Topic. "Golden Rule of Ethics".

concepts

Methodology, types

works

Methods and forms of control, reflection

The Golden Rule of Ethics. Non-judgment.

Conversation, commented reading, oral story on the topic, creative tasks, participation in educational dialogue, work with illustrative material.

Name the golden rule of ethics.

Why is it golden?

Formulate your own rules.

Teacher: Hello!

Today at the lesson you will get acquainted with the great spiritual heritage, which for many centuries one generation of our compatriots passed on to another. You will learn about moral ideals, moral norms of our ancestors.
Now the teams have to test themselves in the knowledge of the subject, pass tests at 4 stations as quickly as possible and without errors. Having coped with the task at each station, the team receives a password fragment. By putting together the password, the team has the opportunity to learn the main rule of Christian ethics.

Captains receive "Route Sheets"! ()

On my command, we begin our route. Once! Two! Three!

II. Practical work at stations

Station 1 "Morality".

Test (Choosing the correct answer)

1: Choose the act of a person that can be called moral:

A) Do not pay attention to other people's troubles and sorrows.

b) Help people who need it.

C) Help people, hoping to get a reward.

2. If one of the friends gossips, then you need to:

A) to condemn those who condemn;

B) Tell the guys that judging others is not good, transfer the conversation to another topic;

C) Take part in the discussion of other people's shortcomings.

3. Finish the sentence. In order for people to love us, we must ...

A) flatter them

B) demand love;

C) love them.

4. Finish the sentence. kind person can be called if:

A) He does good to become popular;

B) He does good in order to receive a reward in return;

c) He does good according to the dictates of his heart.

5. Who points out to a person his bad thoughts and deeds?

A) a police officer.

B) comrades.

C) conscience.

6. Finish the sentence. A good person helps...

A) those who helped him;

B) To those who can pay for the assistance provided:

C) To those who need help, even if he does harm to you.

Well done! Mark on the itinerary. Handing over a password fragment

Conclusion. We learned that a moral person can:

A) help people who need it, even if they harm you;

b) don't judge

B) love.

We found out what we mean by the concept of morality or ethics.

Station 2 Christian Ethics

And now we have to answer the question:

What is Christian ethics? How does it differ from secular ethics?

-How can you avoid judging others?

Solve the crossword puzzle and you will find out what Jesus Christ commanded his disciples to have in order to distinguish them from other people.

1. That which must be denounced and hated. (Evil)

2. Those who are responsible for the evil done on earth. (People)

3. What the Lord told a man to take out of his own eye in order to see how to take the speck out of his brother's eye. (Log)

4. The difference between the assessment of an act and the assessment of the person himself. (Unjudgment)

5. The one who needs to be loved in any circumstances. (Human)

6. What you need not to do, so as not to be judged. (Judge)

What is special about Christian love? This booklet will help you answer this question. Expand it. Let's read the first epistle to the Corinthians of the holy apostle Paul ch.13

Love is long-suffering, merciful, love does not envy, love does not exalt itself, is not proud, does not behave violently, does not seek its own, is not irritated, does not think evil, does not rejoice in iniquity, but rejoices in the truth; covers everything, believes everything, hopes everything, endures everything.

Station 3 Parable. (Movie)

The elder led the disciples out into the cold and silently stood in front of them.
Five minutes, ten minutes passed... The Elder continued to be silent.
The disciples shivered, shifted from foot to foot, looked at the old man.
He was silent. They turned blue from the cold, trembled, and finally, when their patience reached the limit, the elder spoke.
He said, "You're cold. It's because you're standing apart.
Get closer to give each other your warmth.
This is the essence of Christian love.”

Discussion: What is the basis of Christian love?

A) kindness

B ) love of neighbor

B) compassion

Record the output on the itinerary. Handing over a password fragment.

And in vain to ask for a lot,
I really only need one.
I ask God for love
Not caring about the needs of others.

Vera Sergeevna Kushnir

Conclusion: the main content of Christian teaching is expressed by the words of the law:

"Love your neighbor as yourself"

Name the golden rule of ethics. Why is it golden?

How can you avoid judging others? Formulate your own rules.

Station 4 Cognition

Record the output on the itinerary. Handing over a password fragment

III. Summarizing

1Put together the password, explaining what it means (Golden Rule of Christian Ethics)
Mark on the itinerary. Group leaders read the golden rule of morality.
“Therefore, in everything you want people to do to you, do the same to them” (Mt. 7:12)

Well done!

E.3 Give examples of mercy and compassion from your life and the lives of your loved ones.

"So, in everything people did it

do with them" want to be with you

At the heart of a person’s relationship with other people, with society as a whole, lies the golden rule of behavior: “ don't do to others what you don't want them to do to you " (negative wording) and " treat others as you would like to be treated ” (positive wording). Anyone who breaks the golden rule of behavior cannot expect to be treated kindly. At best, he will not be noticed; at worst, they will treat him on the principle of "an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth."

The golden rule has been known to people since time immemorial. It is mentioned in one of the oldest written monuments - the ancient Babylonian legend about Akihara. In Confucius (VI-V centuries BC), it is the basis of behavior. In the ancient Indian "Mahabharata" (5th century BC), it appears as a norm of norms.

The golden rule is attributed to two of the seven Greek sages - Pittacus and Thales. It can be found in Homer's Odyssey, in Herodotus' History, and in the Bible. In the latter it is mentioned at least three times: in the book of Tobit (4.15), in the Gospel of Luke (6.31) and in the Gospel of Matthew (7.12). The so-called biblical commandments - do not kill, do not steal, do not commit adultery, etc. - are nothing but partial and truncated expressions of the golden rule. The same can be said about the commandment “Love your neighbor as yourself” (Leviticus 19:18, Matthew 22:39).

In modern times, T. Hobbes, D. Locke, H. Tommasius, I.G. Herder...

At Kant the golden rule appears under the name categorical imperative. On the one hand, he elevated it (albeit in a transformed form) to the value of the main principle of human behavior, on the other hand, he humiliated it, calling its generally accepted formulations trivial and limited. The categorical imperative is the golden rule transformed in the spirit of rigorism and deontologism (ethics of duty): "act in such a way that the maxim of your action can become a universal law." By reformulating the rule as a categorical imperative, Kant has largely deprived it of what makes it golden, namely, the individual component, violating this measure, i.e. tipping the scales in favor of supra-individual,- general, universal. (The name itself is truly frightening: an imperative, and even a categorical one! An imperative is a command, a demand, an obligation, an order, a law! Only iron necessity and not a drop of chance. Only an obligation and not a drop of desire.)

The superficiality of Kant's understanding of the golden rule is manifested, in particular, in the fact that he did not see in it base duty, arguing that it allegedly does not articulate duties towards others. Doesn't the golden rule indicate, for example, a duty to parents? Doesn't it say that if you want your children to treat you properly, then you yourself must treat your parents the same way? Or: if you want your parents to treat you well, then you yourself must treat them well. And so on. Kant's understanding of the golden rule is due to his orientation toward the supra-individual. In his categorical imperative, the basis of duty is a universal law. By this Kant places society above the individual. The golden rule points to a specific person as the basis of debt. And it's fair because there is no stronger foundation than the man himself for himself . Duty presupposes knowledge of oneself and others. And who does a person know better: himself or others? Of course, yourself. Duty implies respect and care. And who does a person respect more and who cares more about: about himself or about others? Of course about yourself. It `s naturally. The basis of duty is not in some sky-high heights, but in a concrete living person with all his virtues and shortcomings. Kant himself, in solidarity with the biblical commandment to love your neighbor as yourself, emphasized at the same time that a person who does not love himself cannot love another, because such a person can justify his hatred for another by his self-denial.

In Russian philosophy, about the problems associated with the golden rule, wrote V.S. Solovyov. Following Schopenhauer, he convincingly showed the importance of emotions, the psyche as the individually intimate basis of the golden rule. If people are guided by this rule unconsciously, it is largely due to feelings of conscience and compassion. Conscience is primarily responsible for the implementation of the negative component of the golden rule. Compassion - positive. Conscience says: do not do to others what you do not wish for yourself, that is, do not do evil. Compassion tells you to help the suffering, to do with them the way you want to be treated with you in a similar situation.

The intimate psychological “mechanisms” that implement the golden rule indicate that it is by no means some kind of abstract soulless norm, that it is deeply individualized, psychological, has not only “ antenna" in the form of a tradition generally accepted rules of conduct, but grounded”, is rooted in the very depths of human nature.

V.S. Solovyov, however, was too carried away by the passive side of the golden rule. The latter relies not only on feelings of pity, compassion, but also on feelings of love, pleasure, and simply on curiosity, on interest (of one person to another). In addition, he called the golden rule the principle altruism and this does not seem to be entirely true. The word "altruism" comes from alter, another and in the principle he designates, the emphasis is naturally placed on friend, others. Altruism is self-sacrifice, selflessness. In the golden rule, the emphasis is on the ego, on this person. After all, from him, as from a stove, the golden rule “dances”. The last "does not turn away" from I to the side another , but "trying" to coordinate positions I and another , find common denominator, the common measure between them. The golden rule is therefore a measure, a norm, because it establishes a certain balance of interests.

At the heart of a person’s relationship with other people, with society as a whole, lies the golden rule of behavior: “ don't do to others what you don't want them to do to you " (negative wording) and " treat others as you would like to be treated " (positive wording). Anyone who breaks the golden rule of behavior cannot expect to be treated kindly. At best, he will not be noticed; at worst, they will treat him on the principle of "an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth."

The golden rule has been known to people since time immemorial. It is mentioned in one of the oldest written monuments - the ancient Babylonian legend about Akihara. In Confucius (VI-V centuries BC), it is the basis of behavior. In the ancient Indian "Mahabharata" (5th century BC), it appears as a norm of norms.

At Kant the golden rule appears under the name categorical imperative. On the one hand, he elevated it to the value of the main principle of human behavior, on the other hand, he humiliated it, calling its generally accepted formulations trivial and limited. The categorical imperative is the golden rule transformed in the spirit of rigorism and deontologism: "act in such a way that the maxim of your action can become a universal law." By reformulating the rule as a categorical imperative, Kant has largely deprived it of what makes it golden, namely, the individual component, violating this measure, i.e. tipping the scales in favor of supra-individual,- general, universal.

The superficiality of Kant's understanding of the golden rule is manifested, in particular, in the fact that he did not see in it base duty, arguing that it allegedly does not articulate duties towards others. Doesn't the golden rule indicate, for example, a duty to parents? Doesn't it say that if you want your children to treat you properly, then you yourself must treat your parents the same way? Or: if you want your parents to treat you well, then you yourself must treat them well. And so on. Kant's understanding of the golden rule is due to his orientation toward the supra-individual. In his categorical imperative, the basis of duty is a universal law. By this Kant places society above the individual. The golden rule points to a specific person as the basis of debt. And it's fair because No stronger than the foundation than the man himself for myself . Duty presupposes knowledge of oneself and others. And who does a person know better: himself or others? Of course, yourself. Duty implies respect and care. And who does a person respect more and who cares more about: about himself or about others? Of course about yourself. It `s naturally. The basis of duty is not in some sky-high heights, but in a concrete living person with all his virtues and shortcomings. Kant himself, in solidarity with the biblical commandment to love your neighbor as yourself, emphasized at the same time that a person who does not love himself cannot love another, because such a person can justify his hatred for another by his self-denial.

In Russian philosophy, about the problems associated with the golden rule, wrote V.S. Solovyov. Following Schopenhauer, he convincingly showed the importance of emotions, the psyche as the individually intimate basis of the golden rule. If people are guided by this rule unconsciously, it is largely due to feelings of conscience and compassion. Conscience is primarily responsible for the implementation of the negative component of the golden rule. Compassion - positive. Conscience says: do not do to others what you do not wish for yourself, that is, do not do evil. Compassion tells you to help the suffering, to do with them the way you want to be treated with you in a similar situation.

The intimate psychological “mechanisms” that implement the golden rule indicate that it is by no means some kind of abstract soulless norm, that it is deeply individualized, psychological, has not only “ antenna" in the form of a tradition generally accepted rules of conduct, but grounded”, is rooted in the very depths of human nature.

The golden rule is the main principle of human community

In positive form, the rule reads:

treat others as you would like them to treat you.

In the negative:

do not do to others what you would not want them to do to you.

The golden rule gives a holistic and concentrated idea of ​​morality, grasps the main thing in it: attitude to to another as to oneself. It establishes, fixes, defines measure human in man, morally calls people and likens them to each other.

Moral equalization - quantitative procedure, moral assimilation - quality procedure. Together we have dimensional process: the golden rule offers a person measure one's actions with the actions of others, to measure the actions of others with one's own yardstick and, conversely, to measure one's actions with someone else's yardstick; in a word, it proposes to find general measure own and other people's actions and act in accordance with this general measure.

In its negative form, the golden rule states minimally low forbid doing evil , in other words, sets minimum

In its positive form, it establishes the highest bar moral attitude person to other people encourages good , good deed, in other words, determines maximum moral requirements for human behavior.

Thus, the golden rule covers the entire range of moral actions and serves as the basis for distinguishing and defining moral categories. of good and evil.

It performs the same function in relation to the category debt . Let's look at this rule from the side as it measures own and others' actions. AT foundation this comparison, i.e. originally lies the following. People, society gave me life, made me a man, that is, they treated me more or less well, the way I I would like to for others to do with me. Accordingly, I act or must deal with them (parents, people, society), in a particular case, must repay them with the same, i.e., with my behavior, I not must worsen-reduce the quality-quantity of life (given to me and others), moreover, as much as possible must take care of improving-increasing the quality-quantity of life (mine and others, society as a whole). This is a common understanding of duty. It is, of course, divided into particular types, depending on who we mean by "others." If “others” are parents, then this is a duty to parents.

If morality (morality) regulates people's relations, ensures the health of society within the framework of the optimum norm and the nearest deviations from it, then right regulates people's relations, ensures the health of society in a broader sense - prevention, prevention or treatment pathological deviations from the norm-health, called offenses and / or crimes. What for the life-health of an individual are disease, themes for the life-health of society are offenses and crimes. When there are many offenses and crimes in a society, then this is a sick society in the legal sense. There is even less to be said about the health of society in the moral sense.

The golden rule establishes a connection-correspondence between the life-health of an individual and the life-health of society. It asserts that the life and health of society are based on the life and health of people, which morality is not intrinsically valuable, but has its root in the life-health of a particular person, is, so to speak, natural continuation this life-health. Moral health, on the one hand, is part of the health of society or a set of people (a team, a family ...), on the other, - component individual health of a person. Law is not self-explanatory either. It is a natural extension of morality. It is essentially, like morality, based on the golden rule. Wrote about it. Approximately the same is said by the old political and legal rule: "Everyone is obliged to obey only such a law, to which he himself has consented." This rule may be somewhat categorical, but essentially true, since it is based on the golden rule. In the deepest sense right is , I repeat mutual admission and mutual restriction of freedom . From the mutual assumption of freedom flow various human rights. From the mutual restriction of freedom flow no less diverse human duties.

The golden rule also has the property that it self-sufficient, looped, has a basis in itself. It, in particular, connects "I want" and "I must", the accidental "I want" and the necessity of "I must". This connection results in what I call freedom. Golden Rule - freedom formula . Combining in the golden rule, “I want” and “I must” mutually allow and limit each other, establish a measure, measures yat each other.

By connecting “want” and “should”, the golden rule also removes the dilemma of ethics happiness and ethics debt. It requires from a man only that he himself wants towards yourself. No wonder the rule is called golden.

It may be asked: if the golden rule is so good, then why do people break it, why do they do evil, do not fulfill their duty? The situation here is about the same as in the case of health and disease. The latter does not devalue health at all. On the contrary, a sick person strives to become healthy again. Same with the golden rule. Breaking a rule does not invalidate it. In the general balance of human deeds deeds, based on it, certainly outweigh the actions that violate it. Otherwise, we would be dealing with a sick, perishing society.

Compliance with any rules, even at home, even at school, in society ... seems meaningless and becomes difficult to do if the child, and even an adult, does not understand why this is necessary, does not know the goal. And then morality, moral rules, instead of bringing satisfaction and peace in the soul, become something that prevents you from enjoying it.

It is in today's lesson that it is worth delineating the purpose of the Christian life more clearly. And, I think, the image of a floating ship is best suited for this.

Orthodox Ethics Lesson

Topic: "The Golden Rule of Morality"

Slide 1. The name of the lesson.

You will learn:

- The main rule of human relations

- What non-judgment

Before we start talking about the golden rule of ethics, let's digress a bit and talk... about ships.Attached is a printable worksheet.

Slide 2. Ships at sea.

The goal is to instill in children an understanding of the need to follow the rules and that this life on earth is temporary and we are only wanderers in it, going to Eternity.

Look, the ships are sailing. For the voyage of this fleet to be successful, each ship must fulfill three conditions.

First condition: Ships must not collide and block each other's paths otherwise they will become unseaworthy. Those. they must complytraffic rules by sea.(click)

The second condition: serviceability of ships (click) Each ship must be seaworthy, i.e. everything should be correct. For example, if the steering wheels do not turn, then the ships will not be able to avoid collisions.

And if a neighboring ship breaks down, what should the other ships do? (children answer)

It is necessary not only not to interfere with each other's movement, but also to come to the rescue in cases of trouble - one for all and all for one. Mutual guarantee of good - today you helped, tomorrow they will help you.(click on the second condition - Aivazovsky, ship "Mercury")And if you throw a number of those sailing in trouble, arguing that every man is for himself, then you can be left alone and there will be no one to help during a storm.(repeated click on the second condition - the picture disappears)

Third condition for a successful swim:purpose of following . (click) We need to know where our fleet is going and why. No matter how well the voyage goes, it will turn out to be a failure if the ships come to America when they should have gone to Africa. And in order to stay on track, ships need maps and a compass.

Let's write these success conditions in steps with a boat.

Slide 3. Life sea.

The goal is to give children the understanding that it is impossible to live this life in vain, chasing temporary pleasures. Whatever we acquire in this life from enduring spiritual values, with that we will stand before God.

Now imagine that the sea is our life, and the ships are you and me.

Man makes his way through the sea of ​​life, from birth to departure from this temporal life into eternity, like a ship from one coast to another.

What is the first condition that people must comply with in order to successfully pass this life? (children answer)

(click) First condition: Rules of conduct . We must learn the correct, harmonious relationship of man to man.Let's write this condition on the first step with a little man.

(click on the first condition - go to hidden slide 4)

Slide 4. Etiquette - ethics is the golden rule.

We give a definition of the golden rule of universal human ethics. On the first point, secular and Christian ethics - about the relationship of man to man - have no disagreements. Disagreements begin with the second point - about the internal state of a person. And they become very serious when we get to the third point - about the relationship between man and his Creator. It is here that the main differences between Christian and non-Christian morality emerge.

External rules of conduct are somewhere called etiquette. For example, the rules of conduct at school are school etiquette, the rules of communication between diplomats different countries- diplomatic etiquette. Human behavior according to the rules of etiquette is called ethical behavior.

What etiquette and rules of etiquette do you know? (children answer)

Rules of etiquette at the table, in nature, business etiquette ...

(click) The system of all such rules, norms of human moral behavior, is calledethics .

The rules of the various sections of etiquette are often repeated.(click) And even in ancient times, philosophers deduced one general rule for all ethics, which later began to be called "golden rule of ethics ". It sounds like this:(click) Don't do to others what you wouldn't want for yourself .

Often people believe that if his act does not harm another, then this act is not considered bad. Let's look at an example, shall we?(click)

Imagine that one of these boys, looking at toys in a store window, boasted that he had “there is a wind-up toy” even though he didn’t have one.

Has he harmed the other guys with this untruth? (children answer)

There are no others yet, only for himself, because in his soul, along with lies, the fear of exposure has settled. It is very difficult to live with fear in your soul. But the secret is always revealed sooner or later. And then one day the guys ask: “show us your toy?” If the boy refuses, he will offend the guys with the refusal and they will consider him a braggart and a greedy man. And if he confesses that he told a lie, he will offend his friends with a lie, and they will consider him a liar. Maybe even stop being friends with him.

You must always be honest, even if no one sees your lies. Our "malfunction" of the soul, like the malfunction of the ships, one way or another, harms us and others.(click)

This means that our internal state is very important for a successful wandering on the sea of ​​life, it is necessary to observesecond condition: order in the soul . (click) Let's write this condition on the second step with a little man.

(click on the second condition - go to hidden slide 5)

Slide 5. Sermon on the Mount.

To make it clearer for us how to observe these two conditions correctly, the Lord Jesus Christ, during his Sermon on the Mount, specified the golden rule of ethics. Let's look at the sidebar to see what He told us about how to deal with others.

Work with text

INSERT

Words of Christ from the Gospel:

Find in the text how the golden rule of ethics sounds in the gospel version?

(click) “Therefore, in everything you want people to do to you, so do you to them.”

(click on the arrow to go to hidden slide 6)

Slide 6. Sermon on the Mount.

Find words that say what not to do to fulfill this rule? (children find in the text and read out)

(click) « Don't judge lest you be judged, for by what judgment you judge, you will be judged; and with what measure you use, it will be measured to you.”

And in order not to judge others, what should be done? (children find in the text and read out)

(click) « Be merciful just as your Father is merciful.(click) Farewell and you will be forgiven."

(click on the arrow to return to slide 3)

Let us return to our journey through the sea of ​​life.Which third condition successful completion ? (children answer) – purpose of following . To determine common goal human life, you need to know what a person was created for. Man was created to unite with God in the eternalKingdom of God , Kingdom of Heaven(click) . God is Love, soWhat should a person learn in his earthly life? (children answer)

We must learn to love God and love our neighbors.

Let's write down the third condition on the third step with a little man.

Slide 7. "Broken" soul.

The "ship-soul" broke, turned black. Let's find and fix the damage.

Children find wrong actions and determine how to correct them. "Wrong deeds" disappear by clicking on them, instead, "healing, repairing" actions appear and the ship and the heart are painted. The function of moving to the next slide on click is disabled, the transition is a click on the arrow.

Offended a friend – To apologize.

Offended by a friend - forgive.

Independent reading

Slide 8. Background slide "Gossip Storm".

Pay attention while reading!

What is gossip compared to?

What do you need to remember to avoid judging others?

How to avoid judging a person?

Imagine that the wind has risen outside and is blowing dust and debris in your face. Will you open your eyes wide? Of course not. And if in your company they began to gossip about one of your common and now absent acquaintances ... What is the use of what you hear? And if another time they also gossip about you behind your back ...

Christ said: “Therefore, in everything you want people to do to you, so do you to them.”

This rule is called the golden rule of ethics.

It sounds different: Don't do to others what you wouldn't want for yourself. If you don’t want those who pretend to be your friends to gossip about you in absentia, keep yourself from gossiping about them.

In order not to trust gossip, it is important to know that the gossiper very often transfers to another person the dirt that lives in himself; he ascribes to others what he himself is guilty of.

Imagine: late at night a person walks through the city. From one window someone looked out and said: “Why is he coming so late? It must be a thief!" From another window, they thought of the same passer-by: “Probably this reveler is returning from a party.” Someone else suggested that this person is looking for a doctor for a sick child. In fact, the night passerby was in a hurry to pray at night in the temple. But everyone saw in him a particle of their world, their problems or fears.

Once people brought a woman to Christ, who, according to the laws of that time, had to be stoned to death. Christ did not call people to violate this law. He simply said, "Let the one among you who has not sinned himself cast the first stone." People thought, everyone remembered something of their own. And they quietly dispersed.

Judgment of other people is also bad because it oversimplifies the world and man. And man is complex. Each of us has strengths and weak sides. Loser of one minute can be a good genius next day. Doesn't that happen in sports? The football player fails one episode or match - but, nevertheless, plays brilliantly in other meetings.

Here is a man who once acted ugly. Will he never do anything wonderful again? Even a school bully can become a hero. Sometimes it happens just outside the school door. At the age of 17 he finished school. At 18 he was drafted into the army. At 19, he did something that he himself did not expect ...

So how do you avoid judging a person? non-judgment- this is a distinction between the assessment of an act and the assessment of the person himself. If Sasha lied, and I say - "Sasha lied in this" - I will tell the truth. But if I say "Sasha is a liar", I will take a step towards condemnation. Because with such a formula I will dissolve a person in one of his actions and put a brand on him.

Evil must be denounced and it must be hated. But a person and his bad deed (sin) are not the same thing. Therefore, in Orthodoxy there is a rule: "Love the sinner and hate the sin." And "to love the sinner" means to help him get rid of his sin.

Text analysis

Slide 9. "A storm of gossip."

What is gossip compared to in the text? (children answer)

With dust and debris.

Why do we close our eyes when dust flies in our faces? (children answer)

Because if dust gets in our eyes, we will not see well. Here are also bad rumors about a person that prevent us from seeing the good in him - our soul becomes blind. It's like looking through dirty glass.See if there are dirty spots on the boy? (children answer)Not!(click)And now? (children answer)Yes!(click)And if the glass is completely dirty, can the boy be clearly seen? (children answer)

Not! This is also how our soul, when we condemn a person, listen to gossip about him and spread them, sees his own dirt in this person. And the more we condemn people, the angrier and blacker our soul is, and the people and the world around us seem bad to us - gray and black.(click)For example, we may see that these children are not happy with the hedgehog,(click)but they torture him.

(if children know about the feat of Alexander Matrosov, then you can cite it as an example: a former hooligan sacrifices his life for the lives of others)

We listen to the parable

Slide 10. Other people's sins.

INSERT

Match this parable with the words of Jesus Christ spoken at the Sermon on the Mount (from sidebar 1):« And why do you look at the speck in your brother's eye, but do not feel the beam in your eye? Hypocrite! first take the log out of your eye, and then you will see how to take the speck out of your brother's eye. » (Matthew 7:3-5).

What is allegorically referred to in both cases? (children answer)

The sins of others, even small ones, we usually see well, but we do not notice our own sins, which are much larger.

What helps us keep ourselves from judging others? (children answer)

Remembering your own mistakes and shortcomings helps keep yourself from being judged.We should not judge others, because judging means looking into the eyes of a brother, noticing his shortcomings (knots), and not paying attention to your own (logs).

(click)

How often do we judge people

Not seeing the log in my own eye,

How fiercely we judge, hating

For the sake of your own passions.

How often do we make our judgment

Having tried on the face of God,

Forgetting that at this time

Someone is judging us too...

Slide 11. "Christ and the sinner." Polenov V.D.

(children answer)

(click on the "magnifying glass" - go to the hidden slide 12 - an enlarged fragment of the picture, return to slide 10 along the arrow)

How do you understand what nonjudgment is? (children answer)

Non-judgment is a distinction between the assessment of an act and the assessment of the person himself.

What are the ratings for actions? (children answer)

We evaluate actions as “good” or “bad”, “good” or “evil”, “true” or “untrue”.

Slide 13. Sinner and sin.

Remember, we were talking about a boy who told a lie to his friends about a toy.

Do you think this boy always tells lies? (children answer)

(click) Is it right to label him a liar? (children answer)

(click) No. Because it is necessary to point out the sin, to evaluate the act of the boy, and not himself.(click)

Slide 14. Forgiveness.

What should the boy do to correct his act? (children answer)

(click) Repent, ask for forgiveness.

What should the guys do? (children answer)

(click) Regret and forgive.

Listen and sing a song

Slide 15. Be human.

(the song starts playing automatically after the transition to the slide)

Being human

Performed by the children's group "Fidgets"

1. Us ​​from the doorstep

Life has laid out paths;

Choose your path

And boldly follow it.

May good luck come to you

To be honest, you lived.

Let fate appoint you

What you deserve!

Chorus: Just remember, just remember

In the rumble-rhythm of the century:

The most important profession in life

Being human.

2. In the life of a lived road

Very cool sometimes.

We are strict with ourselves

We burn bridges behind us

We hate and we love

We destroy and create;

And in the heat and in the cold fierce

We talk to each other.

Chorus.

INSERT Words of Christ from the Gospel:

Judge not, lest you be judged, for with what judgment you judge, you will be judged; and with what measure you use, it will be measured to you again. And why do you look at the speck in your brother's eye, but do not feel the beam in your eye? Hypocrite! first take the log out of your eye, and then you will see how to take the speck out of your brother's eye. So in everything you want people to do to you, do to them the same way.. Be merciful, as your Father is merciful. Forgive and you will be forgiven.

INSERT

In the Egyptian monastery where the elder Moses lived (this is not the prophet Moses, but a Christian ascetic who lived one and a half thousand years after the prophet), one of the monks drank wine. The monks asked Moses to give a severe reprimand to the culprit. Moses was silent. Then he took a holey basket, filled it with sand, hung the basket behind his back and went. Sand poured through the cracks behind him. To the bewildered monks, the elder replied: it is my sins that are falling behind me, but I do not see them, because I am going to judge other people's sins.

INSERT

Consider the painting "Christ and the Sinner". How did Christ protect the woman?

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Gospel of John (8, 3-11): “Then the scribes and Pharisees brought to him a woman taken in adultery, and placing her in the middle, they said to him: Teacher! this woman is taken in adultery; but Moses commanded us in the law to stone such men: What sayest thou? They said this, tempting Him, in order to find something to accuse Him. But Jesus, bending low, wrote with his finger on the ground, paying no attention to them. When they continued to ask Him, He raised himself up and said to them, He who is without sin among you, let him first throw a stone at her. And again, bending low, he wrote on the ground. But they, having heard this, and being convicted by their conscience, began to leave one by one, beginning from the elders to the last; and Jesus alone was left, and the woman standing in the midst. Jesus, rising up and not seeing anyone but a woman, said to her: Woman! where are your accusers? nobody judged you? She answered: no one, Lord. Jesus said to her: Nor do I condemn you; Go ahead and don't sin."

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Reflection

Questions and tasks

1. Name the golden rule of ethics. Why is it golden?

2. How can you avoid judging others? Formulate your own rules.

At the heart of a person’s relationship with other people, with society as a whole, lies the golden rule of behavior: “ don't do to others what you don't want them to do to you " (negative wording) and " treat others as you would like to be treated ” (positive wording). Anyone who breaks the golden rule of behavior cannot expect to be treated kindly. At best, he will not be noticed; at worst, they will treat him on the principle of "an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth."

The golden rule has been known to people since time immemorial. It is mentioned in one of the oldest written monuments - the ancient Babylonian legend about Akihara. In Confucius (VI-V centuries BC), it is the basis of behavior. In the ancient Indian "Mahabharata" (5th century BC), it appears as a norm of norms.

The golden rule is attributed to two of the seven Greek sages - Pittacus and Thales. It can be found in Homer's Odyssey, in Herodotus' History, and in the Bible. In the latter it is mentioned at least three times: in the book of Tobit (4.15), in the Gospel of Luke (6.31) and in the Gospel of Matthew (7.12). The so-called biblical commandments - do not kill, do not steal, do not commit adultery, etc. - are nothing but partial and truncated expressions of the golden rule. The same can be said about the commandment “Love your neighbor as yourself” (Leviticus 19:18, Matthew 22:39).

In modern times, T. Hobbes, D. Locke, H. Tommasius, I.G. Herder...

At Kant the golden rule appears under the name categoricalimperative. On the one hand, he elevated it (albeit in a transformed form) to the value of the main principle of human behavior, on the other hand, he humiliated it, calling its generally accepted formulations trivial and limited. The categorical imperative is the golden rule transformed in the spirit of rigorism and deontologism (ethics of duty): "act in such a way that the maxim of your action can become a universal law." By reformulating the rule as a categorical imperative, Kant has largely deprived it of what makes it golden, namely, the individual component, violating this measure, i.e. tipping the scales in favor of supra-individual,- general, universal. (The name itself is truly frightening: an imperative, and even a categorical one! An imperative is a command, a demand, an obligation, an order, a law! Only iron necessity and not a drop of chance. Only an obligation and not a drop of desire.)

The superficiality of Kant's understanding of the golden rule is manifested, in particular, in the fact that he did not see in it base duty, arguing that it allegedly does not articulate duties towards others. Doesn't the golden rule indicate, for example, a duty to parents? Doesn't it say that if you want your children to treat you properly, then you yourself must treat your parents the same way? Or: if you want your parents to treat you well, then you yourself must treat them well. And so on. Kant's understanding of the golden rule is due to his orientation toward the supra-individual. In his categorical imperative, the basis of duty is a universal law. By this Kant places society above the individual. The golden rule points to a specific person as the basis of debt. And it's fair because No stronger than the foundation than the man himself for myself . Duty presupposes knowledge of oneself and others. And who does a person know better: himself or others? Of course, yourself. Duty implies respect and care. And who does a person respect more and who cares more about: about himself or about others? Of course about yourself. It `s naturally. The basis of duty is not in some sky-high heights, but in a concrete living person with all his virtues and shortcomings. Kant himself, in solidarity with the biblical commandment to love your neighbor as yourself, emphasized at the same time that a person who does not love himself cannot love another, because such a person can justify his hatred for another by his self-denial.

In Russian philosophy, about the problems associated with the golden rule, wrote V.S. Solovyov. Following Schopenhauer, he convincingly showed the importance of emotions, the psyche as the individually intimate basis of the golden rule. If people are guided by this rule unconsciously, it is largely due to feelings of conscience and compassion. Conscience is primarily responsible for the implementation of the negative component of the golden rule. Compassion - positive. Conscience says: do not do to others what you do not wish for yourself, that is, do not do evil. Compassion tells you to help the suffering, to do with them the way you want to be treated with you in a similar situation.

The intimate psychological “mechanisms” that implement the golden rule indicate that it is by no means some kind of abstract soulless norm, that it is deeply individualized, psychological, has not only “ antenna" in the form of a tradition generally accepted rules of conduct, but grounded”, is rooted in the very depths of human nature.

V.S. Solovyov, however, was too carried away by the passive side of the golden rule. The latter relies not only on feelings of pity, compassion, but also on feelings of love, pleasure, and simply on curiosity, on interest (of one person to another). In addition, he called the golden rule the principle altruism and this does not seem to be entirely true. The word "altruism" comes from alter, another and in the principle he designates, the emphasis is naturally placed on friend,others. Altruism is self-sacrifice, selflessness. In the golden rule, the emphasis is on the ego, on the person. After all, from him, as from a stove, the golden rule “dances”. The last "does not turn away" from I to the side another , but "trying" to coordinate positions I and another , find a common denominator, a common measure between them. The golden rule is therefore a measure, a norm, because it establishes a certain balance of interests.