As is known, labor is any mental and physical effort made by people in the process of economic activity. The time during which the worker creates material wealth is called working time.

The Labor Code of the Russian Federation (Chapter 15, Article 91) defines the concept of working time as follows:

Work time - the time during which the employee, in accordance with the internal labor regulations and the terms of the employment contract, must perform labor duties, as well as other periods of time that, in accordance with this Code, other federal laws and other regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation, relate to working time .

The content of working time is distinguished by a wide variety of its constituent elements. For their disclosure is the classification of the cost of working time, which can be carried out in relation to the three elements of the production process: the object of labor, workers and equipment. The basis of these classifications is the allocation of two components of the time of the production process (time of work) and the time of breaks.

Classification of the costs of the contractor's working time shown in Figure 1. Here working time means the period during which the employee prepares for work, its direct implementation and completion. It, in turn, consists of the time of work to fulfill the production task and the time of work not provided for by the production task.

The time spent on the execution of a production task is the time spent on preparing and directly executing the task. It consists of preparatory-final time, operational time and time for servicing the workplace.

Preparatory and closing time - this is the time spent by the employee on preparing for the performance of work and its completion (receiving a task for work and familiarizing with its content, obtaining materials, documentation, tools, handing over finished products, tools, etc.).

The value of the preparatory-final time does not depend on the amount of work to complete the production task, therefore, the larger the volume of the task, the smaller the share of the preparatory-final time falls on the unit of work on this task.

operational time - this is the time during which an employee or a group of employees directly performs a production task. It is divided into main and auxiliary.

The main time is called the time during which the object of labor undergoes quantitative and qualitative changes, as well as a change in position in space. For example, the processing of a part in a machine tool in metal and woodworking, the stitching of product parts in the clothing industry, the time of active monitoring of the hardware process in chemical production, driving a car when transporting goods in road transport.

Auxiliary time is spent by the performer on actions that ensure the performance of the main work (installation in the machine and removal of objects of work from it in machine tools, measuring the manufactured part, loading the apparatus with raw materials and materials in the food industry, changing the operating modes of the equipment, etc.).

Workplace service time This is the time to take care of the workplace and maintain the equipment in working condition. It is subdivided into the time of technical and organizational maintenance.

Maintenance time is associated with the care of equipment when performing a specific task on this equipment (replacing worn parts, adjusting and lubricating equipment, replacing cartridges in office equipment, etc.).

Organizational maintenance time is the time to maintain the workplace in working condition (cleaning of industrial waste, moving containers with blanks and finished products within the workplace, washing and cleaning vehicles, etc.).

Depending on the nature of the contractor's participation in the performance of production operations, the preparatory and final time is divided into manual work time, machine-manual work time, and equipment operation monitoring time.

Handmade time called work without the use of machines and mechanisms, when only manual non-mechanized tools are used.

Time of machine-manual work (including manual mechanized) is the time during which work is performed by a machine with the direct participation of an employee or by an employee using a manual mechanized tool (electric drill, pneumatic hammer, chainsaw).

In the conditions of mechanized and automated production, a significant proportion of working time is occupied by equipment monitoring time . It can be active and passive.

The time of active monitoring of the operation of the equipment is that the employee does not directly perform physical work, but his presence is mandatory at the workplace to monitor the progress of the technological process.

The passive monitoring time is the time during which there is no need for constant monitoring of the operation of the equipment or the technological process, monitoring is carried out periodically. This time can be used to perform other work, allowing periodic monitoring of the independent operation of the equipment.

Working hours can be overlapped and non-overlapped. Overlapped time - the time for performing any work during the period of automatic operation of the equipment. For example, the time of an employee's ancillary work and the time of automatic operation of the equipment that the worker is monitoring are performed simultaneously, that is, they overlap.

Non-overlapping time is the time for performing auxiliary work when the equipment is stopped (for example, when loading raw materials into discontinuous devices).

Out-of-job time is time spent doing odd or unproductive work.

odd jobs - these are works caused by production necessity, but not provided for by the production task (for example, correcting defects).

unproductive work is considered to be one that does not increase the volume of products or improve its quality (for example, excessive mileage of a car with a load due to an incorrectly compiled route).

Break times - this is the period during which the employee, while at work, does not work. It forms part of working time and should be distinguished from lunch breaks, which are not included in working time. The time of breaks in work is divided into the time of regulated breaks and unscheduled breaks.

Time of scheduled breaks involves the time of irremovable breaks established by the technology and organization of the production process, and time for rest and personal needs (for example, industrial gymnastics).

The time of unrecoverable interruptions established by the technology and organization of the production process is determined by the specific conditions for the flow of specific technological processes (for example, for a heated part to cool to a certain temperature).

Breaks for rest and personal needs are provided to employees to restore working capacity during the work shift, for industrial gymnastics, for personal hygiene and their own needs.

Time of unscheduled (removable) breaks It is caused by violations of the normal production process and violations of labor discipline.

The time of breaks caused by violations of labor discipline is the result of being late for work, unauthorized absences from the workplace, premature termination of work, downtime of employees who cannot perform their duties due to the absence of other employees violating labor discipline.

The time of interruptions caused by violations of the normal production process occurs for organizational and technical reasons. This is due to poor organization of labor and production (for example, untimely supply of raw materials, materials, electricity to the workplace, untimely maintenance of equipment).

Classification in relation to the subject of labor , which is also a classification in relation to the production process (after all, we are talking about the costs necessary to turn the object of labor into a product of labor) is shown in Figure 2.

It should be noted that the costs of working time are divided into standardized and non-standardized.

To standardized working hours includes the costs required to complete a given task. They include:
- preparatory and final time;
- operational time;
- time of service of the workplace;
- the time of breaks provided by the technology and organization of the production process;
- time for rest and personal needs.
All these costs are included in the time limit.

To non-standardized costs of working time include loss of time due to organizational and technical reasons (for example, emergency shutdowns of equipment, eliminateable shortcomings in the organization of work).

Work time- the duration of the working day (working week) established by law, during which the employee performs the work assigned to him. The purpose of studying the costs of working time is to identify reserves for improving the use of working time and increasing labor productivity, both for an individual performer and for the enterprise team as a whole.

Checking the production capabilities of each workplace, studying the experience and the most advanced labor methods, identifying intra-shift losses and obtaining the necessary materials for the development of standards and norms requires a systematic study of labor processes and an analysis of the cost of working time in production.

The classification of time costs is made in relation to the three elements of the production process - the subject of labor, equipment and employee.

In practice, when studying the costs of working time, a classification of working time differentiated by individual categories is used. The presence of such a classification contributes to the achievement of unity in solving issues of organization and rationing of labor and serves as the basis for studying the actual costs of working time, analyzing and comparing them with standard time costs for the elements of the labor process, as well as for identifying wasteful costs and losses of working time and their causes, establishing standards at enterprises in various sectors of the national economy (Figure 1).

Figure 1 - The structure of the cost of working time

The classification allows:

To study the state of labor organization and the use of working time, most fully identifying the loss of working time and their causes;

Establish the degree of necessity and expediency of individual time expenditures in the performance of a given work;

The most complete study and analysis of the time of use of equipment in relation to the working time of the performer;

Determine the labor costs for the performance of a given work and its constituent elements.

The regulation of labor should be accompanied by the improvement of the organization of labor and technological processes in the workplace, combined with the most complete and economical use of equipment. Therefore, classifications of the use of working time in relation to the performer and equipment were developed.

The basis of the currently developed classifications is the allocation of two components: the time of work (functioning) and the time of breaks.

Working hours of the performer - this is the time spent on direct work, and the time of breaks when the labor process is not carried out.

The main and most important group of working time costs is working hours , including the amount spent by the employee on preparing for the performance of work, on the direct performance of work and its completion.

The time spent on the direct execution of the work, in turn, is divided into the time of the production task and the time not due to the production task.

1. Working hours for the production task spent on the preparation and direct execution of the task.

Let's consider it in more detail.

1 . Preparatory-final time (PT) - preparation for the start of work and its completion. Most often, this includes the time spent on receiving a task at the beginning of a shift, receiving materials, receiving, installing and removing tools on equipment, handing over finished products, tools, documentation at the end of a shift, etc. It is important to know that preparatory and final time is spent on the entire shift entirely and well depends on the number of products produced per shift and the amount of work.

2. Operational time (OP) is the time during which the employee directly performs the completed task by performing technological operations. It is subdivided as follows:

The main (O), which is the time spent on the transformation of the object of labor, on changing its shape, size, structure, properties, qualities, etc.

Auxiliary (B), spent by the employee on the performance of such actions that ensure the performance of the main work.

Without auxiliary time, it is practically impossible to carry out the process of transforming the object of labor, i.e. main job. Ancillary time costs include the time spent on loading equipment, rearranging and moving materials; blanks, parts, finished products within the workplace, management and control over the operation of equipment, etc. The duration of auxiliary time depends on the level of mechanization and automation of the workplace.

3. Workplace maintenance time (OSL) is spent on caring for the workplace and maintaining equipment in working, good condition. It is subdivided as follows:

time of organizational maintenance of the workplace, spent on maintaining the workplace in working condition (cleaning of industrial waste, moving containers with blanks and finished products within the workplace, etc.);

· the maintenance time of the workplace associated with the care of equipment, tools, due to a specific production task (replacement of worn tools, adjustment and lubrication of equipment, etc.).

II. Working time not determined by the production task(NC), includes the cost of working time to perform:

1) casual work (CP) - here the time costs are caused by production necessity (for example, walking in ta outfits, performing auxiliary and repair work not provided for by the task, etc.);

2) unproductive work (NR) - here the time spent is associated with work that does not give an increase in production or improve its quality, including the time to correct the marriage, the time for excessive vehicle mileage, etc.

Considering the time of work, it is necessary to take into account the classification of this type of time depending on the nature of the employee's participation in the performance of the production operation:

time of manual work, i.e. without the use of machines or mechanisms;

time of machine-manual work performed by machines with the direct participation of the worker or by the worker using manual mechanisms;

time of monitoring the operation of equipment during automated or instrumental work;

time of transitions (from machine to machine with multi-machine maintenance).

A feature of automated and instrumental production is a large proportion of the time of monitoring the operation of equipment, the progress of the production process. Observation time can be active or passive.

Active surveillance time for the operation of the equipment is that the employee himself does not perform physical work, however, his presence at the workplace is mandatory, since he must observe the progress and set parameters of the technological process, i.e. exercise direct control and, if necessary, make appropriate adjustments.

Time of passive observation the operation of the equipment is characterized by the fact that the employee does not have to constantly monitor the technological process. Therefore, the employee during this time can be busy with other types of work and watch the equipment from time to time.

Of great importance is the division of the operating time into overlapped and non-overlapped. Their essence is as follows.

Overlap time- this is when the worker performs labor functions during the automatic operation of the equipment. For example, with passive supervision, a worker can perform a number of ancillary tasks.

non-overlapping time- this is when work is performed with the equipment stopped (for example, loading raw materials into machines or semi-automatic machines).

Another important group in the study of the cost of working time is break time - the period during which the employee, being at the workplace, does not work. It is subdivided into scheduled breaks and non-scheduled breaks.

Scheduled break times those. for rest and personal needs, industrial gymnastics, for breaks related to technology and organization of production, with the aim of preventing fatigue of workers and maintaining their normal performance throughout the working day. In turn, it is divided as follows:

1) time for breaks for rest and personal needs, which is provided to employees to restore working capacity during the working day.

2) the time of unrecoverable breaks established by the technology and organization of the production process, due to the specifics of the technological process and the organization of labor (drying of painted surfaces); such interruptions are practically impossible to eliminate, since their exclusion or reduction can lead to a deterioration in the quality of products or work.

Time of unscheduled breaks can be eliminated or at least reduced, since its presence is associated with violations of the normal course of the production process or with violations in labor discipline

Breaks caused by violations of the normal flow of the production process may occur for organizational and technical reasons due to poor organization of labor and production, as well as due to a violation of technology, leading to accidents or unforeseen downtime of equipment.

Breaks associated with violations of labor discipline are most often associated with being late for work, unauthorized absences from the workplace, early termination of work, absenteeism, and also due to the absence of other workers, without which the main worker cannot perform work.

As noted, the classification of working time is also carried out in such a direction as the attitude to equipment, as a result of which equipment usage time (VIO). The structure of its costs is similar to the structure of the work time of the contractor. This is quite understandable, since he is busy with the equipment and the costs of his work time are interdependent on the features of the equipment and production technology.

The usage time of the equipment is divided as follows.

I. Equipment operating time(BP) includes the following components.

1. The operating time of the equipment to fulfill the production task (OP), which is called operational time and is divided into main (O) and auxiliary (B).

The main time is spent on the process of processing the object of labor and automatically entering it for processing. It can be:

machine-manual - when the equipment works with the direct participation of the worker;

machine - when the worker only observes and regulates the operation of the equipment (it is also called machine-automatic time, and its presence allows the introduction of multi-machine maintenance).

Auxiliary time takes into account only the actions necessary for the implementation of the main work, not overlapped by machine time (if it is necessary to stop the operation of the equipment to ensure the main work, i.e. install or remove parts).

In equipment operation, operational time can also be divided into machine (hardware)-free time (during equipment operation, when there is no need for the direct participation of the worker) and equipment operation time with the participation of the worker (this is the employment of a worker servicing equipment during multi-machine maintenance or operational time minus machine (hardware) free time).

Besides. for some types of equipment, it is important to divide the operating time of the equipment into the working stroke time, when the equipment is in operation and the main work is being done on it, and the idle time, when the equipment is operating, but the main work is not being done on it, but preparations are being made for the working stroke.

2 . The operating time of equipment not provided for by the production task is the sum of the time of unproductive work and the time of random work. The unproductive work of equipment is similar to the unproductive work of a worker and includes, for example, the time to produce a defect, while the random operation of equipment is associated with the manufacture of products that are not due to a task caused by production necessity.

II. Equipment break time(P). It equipment is divided into the time of regulated breaks and the time of unscheduled breaks.

1. The time of regulated breaks, established by technology, the organization of the production process, as well as the need for rest of the employee, is divided as follows:

breaks during maintenance of equipment, which are associated with the preparation for its operation and with the maintenance of the workplace;

interruption in the work of the equipment associated with waiting for service, due to the technology and organization of the production process (unrecoverable technological breaks, equipment repair according to the schedule), as well as employee breaks for rest and personal needs.

2. The time of unscheduled breaks in the operation of equipment is due to the same reasons as unscheduled breaks in the work of a worker, namely, violations of the production process (PNT) and violations of labor discipline (PND).

For the sake of completeness, let's consider the classifications of time spent on the subject of labor, i.e. classification production process time(WFP). When analyzing the time structure of the production process, it is necessary to know that the duration of the production process does not always coincide with the duration of the shift.

The production process time is divided as follows:

1) the time of the technological process, i.e. the main technological time during which the object of labor is transformed;

2) the time of transport operations, during which the object of labor is moved from operation to operation, the object of labor is transported to the places of processing and assembly, as well as the time of control and testing of finished products and interoperational control;

3) the time of interruptions during the production process.

Depending on the degree of mechanization and automation of the production process, all components of time, with the exception of breaks, are divided as follows:

time of manual work;

machine-manual time;

Machine (hardware) time.

When establishing time standards, it should be borne in mind that not all of the considered elements of working time are subject to rationing. Therefore, there are standardized and non-standardized costs of working time.

Normalized costs those that are recognized as necessary are called, are included in the norm of time and are subject to rationing.

Irregular expenditure of time- this is actually a loss of working time (for example, unscheduled breaks). Their reduction and exclusion is one of the reserves for the growth of labor productivity.

Work to reduce unscheduled breaks should be carried out in two directions:

1) improving the organization of labor, production and management;

2) improvement of labor discipline at the enterprise.

Working time is the time of participation in labor activity, measured by the duration of the working day, week, month or year; time serving as a measure of evaluation of various labor costs. The length of the working day or week in different countries is not the same and varies by industry, working conditions, professions and age of workers.

The classification of working time costs is a combination of working time costs into related groups with common features in order to study the structure and develop an optimal balance of working time costs, identify irrational working time costs, and determine a possible increase in labor productivity.

Classification of the cost of working time of production workers. As a single, satisfying the requirements of all sectors of the economy in our country, a differentiated classification of the costs of the contractor's working time has been adopted, containing the division of time costs into categories and types. This classification is used to establish the correct proportions and absolute dimensions of the constituent elements of the normalized time. In cases where it is not possible to single out for study certain categories and types of time spent in the performance of individual works, it is recommended to analyze larger categories and types of time costs. Working time, or the time of the work of the performer, is made up of work time to complete the production task and break time . It should be noted that the time of work includes the time spent by the worker to prepare for the performance of the production task. Thus m, the working time consists of the following categories of expenses of the contractor's working time: preparatory and final time, operational time and workplace maintenance time. Preparatory and final time is used by the worker to prepare for the performance of the production task and the actions associated with its completion. Its duration does not depend t on the amount of work performed. In practice, the preparatory-final time is set, as a rule, for the performance of a specific task (for example, a batch of products).

operational time- the time spent directly on the performance of the given work. In turn, it is divided into main and auxiliary time.

The main time is the time during which the immediate goal of the technological process is achieved, i.e. there is a qualitative change in the object of labor. Auxiliary time is the time spent on performing activities that make it possible to perform the main work. Auxiliary elements of operations include the installation and removal of parts, equipment management, control of manufactured products, etc.

Time workplace maintenance necessary to maintain the workplace in a state that ensures productive work during the shift. It is subdivided into the time of technical and organizational maintenance. The maintenance time of the workplace is the time spent by the worker on the care of the workplace, equipment and tools that he needs to complete the production task. The time of organizational maintenance of the workplace is spent on caring for the workplace associated with the performance of work during the shift. This category includes the time spent on laying out at the beginning and cleaning at the end of the working shift of tools, cleaning and lubricating equipment.

Working hours not provided for by the production task , is the time spent doing random and unproductive work. To random work that is not provided for by the production task, but caused by production necessity, should be attributed. Unproductive the work is not only not provided for by the production task, but is not caused by production necessity.

Break time It is subdivided into time of regulated and time of unregulated breaks in work. Time of scheduled breaks includes time for rest and personal needs and time for breaks for organizational and technical reasons. Time interruptions in work due to technology and organization production process is the time, the need for which is caused by the specifics of the technological process or the organization of production. Time for rest and personal needs installed to maintain normal performance and for personal hygiene. The duration of rest breaks depends on working conditions.

Breaks in work associated with a violation of the normal course of the production process are unscheduled breaks. The reasons for their appearance - shortcomings in the organization of production and violations of labor discipline.

All working time of the executor can be divided into productive costs and lost working time.

The productive costs of working time include the time of work to fulfill the production task, the time of performing casual work and the time of regulated breaks in work.

Loss of working time is the time of unproductive work and the time of unscheduled breaks in work.

Classification of the cost of working time of managerial personnel The classification of the costs of working time of managerial personnel is based on the above classification of the costs of working time of production workers. In this regard, we will dwell in more detail only on those categories and types of expenditure of working time of managerial personnel, which have fundamental differences in their content.

Time organizational and administrative work- this is the time spent on the direct management of the actions and behavior of people in the course of their work. This type of activity includes the following operations: service and communication, administrative, coordination control and evaluation.

Time creative work- this is the time of the mental activity of the worker, aimed at researching and developing the production problems facing him. The results of creative work, as a rule, are the development and adoption of decisions, the determination of ways and methods to achieve the goals.

Time formal-logical work- time spent on performing operations based on information processing using available algorithms, techniques and predetermined rules.

Time technical work- this is the time for performing stereotyped operations for information support of production, labor and management processes. In the process of performing these operations, as a rule, various means of computer and organizational technology are used.

The considered classification of working time costs can be used not only to study and analyze the cost structure and labor content of managerial personnel, but also to determine the frequency of certain types of work and operations, the level of their automation or mechanization.

The classification of working time costs includes the classification of the costs of the performer's working time and the classification of time spent using equipment.
Classification of the costs of the contractor's working time.

In any type of labor, the worker's working time is divided into work time and break time (Fig. 2).

Rice. 2. Distribution of working time

Working time is the period during which the employee prepares for work, its direct implementation and completion.

The work time to complete the production task is the time spent on the preparation and direct execution of the task, it consists of preparatory and final time, operational time and workplace maintenance time.

Preparatory-final (PT) is the time spent by the employee to prepare for the performance of work and to complete it (receiving a task for work and familiarizing with its content, obtaining materials, documentation, tools, receiving instructions on the procedure for performing work, installing tools in equipment , its adjustment, removal of the tool from the equipment after completion of work, delivery of finished products, tools, fixtures, documentation, etc.).

The value of the preparatory-final time does not depend on the amount of work to complete the production task, therefore, the larger the volume of the task, the smaller the share of the preparatory-final time falls on the unit of work on this task.

Operational time (OP) is the time during which an employee or a group of employees directly performs a production task. It is divided into main and auxiliary time.

The main (O) is the time during which the object of labor undergoes quantitative and qualitative changes, as well as a change in position in space. For example, the processing of a part in a machine tool in metal and woodworking, the stitching of product parts in the clothing industry, the time of active monitoring of the progress of the hardware process in chemical production, driving a car when transporting goods in road transport.

Auxiliary time (B) is spent by the performer on actions that ensure the performance of the main work (installation in the machine and removal of objects of labor from it in machine tools, taking measurements of the manufactured part, loading the apparatus with raw materials and materials in the food industry, changing the operating modes of the equipment, etc. .).

Workplace maintenance time (Obs) is the time to care for the workplace and maintain equipment in working order. It is subdivided into maintenance time and organizational maintenance time.

The maintenance time (Tech) of the workplace is associated with the care of equipment when performing a specific task on this equipment (replacing worn tools, adjusting and lubricating equipment, replacing cartridges in office equipment, etc.).

Organizational service time (Org) is the time to maintain the workplace in working condition (cleaning of industrial waste, moving containers with blanks and finished products within the workplace, washing and cleaning vehicles, etc.).

Depending on the nature of the employee's participation in the performance of production operations, the work time is divided into manual work time, machine-manual work time, and equipment operation time.

The time of manual work is called work without the use of machines or mechanisms, when only manual non-mechanized tools are used.

The time of machine-manual work (including manual mechanized work) is the time during which work is performed by a machine with the direct participation of an employee or by an employee using a manual mechanized tool (for example, an electric drill, pneumatic hammer, chainsaw).

In the conditions of mechanized and automated production, a significant proportion of working time is taken up by the time of monitoring the production process. It can be active and passive.

The time of active observation (A) of the operation of the equipment is that the employee does not directly perform physical work, but his presence is mandatory at the workplace to monitor the progress of the technological process.

The passive observation time (Pas) is the time during which there is no need for constant monitoring of the operation of the equipment or the technological process, monitoring is carried out periodically. This time can be used to perform other work, allowing periodic monitoring of the independent operation of the equipment. Working hours can be overlapped and non-overlapped.

Overlapped time - the time of performing any work during the period of automatic operation of the equipment. The execution time, for example, of ancillary work by an employee and the operation time of the equipment, which he passively monitors, overlap one another, that is, they are performed simultaneously.

Non-overlapping is the time of performing auxiliary work when the equipment is stopped, for example, when loading raw materials into discontinuous devices.

Time of work not provided for by the production task (OT) is the time that is spent on the performance of casual or non-productive work.

Casual work (SR) is work not provided for by the production assignment, but caused by production necessity, for example, to correct defective products.

Unproductive work (NR) is considered to be one that does not increase the volume of production or improve its quality. For example, excessive mileage of a car with a load due to an incorrectly compiled route.

The time of breaks in work (P) is the period during which the employee, while at work, does not work. It is divided into scheduled breaks and non-scheduled breaks.

The time of regulated breaks (PR) involves time for rest, personal needs, industrial gymnastics, break times established by technology and the organization of the production process.

Breaks for rest and personal needs (Ex) are provided to employees to restore working capacity during the work shift, to conduct industrial gymnastics, as well as personal hygiene and natural needs.

The time of unrecoverable interruptions established by the technology and organization of the production process (PTN) is determined by the specific conditions for the flow of specific technological processes. For example, a break for the heated part to cool to a certain temperature, a break for drying the painted surfaces.

The time of unregulated (removable) breaks (PNT), which are caused by violations of the normal course of the production process and violations of labor discipline.

Breaks caused by violations of the normal course of the production process (PNT) occur for organizational and technical reasons due to poor organization of labor and production (untimely supply of raw materials, materials, electricity to the workplace, untimely maintenance of equipment), as well as due to violations of technology, leading to to accidents or unforeseen downtime of equipment.

Breaks caused by violations of labor discipline (PND) occur as a result of being late for work, unauthorized absences from the workplace, premature termination of work, as well as downtime of employees who cannot perform their duties due to the absence of other employees violating labor discipline.

Working time costs are divided into normalized and non-standardized.

Normalized costs of working time include the costs necessary to perform a given work. These include: preparatory and final time, operational time, time for servicing the workplace, time for breaks provided by the technology and organization of the production process, time for rest and personal needs. These costs are included in the time limit.

Non-standardized costs of working time include loss of time due to organizational and technical reasons (emergency stops of equipment, eliminateable shortcomings in the organization of labor), as well as due to violations of labor discipline (equipment downtime due to delays, absenteeism, untimely start and premature completion of work on the part of individual workers).

The total value of standardized costs per unit of production is called piece-calculation time and is determined by the formula

where Tpz - preparatory and final time for a batch of products; n is the batch size of the product; to - main time; tv - auxiliary time; tob - time of service of the workplace; trel - time for rest and personal needs; tpt - time of normalized breaks for organizational and technical reasons.

The classification of working time costs determines the structure of a technically justified norm of time. Analysis of the cost structure of working time allows you to identify the amount of loss of working time, as well as irrational spending of working time at the workplace.
Classification of time spent using equipment

Structural elements of the time spent using the equipment largely coincide with the elements of the cost of the contractor's working time.

So, the time of using the equipment is divided into work and break time.

The operating time of the equipment consists of the operating time of the equipment to fulfill the production task and the operating time of the equipment not provided for by the fulfillment of the production task.

The operating time of the equipment to fulfill the production task is called operational time and is divided into main and auxiliary time.

The main time is divided into machine-manual time and machine (hardware) time.

Machine-manual is the time during which the equipment works with the direct participation of the worker.

Machine (hardware) is the time of automatic operation of the equipment, when the functions of the worker are limited only to observation and adjustment.

Auxiliary time is the time that is not covered by machine time, when the equipment stops to perform work to support the main work, for example, the time to install or remove a part from the machine.

In the operation of equipment, operational time can also be divided into machine (hardware)-free time and the time of equipment operation with the participation of a worker.

Machine (hardware)-free time is the time of equipment operation when it does not need the direct participation of the worker.

The operating time of equipment with the participation of a worker is the time of employment of a worker servicing equipment during multi-machine (multi-unit) maintenance or operational time minus machine (hardware) free time.

The operating time of the equipment not provided for by the performance of the production task is the sum of the time of unproductive work and the time of casual work.

The time of breaks in the operation of the equipment is divided into the time of regulated and unscheduled breaks.

The time of regulated breaks is subdivided: into the time of breaks associated with the preparation of equipment for work and with its organizational and technical maintenance; for the period of breaks provided for by the technology and organization of the production process (equipment repair according to the schedule, unrecoverable technological breaks); during breaks for rest and personal needs of the worker.

The time of unscheduled breaks may occur due to disruption of the production process (lack of electricity, raw materials, materials, etc.), as well as due to violation of labor discipline by the workers (lateness, premature departure from the workplace, etc.).

The time of unproductive and casual work, the time of breaks caused by violations of labor discipline and violations of the production process, are non-standardized costs of working time. The remaining costs of equipment operation time are normalized.

The variety of production processes and forms of labor organization, the different content and repeatability of the expenditure of working time, as well as the goals of their study, necessitate the use of unequal methods and techniques of observation, different equipment.

Methods of study and varieties of monitoring the cost of working time can be classified according to the following criteria:

According to the method of observation - continuous, selective, periodic, cyclic, momentary observations

According to the object of observation - individual, group

According to the form of recording the results of observations

Digital, index, graphic, oscilloscope, combined

According to the method of observation - visually, with the help of instruments.

The method of continuous (continuous) measurements - is used in all production processes with various forms of labor organization and types of study of working time (timing, photography); allows you to get the most complete, detailed and accurate idea not only of the average, but also of the actual costs and losses of working time in terms of their content, magnitude and sequence of execution.

Method of Periodic Observations, used in group and route photography, allows you to: obtain data on the number of cases of occurrence of certain costs, loss of working time or equipment downtime. Supervision is carried out simultaneously over the work of a large number of workers or pieces of equipment. Simultaneous coverage is up to 20 objects, sometimes one person can monitor 70 workers.

Sampling method It is mainly used for timekeeping, when individual elements of an operation are studied. It is most widely used in the study of auxiliary time techniques in the conditions of a multi-machine organization of labor, instrumental processes.

Cycle measurement method- a kind of selective observation process - is used only for timing, when it is necessary to measure the time for performing techniques (actions or movements) with a very short duration, and therefore it is impossible to accurately fix the time of their implementation using conventional methods of observation (using stopwatches). Here, time measurements are made by groups of individual techniques.

Method of instant observations the cost of loss of working time and use of equipment over time is based on the theory of probability and is a kind of sampling method. In order for the results of observations to reflect the actual use of working time, the following conditions must be observed:

*observations of certain costs of working time should be random and equally possible;

*the number of observations (sample size) should be large enough to reliably characterize the observed phenomenon as a whole.

In the study of labor processes, the solution of two problems is of the greatest importance: determining the actual time spent on performing elements of operations (labor movements, actions.); determination of the structure of time spent during the work shift or part of it. Depending on the purpose of the study, three methods for studying the cost of working time are used: timing, FRV, photo timing.

Labor rationing is closely related to the classification of working time. Work time- this is the legally established duration of the working day, during which the participant in the production process must be at his workplace and qualitatively perform the functions assigned to him. It is classified from its costs and is divided into two groups: work time and break time.

Working hours- this is the period during which labor actions related to the performance of work are performed. It includes three elements: preparatory-final, operational and workplace maintenance time.

preparatory and final (t pz) is the time required to prepare for the execution of the production task, as well as to take actions related to its completion. This includes the time spent on receiving the task, conducting safety briefings, handing over the shift, etc. The preparatory and final time is spent once for the entire game. It does not depend on the amount of raw materials (materials) in the batch. In single production, due to frequent changeovers of equipment, it reaches 15-20% of the total working time, and in mass production it is not taken into account.

Main work time(t o) is the time used for the direct impact of the tools on the object of labor. Most of the time is spent on a direct qualitative change in the object of labor (shape, structure, physical and chemical properties, etc.).

Auxiliary work time(t c) is spent on activities related to the performance of auxiliary operations and work, and necessary to perform the main work. It is repeated in the manufacture of each unit of production. For example, it is required to bring raw materials, eat finished products, weigh them, etc.

The total duration of the main and auxiliary work is usually called operating time(t op).

Workplace service time(t about) is the time required to care for machines (aggregates) and maintain order and cleanliness in the workplace. It includes time for changing dull tools, sharpening them, adjusting the mechanism, as well as the time spent on cleaning and cleaning the workplace at the end of the shift.

should be highlighted and downtime(t nr) - the time spent on the release of marriage, the performance of unusual functions.

breaks are divided into the following types: for rest and personal needs (t exc); due to technology and organization of production (t pt); for organizational and technical reasons (t from); associated with violation of labor discipline (t nd).

Rest time and personal needs- this is the time used for rest in order to maintain normal performance. This includes breaks for personal hygiene and natural needs. Time for personal needs and technological breaks is given in accordance with practice - in the amount of 2-2.5% of the operational time.

Time of breaks due to technology and organization of production, is associated with the expectation of some process due to the different duration of the associated operations.

Breaks of an organizational and technical nature associated with a violation of the production process (due to breakdowns of units, lack of raw materials, material, tools, equipment, electricity, water, steam, etc.)

Breaks caused by violation of labor discipline(lateness, unauthorized absences from the workplace, premature departure, etc.) are downtime due to the fault of the performers.

The considered costs of working time are divided into normalized (t pz, t op, t about, t ex, t pt) and non-normalized (t nr, t nd, t from). The classification of working hours and breaks is given in Table. 13.1.

Table 13.1 - Classification of working hours