeliveries are of local importance, i.e. they are carried out between enterprises, port and enterprise, etc. Such deliveries are faster. Motor transport does not require additional loading / unloading, which detracts from the economic benefits of transportation, and therefore is more profitable. With it, you can deliver the entrusted cargo to its destination without additional expenses and delays.

Mobility and variety of vehicles guarantees its demand for long-distance deliveries of any cargo volume.

Most autosupplies are local

Air transport is a costly approach to transporting goods. Its advantage is the urgency of delivery or the delivery of cargo to places where the routes are not equipped. For example, you need to quickly deliver goods to a taiga settlement. There are a lot of such places in Russia. For this reason, the turnover of air transport is quite high.

A summary assessment of cargo deliveries for each transport sector makes it possible to determine the level of development of the sector and its need for modernization and related equipment, plus the construction of new tracks. Also, a general assessment allows you to identify the importance of a particular industry in the freight exchange of the entire national economy.

The concept of cargo turnover

Methods for calculating freight turnover

Section 1. The main characteristic of cargo turnover.

Section 2. Methods for calculating the turnover.

Cargo turnover- this is an economic indicator of the work of transport (an indicator of the volume of cargo transportation), equal to the product of the mass of cargo transported for a certain time by the distance of transportation.

The main characteristics of cargo turnover

Cargo turnover is measured in ton-kilometers. For example, if different ships transported 5 million tons of cargo during the year over an average distance of 150 km, then the annual cargo turnover is 5 × 150 = 750 million ton-kilometers.

To determine the turnover, the weight of the transported cargo in tons (separately for each consignment) is multiplied by the transportation distance and the resulting products are summed up.

The freight turnover indicator is used in planning and statistics to measure labor productivity in transport (the number of ton-kilometers per worker), the cost of transportation is also determined per 1 km, since the cost of transportation depends on its distance and the mass of cargo.

To assess the activities of transport enterprises, the indicator of freight turnover is not used, since the society is interested in the best satisfaction of transportation needs while minimizing transportation costs; for these purposes, the indicator of transportation (dispatch) of goods in tons, revenue from transportation, etc.

The dissemination of best practices, including by Belarusian railway workers, makes it possible to increase the volume of useful work of transport without increasing the number of employees.

To characterize the cargo turnover of a state, a certain territory, a certain direction, a river, etc. both units of measurement are used. And to characterize the turnover of any transport hub, station or other transport facility, only tonnage is used as a meter.

Freight turnover determines the level of development of relations, the development of trade, the degree of economic activity in a certain period, etc.

The unit of observation in freight traffic statistics is the shipment, i.e. consignment of cargo, the carriage of which is formalized by the relevant document (contract of carriage). Primary documents on different modes of transport have different names:

road list - for railway and river transport;

bill of lading and manifest - in maritime transport;

waybill and consignment note - in road transport;

accompanying sheet - in air transport.

Freight transportation statistics has developed a system of indicators that provide an opportunity to comprehensively characterize the work of each enterprise and the country's unified transport network. These indicators are divided into two groups:

volumetric (total);

quality.

Volumetric indicators of freight traffic statistics include:

sent (departure) of goods;

arrived (arrival) of goods;

transported (transportation) of goods;

transported in direct mixed traffic;

the volume of transport work performed - freight turnover.

Freight turnover is the amount of work in the transportation of goods, calculated by summing the products of the mass of goods transported by the distance of transportation in kilometers (miles). It is one of the main indicators in evaluating the efficiency of a transport enterprise.

Qualitative indicators of freight traffic statistics include:

average transportation distance per 1 ton of cargo;

average density of transportation of 1 ton of cargo;

average duration of transportation of 1 ton of cargo;

average speed of advancement of 1 ton of cargo.

The distribution of freight traffic between individual modes of transport depends on their characteristics and economic advantages. For example,

rail transport is used to transport large volumes of goods over long distances;

road transport - in cities and regions for short, as well as for longer distances when transporting valuable and perishable goods;

maritime transport - when transporting bulk cargo in areas gravitating towards inland water and sea basins;

trunk pipelines are used to pump gas and crude oil from fields to refineries and to transport finished petroleum products from factories to consumption areas and terminals;

air transport is used to transport goods over very long distances.

Railway transport.

During the period when navigation on the rivers is stopped, rail transport successfully replaces water transport. A large volume of trade with other countries is carried out precisely by rail. It also ranks first among other main modes of transport.

Automobile transport.

Road transport is the most mobile of all modes of transport. It is capable of transporting goods, both long-distance and short. Disadvantages - high cost and labor intensity, high level of environmental pollution.

Pipeline transport.

The variety of pipeline transport, depending on the types of transported products, necessitates the use of grouping (classification). Main pipelines are divided into oil pipelines, product pipelines and gas pipelines. The former serve to pump crude oil from fields to refineries. The second - for the transportation of finished petroleum products from factories to consumption areas. The third is for gas transportation. If the product pipeline is strictly specialized for the transportation of any one type of oil product, it is called accordingly: kerosene pipeline, gasoline wire, oil pipeline, fuel oil wire. The advantage of pipeline transport is that it has continuous transportation and does not depend on natural conditions. The big drawback is environmental pollution.

Sea transport.

Sea transport is able to transport any cargo, any type and size. Unlike other modes of transport, sea transport mainly export (46%) and import (70%) cargo. Disadvantages: dependence on weather conditions, the need for expensive port facilities and a high share of the cost of initial and final operations.

Inland waterways.

These include: rivers, lakes, reservoirs, channels suitable for navigation. On inland waterways, the movement of vessels is allowed not along the entire width, but only on the ways that are prepared for navigation and which are marked with navigational signs.

Statistical accounting of cargo transportation in inland water transport is carried out by inland water transport enterprises: ports, shipping companies, shipping companies, as well as enterprises of other sectors of the economy that carry out transportation work on a commercial basis.

Air Transport.

By air, goods are transported over very long distances, but this mode of transport is much less than others used to transport cargo. They carry, as a rule, the most expensive goods: precious furs, expensive clothes, weapons, medicines, etc. The main difference between aviation and other modes of transport is its high ground speed and long non-stop flight range.

Methods for calculating cargo turnover

All calculations are entered into a statistical table called statistical grouping.

Statistical grouping - allows you to characterize the size, structure and relationship of the phenomena under study, to identify their patterns.

Methods for calculation:

Series of dynamics (absolute and relative indicators, chain and basic and average values);

Selective observation;

Indicators of variation (dispersion);

Graphic construction (graphics).

Absolute indicators are named numbers that have a certain dimension and units of measurement. They characterize indicators at a point in time or over a period. Depending on the various reasons and goals of the analysis, natural, conditionally natural, monetary and labor units of measurement are used.

Absolute growth is the difference between the research level of the series and the previous (or base) level.

Sources

Wikipedia - The Free Encyclopedia, WikiPedia

ekoslovar.ru – Economic Dictionary

academic.ru – Academic Dictionary

guskonstantin.narod.ru – Articles

bank24.ru - Dictionary of economic terms

kgau.ru - Educational and methodological complex

Types of transport

Within the enterprise, the movement of goods between workshops, sections and workplaces must be ensured. To perform these functions, internal transport is intended, which includes:

1. Intershop transport, which performs the following functions:

delivery of raw materials and components from warehouses to workshops;

movement of blanks, parts and assembly units from workshop to workshop in the course of the technological process;

export of finished products from workshops to warehouses of finished products;

transportation of various cargoes: waste, working and used tools, units for repair and out of repair, spare parts, empty containers, fuel and fuels and lubricants - between the main, auxiliary shops and service facilities of the enterprise;

2. Intra-shop transport, which, in turn, is divided into

inter-sectional (transportation of blanks, parts, assembly units and finished products within each workshop from site to site during the manufacturing and assembly process),

intra-sectional (or inter-operational, transportation of blanks, parts, assembly units and finished products within each section between workplaces).

Enterprises can use a diverse fleet of vehicles.

By means of transport there are:

rail (railroad narrow gauge);

trackless (motor transport, electric transport);

water (sea, river);

pipeline (pipeline pneumatic transport, gravity product pipelines, oil pipelines, etc.);

special (technological) transport;

handling vehicles (conveyors, cranes, loaders, elevators, etc.).

According to the mode of action, there are:

intermittent transport (for example, electric forklifts);

transport of continuous action (for example, conveyors).

In the direction of movement of goods, transport is distinguished:

horizontal;

vertical (elevators, elevators);

horizontal-vertical (overhead cranes, beam cranes, electric forklifts);

inclined (inclined ropeways and monorails, conveyors).

Determination of cargo turnover and cargo flows

For effective planning of the needs of the vehicle, the cargo turnover of the enterprise and cargo flows are determined.

Freight turnover (see Fig. 2) is the amount of goods (in tons) moved at the enterprise for a certain period of time (day, month, quarter, year). Freight turnover is determined on the basis of transport tables that take into account the receipt and dispatch of goods for each point. Each cell of such a table indicates the name and quantity of the cargo, respectively, received at a given point (if it is a consumer item) or sent from it (if it is a supplier item). Cargo turnover is equal to the sum of cargo flows.

Cargo traffic - (Fig. 3) is the amount of cargo moving in a certain direction between individual points of loading and unloading within the enterprise for the same period as the cargo turnover. The data of the cargo turnover tables are taken as a basis for the development of cargo flow schemes. The scheme of cargo flows graphically displays the direction of movement of goods at individual points of the service area. The scheme of cargo flows is drawn up on a plan of the territory, drawn on a certain scale, indicating transport routes. The direction of cargo flows is indicated by arrows, the volume of goods transported is indicated by numbers above the lines. The scheme of cargo flows simplifies the analysis of the transport network and the placement of objects in terms of their rational organization in space.

Using the scheme of cargo flows, it is possible to quickly identify and eliminate unnecessary intersections, return and oncoming routes, shorten the path of movement of individual goods, check the compliance of the "cargo density" of individual transport routes with their capacity. In accordance with the scheme of cargo flows, schemes for routing transportation between individual points in the service area are established.

Freight flows are calculated based on:

types of transported goods;

points of departure and delivery;

distances between points;

volumes of transported goods;

frequency and regularity of transportation.

Calculations for the turnover and cargo flows of the enterprise and its workshops are drawn up in the form of a chess sheet (Fig. 2). It shows all the movements of goods carried out at the plant, which allows you to determine the external turnover and the corresponding external arrivals and departures, all internal (inter-shop) freight flows and the total turnover of the plant.

Figure 2. Chess sheet of cargo turnover

The basis for organizing inter-shop and external cargo flows of the plant and planning the work of the plant transport is traffic chart, those. a graphic representation in the appropriate scale of the bill of materials on the master plan diagram of the plant. On the diagram, cargo flows are depicted as separate bands, the width of which is proportional to their size, and the configuration corresponds to the route of movement of goods. The diagram gives a visual representation of the magnitude and extent of cargo flows and allows you to rationally organize the intra-factory movement of goods. The figures in circles show the monthly cargo flow in tons.

Planning and economic calculations in intra-factory planning are made on the basis of the largest daily turnover according to the formula:

where Q r - annual cargo turnover, t/year; D- the number of working days in a year; To n - transportation irregularity coefficient.

The calculation of the total turnover for the year is preceded by the calculation of the value of the turnover of shops and general factory warehouses.

Fig.3 Scheme of cargo flows of the plant

The required number of vehicles involved in regular cargo flows is determined by the formula

where G - cargo traffic for the billing period, t; P h - hourly productivity of vehicles, t/h; F p - useful fund of the operating time of vehicles for the billing period, h.

When organizing interdepartmental transportation, the choice and calculation of the need for vehicles are carried out simultaneously with routing. The starting materials for the development of routes are a chess sheet of cargo turnover, schemes of intershop cargo flows, and a master plan of the enterprise.

According to the nature of the organization of their implementation, intra-factory transportation is divided into one-time (according to separate random requests) and route transportation (according to predetermined directions). Shuttle transportations are pendulum and ring.

Fig.4.

the Pendulums called routes in which the movement of vehicles between two points is repeated many times. They can be one-way, when the transport is loaded in one direction and empty in the opposite direction, bilateral - the transport is loaded in both directions, mixed - when moving with or without cargo in both directions.

Fig.5.

Ring the system provides for sequentially carried out regular communication between a number of points. It can be raMzSh (from one point the cargo is transported to a number of shops), assembly - from different shops the cargo is collected and transported to one place, mixed.

When choosing a route for interdepartmental transportation, it is necessary to ensure: the shortest paths for the movement of vehicles, the rational use of the carrying capacity or capacity of vehicles, the maximum mileage coefficient (the ratio of the length of the mileage of transport with cargo to the total length of the mileage).

Intra-shop transportation includes: interoperational movement of objects of labor in accordance with the sequence and rhythm of the production process; transportation of goods according to established routes and schedules; movement of goods according to shift-daily plans or one-time tasks. The types of vehicles used for the transportation of goods, depending on the type of production, are given in Table 1

Table 1. Types of vehicles used in various

types of production

In flexible automated production, automated and automatic transport and storage systems are used, which include: automatic racks and overhead stacker cranes, transport and handling operations, conveyor devices, orientation devices, feeders, storage, automatic warehouses, transport and storage containers.

When choosing the type and number of vehicles, the following are taken into account: the size of the cargo flow, the dimensions of the transported goods, the distance and routes of movement, the mass of the cargo. Vehicles must meet the technological and organizational requirements of the serviced production processes, ensure maximum productivity and favorable working conditions. The parameters of vehicles in adjacent sections must be coordinated with each other in order to comprehensively mechanize and automate loading and unloading operations when moving goods from one transport device to another. To do this, enterprises develop unified transport and technological schemes that ensure the docking of individual links of the enterprise transport network and process equipment.

The number of cyclical vehicles (Wtr,) can be determined by the formula

w Tp = Q c / Wtrs,

where Q c - daily turnover, t; Wtrs - daily productivity of a unit of transport equipment, i.e.

The daily productivity of a unit of transport equipment I is directly proportional to the number of working cycles w c and productivity I per cycle (W u), i.e. "

Wtp C = W u m u ; m u \u003d Fds / Tct,

where F ds - daily fund of operating time of transport equipment, I min; Tts t - transport cycle, min (in the general case Tct = Tpr, + T p + T p, I where T p - run time, min; T p - loading time, min; T p - unloading time I, min).

The number of means of continuous transport (wtrn) required for a given cargo flow, for example, conveyors:

Wtrn„ \u003d Qh / W h,

where Q h - hourly cargo turnover, t; W h - hourly productivity of the conveyor, t.

Cargo turnover is the work of transport for the transportation of goods for an enterprise, industry, state, calculated in ton-kilometers, sometimes the tonnage indicator is used. To characterize the cargo turnover of the state, any territory, a specific direction, river, etc. both units of measurement are used.

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Step - 1

Remember that to characterize the freight turnover of any station, transport facility, transport hub, only tonnage is used as a meter.

Freight turnover shows the volume of economic communication between states, regions, enterprises, economic entities, it also indicates the capacity of transport facilities.

In the literature on the operation of various transport systems, such a concept as freight turnover is often used. Let's take a look at what a turnover is and how it is measured.

Freight turnover is understood as the amount of goods transported within the framework of one enterprise or a separate mode of transport, a separate industry and the whole state. It is customary to measure this indicator in ton-kilometers, but most often just the total tonnage of transportation performed is used. With regard to transportation performed in a certain area and in the whole country, both units of measurement are used, and when assessing the activity of a transport facility or hub, only the total weight of the transported in tons is used.

On a global scale, the indicator of freight turnover evaluates the relationship between countries or regions; in transport, it speaks of the throughput of objects. If the interstate freight turnover is growing, this confirms the development of trade and the economies of countries. The crisis period is accompanied by a drop in freight turnover. Violation of cargo turnover between individual regions of the country speaks of problems in the transport system, disruption of the work of enterprises and economic ties between them.

Freight turnover by type of transport

• Rail transport is the most massive and inexpensive. In Russia, railways provide 4/5 of the country's total cargo turnover. The development and construction of new routes constantly increases the amount of transported goods. If you look at the country as a whole, then the more railways it has, the less money will be spent on the transportation of goods.
• Water transport also provides inexpensive transportation of goods, but it is not possible in any region, but only where there are seas and rivers. Besides, river navigation is possible only in summer - in winter the rivers are covered with ice, so the port's cargo turnover covers only summer time. During the summer period, Russian river transport manages to transport 10-15% of the country's total cargo turnover. Sea vessels are usually interstate transportation, their share is 5-7%.
• Road transport depends on roads. Most trucking is of local importance - from enterprise to enterprise, from enterprise to railway stations and ports. The mobility of vehicles makes them popular for long-distance transportation, including international ones, especially since such deliveries are carried out much faster. Sometimes it is easier to send cargo by road than to take it to the railway station, reload it onto a wagon and repeat these procedures at the destination. The cost of transshipment will destroy the economic effect of cheap transportation. Motor transport, without any overloads and delays, will deliver the goods to the place.
• Air transport is the most expensive way to transport goods, but it is essential if the goods need to be delivered urgently or to a place where there are no roads. For example, you need to quickly transport cargo to a distant ocean island or to a taiga village that has no roads. There are quite a lot of such places in Russia, so the air transport turnover is very significant.
• Pipeline transport is used exclusively for liquid and gaseous products, and not only oil and natural gas. Pipelines can carry ammonia and other chemicals. In Russia, almost all export deliveries of oil and gas are carried out using pipelines. The growth of cargo turnover in this industry is determined only by the construction of new pipeline branches.