There are years in the history of our country of the twentieth century that have long become household names. Seventeenth, forty-first. Thirty-seventh is one of them. There is no need to clarify what exactly is meant, it’s already clear what we’re talking about...

Leader's improvisation

Stalin was a cruel man. However, to explain the emergence of the Great Terror solely by his personal qualities means dooming oneself in advance to the fact that the main questions about 1937 will remain unanswered, says the author of books on the history of the Cheka - OGPU - NKVD, Candidate of Historical Sciences, Honored Teacher of the Russian Federation Leonid NAUMOV

Portrait of a Vain Sacrifice

For a long time it was believed that at the end of the 1930s, mainly major party leaders, military leaders, representatives of the nomenclature and the intelligentsia were repressed. However, it is not. The bulk of those repressed were ordinary Soviet citizens

Confessions of party bosses

Of all the mysteries that the Moscow open trials of 1936–1938 posed to our contemporaries and continue to pose to us, perhaps the most important and difficult to understand is the confessional testimony of former high-ranking communists. Indeed, why did they admit everything and repent?

The bloodiest people's commissar

The repressions of the late 1930s were dubbed the “Yezhovshchina” - after their main executor, Nikolai Yezhov. Party propaganda approved of this: it was advantageous for it to blame the death and suffering of millions of people not on Stalin and his comrades, but on the head of the NKVD, although he, neither by status nor by general level of development, was suitable for the role of architect of repression

Another thirty-seventh

After the thawed fifties, the perception of 1937 was established as the year when, in the words of Anna Akhmatova, “the death stars stood above us and innocent Rus' writhed.” However, millions of people remembered him completely differently. And this is not just about Stalinist propaganda. The Soviet 1937 was too multifaceted...

“I did what millions dreamed of”

On the Day of Remembrance for Victims of Political Repression, the “Wall of Sorrow” memorial will be inaugurated in the center of Moscow, at the intersection of Academician Sakharov Avenue and the Garden Ring. Shortly before this event, the “Historian” met with the author of the monument, sculptor Georgy FRANGULYAN

Luther's October Theses

October 31, 1517. This date is traditionally considered the beginning of the Reformation - a grandiose split in Western Christianity, which had a fateful significance not only for the religious, but also for the socio-political history of Europe. Exactly 500 years have passed since then

Two Reformations

Why did the Reformation stop at the threshold of the Orthodox world and why cannot it be considered as evidence of the crisis of Catholicism? The “Historian” addressed these and other questions to Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor Mikhail DMITRIEV

Atlas of the Vanished Empire

The just published socio-economic atlas “Russia on the eve of great upheavals” tells about the life of the country in 1906–1914 exclusively in the language of numbers. One of the compilers of the atlas, Doctor of Historical Sciences Kirill SOLOVIEV told Istorik about the unique publishing project and the pre-revolutionary era.

Independent literary and artistic magazine. Published since May 1924

Initially, “October” was the organ of the MAPP, in 1925 the VAPP, in 1926-1932 - the organ of the VAPP and MAPP, in 1933-1934 - the Organizing Committee of the RSFSR SP, in 1934-1957 of the USSR SP and in 1958-1990 it was the organ of the RSFSR SP. After the release of the new Press Law (1990), the editorial staff became the founders.

In its Rapp period, the magazine was not popular; at the end of 1927, V. Vasilievsky, F. Raskolnikov and V. Fritsche even submitted a memorandum to the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks with a proposal to close "October", since it has only 800 subscribers and gives 60,000 rub. loss per year.

Sergei Yesenin, Vladimir Mayakovsky, Mikhail Zoshchenko, Andrei Platonov, Arkady Gaidar, Alexander Tvardovsky, Konstantin Paustovsky, Mikhail Prishvin were published in the magazine. Much of what was published in “October” in the 20-30s still remains bright pages of Russian literature: “Song of the Great March” by Yesenin, “Country of Ant” by Tvardovsky, “School” by Gaidar, stories by Platonov and works by Zoshchenko. On the pages of "October" in the 40s. “Peter the First” by Alexei Tolstoy, “Two Captains” by Veniamin Kaverin and “Son of the Regiment” by Valentin Kataev were released.

From the very first issues, the magazine introduced readers to the works of foreign writers: I. Becher, L. Feuchtwanger, W. Bredel, R. Rolland, A. Barbusse, T. Dreiser, M. Andersen-Nexe, G. Mann.

During the years when Panferov and Kochetov headed the magazine, conservative works written in the genre of socialist realism were published on its pages; works of a liberal spirit were not allowed. However, Panferov himself was removed from the leadership for three years for publishing an article by Pyotr Vershigora, which emphasized the popular character of the partisan movement - this was seen as a derogation of the party leadership.

Since the mid-70s. the direction of “October” is increasingly acquiring a pronounced liberal character. At this time, V. Astafiev, A. Rybakov, A. Adamovich, B. Akhmadulina, G. Baklanov, B. Vasiliev, A. Voznesensky, E. Evtushenko, F. Iskander, V. Makanin, Yu. Moritz, were published in the magazine. Yu. Nagibin, M. Roshchin, Yu. Chernichenko.

At this time, the magazine saw its mission as popularizing, as far as possible, democratic ideas in society. On its pages, Soviet readers became acquainted with the works of A. Sakharov, A. Avtorkhanov, M. Voslensky, A. Denikin.

The analytical works of Dmitry Volkogonov “Triumph and Tragedy. Political portrait of J.V. Stalin" and "Leon Trotsky. Political portrait". Banned by Soviet censorship are “Requiem” by Anna Akhmatova, Vladimir Grossman’s novel “Life and Fate” and his story “Everything Flows,” Mikhail Bulgakov’s play “Adam and Eve,” the novels “Suicide” by Mark Aldanov and “Psalm” by Fyodor Gorenstein, the story by Vasily Tendryakov "Revolution! Revolution! Revolution!”, poems by V. Nabokov, A. Galich, V. Khodasevich were also published by “October”.

The magazine opened the works of Sergei Dovlatov and Sasha Sokolov to Russian readers.

Currently, "October" is one of the leading Russian thick literary magazines and has a liberal orientation.

In the 2000s, the magazine published Anatoly Naiman, Edward Radzinsky, Mikhail Roshchin, Dmitry Bykov, Yunna Moritz, Mikhail Weller, Lyudmila Petrushevskaya, Svetlana Alexievich, Igor Volgin, Sergei Yursky, Andrey Volos, Evgeniy and Valery Popov, Vyacheslav Pietsukh, Boris Khazanov, Oleg Pavlov, Oleg Ermakov, Alexander Ilichevsky, Roman Senchin, Alexander Karasev, Dmitry Novikov and others.

Editor-in-chief - I. N. Barmetova

CIRCULATION ▪ 1927 - 10,000 ▪ 1928 - 2,500 ▪ 1958 - 164,000 ▪ 1986 - 175,000 ▪ 1989 - 380,000 ▪ 1991 - 242,000 ▪ 199 4 year - 38,200 ▪ 2009 - 4,000 Initially “October” was the organ of the MAPP, in 1925 the VAPP, in 1926-1932 - the organ of the VAPP and MAPP, in 1933-1934 - the Organizing Committee of the RSFSR SP, in 1934-1957 of the USSR SP and in 1958-1990 it was the organ of the RSFSR SP. After the release of the new Press Law (1990), the editorial staff became the founders. In its Rapp period, the magazine was not popular; at the end of 1927, V. Vasilievsky, F. Raskolnikov and V. Fritzsche even submitted a memorandum to the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks with a proposal to close “October”, since it has only 800 subscribers and gives 60,000 rub. loss per year.

Sergei Yesenin, Vladimir Mayakovsky, Mikhail Zoshchenko, Andrei Platonov, Arkady Gaidar, Alexander Tvardovsky, Konstantin Paustovsky, Mikhail Prishvin were published in the magazine. Much of what was published in “October” in the 1920s and 30s still remains bright pages of Russian literature: “Song of the Great March” by Yesenin, “Country of Ant” by Tvardovsky, “School” by Gaidar, stories by Platonov and works by Zoshchenko. On the pages of "October" in the 1940s. “Peter the First” by Alexei Tolstoy, “Two Captains” by Veniamin Kaverin and “Son of the Regiment” by Valentin Kataev were released. From the very first issues, the magazine introduced readers to the work of foreign writers: I. Becher, L. Feuchtwanger, W. Bredel, R. Rolland, A. Barbusse, T. Dreiser, M. Andersen-Nexo, G. Mann.

The Khrushchev Thaw was characterized by relative liberalization of political and social life, relative freedom of creativity and relative condemnation of Stalin's personality cult. In 1969, the magazine published Kochetov’s novel “What Do You Want? ”, in an open form aimed at the rehabilitation of I.V. Stalin. People stood in line for this novel, even though it was perceived by critics exclusively in a comical sense, as the amusement of the day. Since the mid-1970s. the direction of “October” is increasingly acquiring a pronounced liberal character. At this time, V. Astafiev, A. Rybakov, A. Adamovich, B. Akhmadulina, G. Baklanov, B. Vasiliev, A. Voznesensky, E. Evtushenko, F. Iskander, V. Makanin, Yu. Moritz, were published in the magazine. Yu. Nagibin, M. Roshchin, Yu. Chernichenko.

At this time, the magazine saw its mission as popularizing, as far as possible, democratic ideas in society. On its pages, Soviet readers became acquainted with the works of A. Sakharov, A. Avtorkhanov, M. Voslensky, A. Denikin. The analytical works of Dmitry Volkogonov “Triumph and Tragedy. Political portrait of J.V. Stalin" and "Leon Trotsky. Political portrait".

Banned by Soviet censorship are Anna Akhmatova's Requiem, Vasily Grossman's novel Life and Fate and his story Everything Flows, Mikhail Bulgakov's play Adam and Eve, the novels Suicide by Mark Aldanov and Psalm by Friedrich Gorenstein, the story by Vladimir Tendryakov "Revolution!" , poems by V. Nabokov, A. Galich, V. Khodasevich were also published by “October”. The magazine opened the works of Sergei Dovlatov and Sasha Sokolov to Russian readers.

“The Thaw: Pros and Cons” Conservatives did not understand how they could maintain the course of socialism if they not only killed the face of the system, but also criticized the actions of its leader. It was only due to party discipline that they did not openly oppose the changes that had begun. The print organ of the Stalinist-conservatives was the magazine "October". In contrast to “October” there was a magazine “New Time”, its trend was liberal. Liberality here is expressed only in a certain leniency, free-thinking and freethinking.

In December 1953, the magazine “New World” published an article by V. M. Pomerantsev “On Sincerity in Literature,” which criticized the idealization of life, the artificiality of plots, and the posterity of the characters in modern works of art. The position of V. A. Kochetov (aka the editor-in-chief of October) was to criticize the renewal, to preserve the principles of “silence” and the demands of socialist realism in literature. 1907 -1971 V. M. Pomirantsev 1912 -1973 V. A. Kochetov

In 1961 -1973 “October” was edited by V. Kochetov, known since his work in Leningrad and at the head of “Literary Gazette” in 1956 -1961. as an irreconcilable fighter against liberal trends in literature and art. "IN. Kochetov was an ideological defender of Stalinism, therefore, after his arrival at Oktyabr, the magazine became the main organ of post-Stalinist ideology. "(C) Vinogradov I. And Of all the Soviet writers, Kochetov is the most important obscurantist who fought against the intelligentsia of all persuasions. If you study socialist realism, then Kochetov with all his works is the most thoroughbred, the most typical socialist realism. (C) Mikhail Zolotonosov

Kochetov was deadly serious, a healthy sense of humor was not his strong trait. He did not stand on ceremony with his employees and demanded unquestioning obedience. But, in fact, all of the above did not mean at all that it was necessary to be a strict conservative in order to pass the “face control” in “October”. The magazine was forced to give in, at least for the sake of art; no one spoke about a sharp change in views: they simply opened the doors to new talents with new views. Of course, after this, the path to the liberal “New World” was closed for these talents.

During the years when Panferov and Kochetov headed the magazine, conservative works written in the genre of socialist realism were published on its pages; works of a liberal spirit were not allowed. Published in Novy Mir, Solzhenitsyn’s story was criticized as “ideologically vicious, designed to create sensation.” In “October” they found flaws in the films “The Cranes Are Flying” and “Clear Sky”. Liberals were offended, believing that the magazine was “pouring slop” on the most advanced things in cinema. It was from the editorial office of “October” that the arrows of criticism flew towards both young and venerable authors: V. Aksenov and E. Yevtushenko, V. Rozov and I. Ehrenburg. 1932 -2009 V. Aksenov 1932 E. Evtushenko 1913 -2004 V. Rozov 1891 -1967 I. Ehrenburg

After the beginning of active criticism of the poem “Terkin in the Next World,” the magazine “October” promptly, already in the September issue, published an article loudly entitled “Terkin against Terkin” and did not hide its intention to discredit, condemn, and destroy the “unsuccessful” poem in every possible way. “Well, no, what does this new “Terkin from the Other World” do compared to the old one! - critic D. Starikov cheekily proclaimed. – A work that seems to be most directly connected with his previous work. . . to a greater extent than anything else done by Tvardovsky, it contradicts the living direction and essence of his talent, challenges the undeniable in him and, above all, of course, “The Book about a Fighter”.

Nevertheless, both Kochetov’s “mediocre” novels and the magazine itself found mass readers. In terms of circulation, it was ahead of Novy Mir. Without a doubt, the “New World” was a center that attracted the most talented and progressive forces of literature. It was on the pages of the magazine in the 1960s. completely new works appear (“One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich” and “Matrenin’s Court” by A. I. Solzhenitsyn, the story “On the Irtysh” by S. P. Zalygin, etc.)

How did “October” attract its readers? The magazine was an object of conservatism. And, as you know, many people did not support the Khrushchev Thaw. "October" had something that other magazines could not boast of. “October”, not without benefit, maintained friendly relations with the army and navy: military libraries absorbed a fair share of the circulation. “October” did a lot for V. Shukshin: a number of works by the young writer were published on its pages. “October” became the first magazine that, in 1964, published the first collection of poems in Moscow by the talented poet N. Rubtsov.

Kochetov, like Tvardovsky, believed that the magazine he headed followed the correct party line, and both enjoyed the support of influential political circles. This was expressed, in particular, in the fact that Kochetov was a member of the Central Audit Commission of the CPSU (1955 -1966), Tvardovsky was a candidate member of the CPSU Central Committee (1961 -1966). It was obvious that the future of the country would depend on who won this “controversy.”

A reflection of the ideological struggle in society was the campaign launched against “October” by the board of the RSFSR SP in 1989 in connection with the publication of V. Grossman’s novel “Life and Fate”, a fragment from A. Sinyavsky’s book “Walking with Pushkin”, “Requiem” by Anna Akhmatova . The magazine was accused of unpatriotic sentiments, and attempts were made to remove the magazine's editor-in-chief from office. Thanks to the support of the public - a letter in defense of the magazine was signed by Dmitry Likhachev, Andrei Sakharov, Oleg Efremov, Mark Zakharov, Alfred Schnittke and other figures of art and science - "October" defended its positions and even before the adoption of the first Press Law raised the issue of press independence . As a result, the magazine was the first in the country to emerge from departmental subordination, register as an independent publication and plunge into poverty; its circulation began to steadily fall to a level dangerous for the existence of a printed publication.

Modernity Currently, “October” is one of the leading Russian thick literary magazines and has a liberal orientation. In the 2000s, the magazine published Anatoly Naiman, Edward Radzinsky, Mikhail Roshchin, Dmitry Bykov, Yunna Moritz, Mikhail Weller, Lyudmila Petrushevskaya, Svetlana Alexievich, Igor Volgin, Sergei Yursky, Andrey Volos, Evgeniy and Valery Popov, Vyacheslav Pietsukh, Boris Khazanov, Oleg Pavlov, Oleg Ermakov, Alexander Ilichevsky, Roman Senchin, Alexander Karasev, Dmitry Novikov and others. The authors of the magazine are paid symbolic fees. Prizes are awarded annually without cash.

- “OCTOBER” is a modern monthly literary, artistic and socio-political magazine. It began publishing in 1924 as the organ of the Moscow Association of Proletarian Writers, edited by L. Averbakh, A. Bezymensky, G. Lelevich, Yu. Libedinsky... Literary encyclopedia

- “October”, monthly literary, artistic and socio-political magazine, organ of the SP of the RSFSR. Published since 1924 in Moscow. Among the organizers are D. A. Furmanov, F. V. Gladkov, A. I. Bezymensky, Yu. N. Libedinsky, A. S. Serafimovich and others. Great Soviet Encyclopedia

"October"- OCTOBER lit. artist and journalistic journal, until 1990 the organ of the SP of the RSFSR. Published in Moscow since 1924. Original. was the organ of MAPP (Moscow Association of Flying Writers), then (from 1925 to 1932) the organ of RAPP. The editorial board included A. Bezymensky, Yu... Russian humanitarian encyclopedic dictionary

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Books

• Magazine "Voprosy Literatury" September - October 2015. No. 5, Journal "Voprosy Literatury" was founded in 1957 and is the most authoritative journal of criticism and literary criticism in Russia. The magazine publishes articles, reviews, reviews, round tables and… Category: Magazines Series: Questions of Literature 2015 Publisher: Journal of Questions of Literature,
• Magazine "October" No. 8. 2017, Literary and artistic magazine "October" is more than a magazine. This is a unique book, under the cover of which the reader will simultaneously find prose and poetry, essays and essays, articles and reviews.… Category: Magazines Series: October 2017 Publisher: