“Reforms” of Yeltsin The Americans entrusted the complete liquidation of the Soviet Empire to the terry partyocrat Yeltsin. It was to him, coming down from the plane, that Gorbachev passed the baton for the final murder of a large country. He had to finish

Boris Nikolaevich Yeltsin(1931−2007) - Soviet statesman and party leader, the first popularly elected president in the history of Russia (1991−1999). He held the posts of first secretary of the Sverdlovsk regional committee of the CPSU (1976−1985), secretary of the CPSU Central Committee (1985−1986), first secretary of the Moscow city committee of the CPSU (1985−1987), and was a member of the Council of Nationalities of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR (1989−1990).

Early years and education of Boris Yeltsin

Boris Nikolaevich Yeltsin was born on February 1, 1931 in the village of Butka, Ural Region (now Tarlitsky District, Sverdlovsk Region). As Yeltsin wrote in his memoirs, his family was dispossessed. In the village of Butka, Yeltsin was born in a maternity hospital, and his family lived in the neighboring village of Basmanovskoye, it was reported in the biography of the first president, which he wrote Boris Minaev.

Boris Nikolaevich came from a simple family; Yeltsin was Russian by nationality.

Father - Nikolai Ignatievich Yeltsin(1906−1977) - builder by profession. He was repressed and served his sentence during the construction of the Volga-Don Canal. The biography of Boris Nikolayevich on the Yeltsin Center website says that the president’s father received three years in the camps, and was released in 1937.

Mother - Klavdia Vasilievna Yeltsina(nee Starygina, 1908−1993) - worked as a dressmaker.

After the amnesty, Nikolai Ignatievich returned to his native village, where he began working as a builder. When Boris was about 10 years old, the family moved to the city of Berezniki, Perm region.

At school, Boris Yeltsin proved himself to be an active student, studied well and was the head of the class. True, teachers complained about his restlessness and pugnacity, as reported in Yeltsin’s official biography. According to other sources, the future president’s studies did not work out, and he was even expelled from school with a “wolf ticket”, after which he transferred to another educational institution.

And also, as often happened with wartime children, there was an accident with a weapon. Yeltsin tried to disassemble the grenade, but the attempt ended dramatically - he lost two fingers on his left hand. However, how Boris Yeltsin actually lost his fingers - historians have different versions and the story with the grenade was refuted.

In this regard, Boris Nikolaevich did not serve in the army, and after school he immediately entered the Ural Polytechnic Institute, where he received an education as a civil engineer. During his student years, Yeltsin played sports and received the title of Master of Sports in volleyball. In his autobiography, Yeltsin reported that in 1952, “due to illness, I missed a year of study.”

Boris Yeltsin's career in the CPSU

Boris Nikolaevich’s work biography began after graduating from university in 1955 at the Sverdlovsk Construction Trust. From 1957 to 1963, Yeltsin was a foreman, senior foreman, chief engineer, and head of the construction department of the Yuzhgorstroy trust.

Boris Nikolaevich joined the ranks of the CPSU and began to energetically move up the career ladder. He was appointed chief engineer and then director of the Sverdlovsk house-building plant. As a representative of the plant, Yeltsin often attended district party conferences. In 1963, Boris Nikolaevich became a member of the Kirov district committee of the CPSU, and then was elected to the Sverdlovsk regional committee of the CPSU. In this job, Yeltsin dealt with housing construction issues.

In 1968, Yeltsin took on a new position in his career - head of the construction department of the Sverdlovsk Regional Committee of the CPSU. The son of a repressed builder made a rapid career under the “bad” Soviet regime, which Boris Nikolaevich would later fight so successfully.

Former Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee for Defense Issues Yakov Ryabov in an interview with SP, he recalled how he invited Boris Yeltsin to this post.

“It so happened that several of my friends studied with him. I first asked their opinion about Boris. They said that he was power-hungry, ambitious, and was ready to step over even his own mother for the sake of his career. But he will crumble into pieces of any task from his superiors, but he will complete it. I directly told my friends that this is exactly the kind of person I need - he will oversee construction, not ideology. But I expressed these complaints to Boris at the meeting. He immediately jumped up: “Who told you?!” I explained to him that this was the wrong approach: “You need to think about how to eradicate shortcomings, and not about who told them about them.” But then he still identified these people and did not give them a chance,” Ryabov recalled about the start of Yeltsin’s career.

“Later, I confess, I helped Yeltsin become secretary of the regional committee for construction. And when he left for Moscow, he recommended him to his place, then already the first secretary of the regional committee. I thought he had changed enough. And his strong-willed qualities were needed by the region. Brezhnev I was also surprised: “Why him?” Not a member of the Central Committee, not a deputy, not even a second secretary.” But I said that Yeltsin could handle it. Now it’s both sad and embarrassing to remember this mistake of mine,” Ryabov also noted.

In 1975, Boris Yeltsin was elected secretary of the Sverdlovsk Regional Committee of the CPSU, and a year later - first secretary, that is, in fact, the main person of the Sverdlovsk region. He worked in this position for 9 years and proved himself to be an ambitious and demanding worker. During his leadership in the Sverdlovsk region, milk coupons were abolished, new poultry farms and farms were opened. Under him, the construction of the Sverdlovsk metro and the construction of sports and cultural facilities took place.

In 1985, B.N. Yeltsin was invited to work in Moscow, in the central apparatus of the party, his official biography says. Since April 1985, Boris Nikolaevich became the head of the construction department of the CPSU Central Committee, and soon became the secretary of the CPSU Central Committee for construction issues.

In December 1985, Boris Nikolaevich headed the Moscow City Party Committee and gained popularity. He energetically took up personnel policy, personally traveled on public transport and inspected food warehouses.

In the fall of 1987, Yeltsin began to sharply criticize the slow pace of perestroika and even announced the formation of a personality cult Mikhail Gorbachev. As a result, Boris Nikolaevich lost his position as First Secretary of the Moscow City Committee of the CPSU, in February 1988 he was removed from the list of candidates for membership in the Politburo of the CPSU Central Committee and appointed First Deputy Chairman of the USSR State Construction Committee.

During this period, Yeltsin almost committed suicide, then repented a lot, wrote a letter to Gorbachev asking him to leave him in his post. In 1988, Yeltsin spoke at the 19th Party Conference with a request for “political rehabilitation,” but again did not receive support from the leadership of the CPSU Central Committee.

“An important point: he criticized not only Ligacheva, but criticism of Gorbachev was also visible. That is, he opposed two leading political figures in the country. In the Western press, based on rumors circulating in the USSR, the following version of events was considered: supposedly there was an agreement between Gorbachev and Yeltsin (perhaps an agreement not with Gorbachev himself, but with one of his assistants) that he would speak with this criticism. In order to disguise the conspiracy with Gorbachev’s people, he had to criticize Gorbachev himself a little - hint, disassociate himself from him. And Gorbachev, they say, should have supported him. But Yeltsin overestimated the possibility of support from the progressive wing of the Politburo, and they allegedly went into the bushes,” the president of the Panorama information and research center commented on Yeltsin’s famous speech. Vladimir Pribylovsky.

Yeltsin's disgrace led to an increase in his popularity, and he quickly realized that he had only won as a result of a perfect combination. In 1989 B.N. Yeltsin won 91.5% of the votes in Moscow in the elections of people's deputies of the USSR. At the First Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR (May-June 1989), he became a member of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR and at the same time co-chairman of the opposition Interregional Deputy Group (MDG).

In May 1990, at a meeting of the First Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR, Boris Yeltsin was elected Chairman of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR.

State Emergency Committee and Boris Yeltsin's rise to power

In 1990, Boris Yeltsin, as Chairman of the Supreme Council, signed the Declaration of State Sovereignty of Russia.

At the XXVIII Congress of the CPSU in July 1990, Yeltsin announced his resignation from the party.

With the support of the Democratic Russia party, on June 12, 1991, Boris Yeltsin was elected the first president of the RSFSR, gaining 57% of the vote.

On August 19, 1991, the formation of the State Committee for the State of Emergency in the USSR (GKChP) was announced. The news said that the country's president, Mikhail Gorbachev, was ill and the vice president had taken over his duties. Gennady Yanaev- Chairman of the State Emergency Committee. Boris Yeltsin led the resistance, addressed the citizens of Russia, speaking from a tank in front of the Moscow White House, called the actions of the State Emergency Committee a coup, then promulgated a number of decrees on the non-recognition of the actions of the State Emergency Committee. After the failure of the Emergency Committee and Gorbachev’s return from Foros, on August 24, 1991, Mikhail Sergeevich announced his resignation as General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee. “I immediately saw and understood - this is a different Gorbachev. He was morally broken and demoralized. Therefore, for the next two or three months he became a hostage, literally a prisoner of Yeltsin,” he recalled after the State Emergency Committee Ruslan Khasbulatov in an interview with SP.

When, at the end of 1991, Mikhail Gorbachev was actually removed from power, Boris Yeltsin, together with the leaders of Ukraine and Belarus, signed an agreement on the collapse of the USSR in Belovezhskaya Pushcha. From that moment on, Boris Yeltsin became the leader of independent Russia.

Vice President of Russia Alexander Rutskoy persuaded Gorbachev to arrest Yeltsin, Kravchuk and Shushkevich. But Gorbachev suggested not to panic, declaring that the agreement in Belovezhskaya Pushcha had no legal basis and that by the New Year there would be a Union Treaty. 25 years later, Mikhail Sergeevich explained why he did not arrest them; according to Gorbachev, the situation “smelled like civil war.”

Later, Mikhail Gorbachev said that it was Russia that led the collapse of the Soviet Union, accusing then-President Boris Yeltsin of responsibility for what happened. “The union could have been saved. The republics needed a renewed Union. The collapse of the Soviet Union was caused by the participants in the Belovezhskaya Accords, guided by personal ambitions and a thirst for power. This is, first of all, the then leadership of Russia,” the media quoted Gorbachev’s statement at the end of 2016.

Boris Yeltsin - the first president of Russia

Already on November 6, 1991, the government of the RSFSR was formed, which Yeltsin personally headed until June 1992. His first deputy was appointed Yegor Gaidar. A Leningrad economist has become the new chairman of the State Property Committee of Russia Anatoly Chubais.

The Yeltsin Center website reports that Boris Nikolayevich, at the head of the “first government of reforms in history,” signed a package of ten presidential decrees and government orders that outlined concrete steps towards a market economy.

In the fall of 1991, Yegor Gaidar’s “economic program” was born. President Yeltsin announced its main provisions on October 28 in a keynote speech at the V Congress of People's Deputies of the Russian Federation. It assumed privatization, price liberalization, commodity intervention, and conversion of the ruble. Proclaiming this course, Boris Yeltsin assured his fellow citizens that “it will be worse for everyone within about six months.” This will be followed by “a reduction in prices, filling the consumer market with goods, and in the fall of 1992, stabilization of the economy and a gradual improvement in people’s lives.”

In 1991, Russian President Boris Yeltsin approved a decree on price liberalization from January 2, 1992. In January 1992, the decree “On Free Trade” was signed. This document effectively legalized entrepreneurship and led to many people taking up small-scale street trading in order to survive in the difficult economic conditions caused by market reforms.

Yeltsin’s biography on Wikipedia states that back in the spring of 1991, as Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR and a candidate for President of Russia, Boris Nikolayevich visited Checheno-Ingushetia and expressed support for the sovereignty of the republic, repeating his famous thesis: “Take as much sovereignty as you can bear.” " In July 1991 Dzhokhar Dudayev proclaimed the independence of the Chechen Republic. Subsequently, the war in Chechnya ran like a red thread through the years of Yeltsin’s rule and became another sad result of the biography of the first president of the Russian Federation. On November 30, 1994, B. N. Yeltsin decided to send troops into Chechnya and signed secret decree No. 2137 “On measures to restore constitutional legality and order in the territory of the Chechen Republic.”

Both throughout the post-Soviet space and in Russia, the years after the collapse of the USSR were very difficult. Many people call these years the “dashing 90s.” But, for example, Naina Yeltsina thinks differently:

“In my opinion, the 90s should be called not dashing years, but saints, and we should bow to those people who lived in that difficult time, who created and built a new country in difficult conditions, without losing faith in it,” Boris’s wife was quoted in the news Yeltsin.

At the same time, she admitted that in the 1990s, when the country collapsed, life was extremely difficult.

“But still they tried to create a new country, strengthen democracy, freedom of speech. And this became the basis for the further development of democracy and the country,” Naina Iosifovna emphasized. “Yes, Gaidar went for shock therapy, but, like surgeons with a seriously ill patient - and this is exactly what the collapsed country was like - shock therapy was necessary in order to suddenly move to a new level,” Naina Yeltsina summarized.

1993 - White House shooting

The reforms of Yeltsin and Gaidar quickly brought the country to the threshold of disaster, hyperinflation began, and non-payment of wages and pensions took on unprecedented proportions. Yeltsin's decrees initiated voucher privatization and loans-for-shares auctions, which in the near future led to the concentration of most of the state property in the hands of the oligarchs.

An internal political conflict also began as a result of the constitutional crisis and the confrontation between the President of the Russian Federation Boris Yeltsin and opponents of the socio-economic policy of the new president represented by the majority of people's deputies and members of the Supreme Council of the Russian Federation, led by Vice President Alexander Rutsky and Ruslan Khasbulatov.

On September 21, 1993, the decree “On phased constitutional reform in the Russian Federation” (decree No. 1400) was promulgated, which dissolved the Supreme Council and the Congress of People's Deputies of the Russian Federation. President Yeltsin scheduled elections to the State Duma, the lower house of the Federal Assembly, for December 11–12, 1993. The Federation Council was declared the upper house of the Federal Assembly.

Wikipedia describes in detail, day by day, the events that took place in Moscow from September 21 to October 4, 1993. These events are called differently: “Execution of the White House”, “Execution of the House of Soviets”, “Black October”, “October Uprising of 1993”, “Decree 1400”, “October Putsch”, “Yeltsin’s Coup of 1993”. Yeltsin gave the order to storm the building of the Supreme Council using tanks, on the morning of October 4, troops were sent into Moscow, followed by shelling of the House of Soviets with tanks - footage of this video appeared on the news of all television channels in the world.

As a result of the confrontation, which was accompanied by armed clashes on the streets of Moscow and subsequent military actions, at least 158 ​​people were killed and 423 were wounded or received other bodily harm (of which on October 3 and 4 - 124 killed, 348 wounded).

Boris Yeltsin defeated his opponents. The position of vice president was abolished, the Congress of People's Deputies and the Supreme Council of the Russian Federation were dissolved, and the powers of people's deputies were terminated. Instead of the previously existing form of government of the Soviet republic, a presidential republic was established.

Famous Russian philosopher and sociologist Alexander Zinoviev assessed the events of October 1993 as the completion of the “anti-communist coup in Russia” that began in August 1991. According to him, as a result of this coup, “the Soviet (communist) social system was destroyed and in its place the post-Soviet system was hastily slapped together.”

“Yeltsin succeeded as a political leader only thanks to the support of parliament and received carte blanche for beneficial changes. Only after the president used his emergency powers not for the good of the country - he destroyed the state and the economy, deprived the majority of residents with radical reforms - was the parliamentary majority forced to go into opposition to the “reforms”. It was the collapse of the reforms that forced the Yeltsin regime to undertake a violent coup in order to destroy the powerful opposition represented by the highest body of state power in the country (which was the Congress of People's Deputies), achieve impunity and impose on the country a strictly authoritarian regime that protects the new ruling stratum and comprador noklatura-oligarchic capitalism.” , - recalled the events of 1993 Victor Aksyuchits.

Boris Yeltsin's alcoholism, dancing and scandals

There is a well-known irony in the fact that, having played a huge role in the history of Russia, becoming its first president, Boris Yeltsin will remain in the memory of his descendants for his addiction to alcohol and the stories (and film footage) where he demonstrated this to the fullest. It’s sad that people who have been deprived of much by Yeltsin are looking for really funny videos on video hosting sites with the headings “Drunk Yeltsin”, “Dancing Yeltsin”, “Yeltsin conducting”, etc. The footage of the drunken Boris Nikolayevich, however, is impressive.

There was a lot of talk about Yeltsin’s drunkenness back in the 80s; even then the future president’s addiction to alcohol became noticeable. Inexplicable and strange incidents happened to him. For example, the sensational fall from a bridge into the Moscow River. This incident was never fully investigated. According to Yeltsin himself, he decided to visit his friend at the dacha Sergei Bashilov. Wanting to walk, he let the driver go with the official car. Suddenly, unknown people attacked him, forced him into a Zhiguli car, put a bag over his head, and then threw him off a bridge into the Moscow River. Yeltsin managed to escape. This version was questioned at a meeting of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. What actually happened remains unclear.

In the same 1989, Boris Nikolaevich was invited to the USA. There, Boris Yeltsin spoke to the American public, as they wrote in the media, while drunk. Yeltsin himself explained that he took a large dose of sleeping pills because he suffered from insomnia. They also wrote that in Baltimore, Boris Nikolayevich, having descended from the plane along the ramp, urinated on the wheel, and then went to shake hands with those greeting him.

Boris Nikolaevich Yeltsin died on April 23, 2007. He was buried in the Cathedral of Christ the Savior and buried at the Novodevichy cemetery.

The first President of Russia was awarded the Order of Merit for the Fatherland, 1st degree, as well as the Order of Lenin, two Orders of the Red Banner of Labor, the Order of the Badge of Honor, the Order of Gorchakov (the highest award of the Russian Foreign Ministry), and the Order of the Royal Order of Peace and Justice ( UNESCO), medals “Shield of Freedom” and “For Dedication and Courage” (USA), the Order of the Knight Grand Cross (the highest state award of Italy) and others.

Boris Nikolaevich wrote three biographies: “Confession on a Given Topic” (1990), “Notes of the President” (1994) and “Presidential Marathon” (2000).

According to the Public Opinion Foundation (FOM), 67% of Russians assessed Yeltsin’s historical role in 2000 negatively, and 18% positively. In 2007, after Yeltsin’s death, 41% of Russian residents were negative, and 40% were positive.

Characteristics of Yeltsin's reign include attacks on monuments to Yeltsin and the fact that the existence of the Yeltsin Center in Yekaterinburg causes constant discontent in society.

In 2006, Russian President Vladimir Putin noted that “you can evaluate the activities of the first president any way you like,” but under him the people received freedom and “this is a huge historical merit of Boris Nikolayevich.” “Yeltsin believed with his heart in the ideals that he defended,” Putin emphasized.

Boris Yeltsin was the first President of Russia. He was a strong leader, although he made many tactical blunders in his position. For eight years this man led a huge country and tried to lead it out of the crisis.

Job in Moscow

In 1968, Boris Yeltsin began his party career. A graduate of the Ural Polytechnic named after Kirov became the head of the construction department. Success in political service provided him with a quick breakthrough in his career. In 1984, Boris Nikolaevich was already a member of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. From 1985-1987 served as First Secretary of the Moscow City Committee of the CPSU.

In 1987, at the plenum of the Supreme Council, he criticized the activities of the current leader Mikhail Gorbachev. He was demoted to the position of deputy head of Gosstroy. In 1989, Yeltsin became a people's deputy of the USSR Supreme Council.

In 1990, he became Chairman of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR.

1991 presidential election

On March 17, 1991, a referendum was held in the USSR. On the agenda were the issue of introducing the post of president and the item on maintaining the status of the USSR. Purposeful and uncompromising Boris Yeltsin decided to run as a candidate for the presidency. His competitors in this race were pro-government candidate Nikolai Ryzhkov and Vladimir Zhirinovsky.

On June 12, 1991, the first presidential elections were held. B. N. Yeltsin was elected by a majority of votes. The reign of the first leader of Russia was originally supposed to be 5 years. Since the country was in a deep political and economic crisis, no one knew how long in real life the new president would last in office. A. Rutskoy was elected vice-president. He and Yeltsin were supported by the Democratic Russia bloc.

On July 10, 1991, Boris Yeltsin took an oath to serve his people faithfully. Mikhail Gorbachev remained the President of the USSR. Dual power did not suit the ambitious Yeltsin, although many researchers and politicians argue that the final goal of the new Russian leader was the collapse of the Union. Perhaps it was a political order that he carried out brilliantly.

August putsch

The years of Boris Yeltsin's reign were marked by significant unrest at the top of the state. Members of the CPSU did not want a change in leadership and understood that with the arrival of a new leader, the collapse of the USSR and their removal from power was not far off. Yeltsin harshly criticized the nomenklatura circles and repeatedly accused senior leaders of corruption.

Gorbachev and President Yeltsin, whose reign had been unstable, discussed the cornerstones of their cooperation and decided to eliminate the USSR politically. For this purpose, it was decided to create a confederation - the Union of Sovereign Soviet Republics. On August 20, this document was to be signed by the leaders of all union republics.

The State Emergency Committee launched active activities on August 18-21, 1991. During Gorbachev’s stay in Crimea, a temporary state body, the State Emergency Committee, was created, and a state of emergency was introduced in the country. The population was informed about this on the radio. The Democratic forces led by Yeltsin and Rutsky began to resist the old party elite.

The conspirators had some support in the army and the KGB. They pulled up some separate groups of troops to bring them into the capital. Meanwhile, President of the RSFSR Yeltsin was on a business trip. Opponents of the collapse of the Union decided to detain him upon arrival as far as possible from the White House. Other putschists decided to go to Gorbachev, convince him to introduce a state of emergency by his decree and appeal to the people.

On August 19, the media announced the resignation of M. Gorbachev for health reasons, acting. O. Gennady Yanaev was appointed president.

Yeltsin and his supporters were supported by the opposition radio Ekho Moskvy. The Alpha detachment arrived at the president's dacha, but there was no order to block him or take him into custody, so Boris Nikolaevich was able to mobilize all his supporters.

Yeltsin arrives at the White House, and local rallies begin in Moscow. Ordinary democratically minded citizens are trying to resist the State Emergency Committee. The protesters built barricades in the square and dismantled paving stones. Tanks without ammunition and 10 infantry fighting vehicles were driven to the square.

On the 21st, mass clashes began, three citizens died. The conspirators were arrested, and Boris Yeltsin, whose years of rule were tense from the very beginning, dissolved the CPSU and nationalized the party's property. The putschist plan failed.

As a result, in December 1991, secretly from M. Gorbachev, the Bialowieza Agreements were signed, putting an end to the USSR and giving rise to new independent republics.

1993 crisis

In September 1993, former comrades quarreled. B. N. Yeltsin, whose years of rule were very difficult in the initial period, understood that the opposition in the person of Vice-President A. Rutsky and the Supreme Council of the RSFSR was doing its best to slow down new economic reforms. In this regard, B. Yeltsin issued decree 1400 - on the dissolution of the Armed Forces. A decision was made to hold new elections to the Federal Assembly.

Naturally, such a monopolization of power caused protest among members of the Supreme Council. As usual, equipment was brought to the capital and people were brought out into the streets. Several attempts were made to impeach the president, but Yeltsin ignored the legislation. Supporters of the Armed Forces were dispersed, opposition leaders were arrested. As a result of the clashes, according to various sources, about 200 people were killed and more than a thousand were injured.

After the victory of Boris Yeltsin and his supporters in Russia there was a transitional period of presidential dictatorship. All government bodies connecting Russia with the USSR were liquidated.

Socio-economic reforms of B. Yeltsin

Many economists and politicians, looking back at the years of Yeltsin's rule in Russia, call his policies chaotic and stupid. There was no single clear plan. For the first few years, the state was generally in a political crisis, which eventually resulted in the 1993 coup.

Many of the ideas of the president and his supporters were promising, but in implementing them according to the old monopolized system, Yeltsin ran into many pitfalls. As a result, the reform of the state led to a protracted crisis in the economic sphere, loss of deposits from the population and complete distrust of the authorities.

The main reforms of President Yeltsin:

• price liberalization, free market;
• land reform - transfer of land into private hands;
• privatization;
• reforming political power.

First Chechen War

In 1991, the independent Republic of Ichkeria was formed on the territory of Chechnya. This state of affairs did not suit Russia. Dzhokhar Dudayev became the president of the new independent republic. The Russian Supreme Court declared the elections invalid. The victory of the separatist forces led to the collapse of the Chechen-Ingush Republic. Ingushetia decided to remain autonomous within Russia. Based on this desire, Boris Yeltsin, whose years of rule had already been washed by rivers of blood, decided to send troops during the Ossetian-Ingush conflict of 1992. Chechnya was actually an independent state, not recognized by anyone. There was actually a civil war going on in the country. In 1994, Yeltsin decided to send troops to restore order in the Chechen People's Republic. As a result, the armed conflict with the use of Russian troops lasted two years.

Second presidential term

The second presidential term was extremely difficult for Boris Yeltsin. Firstly, constant heart problems were taking their toll, and secondly, the country was on the verge of a crisis, which the “sick” president did not have the strength to cope with. The newly elected president placed his bet on “political youth” in the person of Chubais and Nemtsov. Their active implementation of the reform course did not lead to the expected increase in GDP; the country lived off multi-billion dollar loans. In 1998, Yeltsin, whose years of rule were not successful for the state, began to look for a successor. This was the unknown head of the FSB, V. Putin.

Resignation

In 1998, B. Yeltsin’s “sand” economy collapsed. Default, price increases, job cuts, total instability, shutdown of large enterprises. The virtual market economy could not withstand the harsh realities. Having chosen a worthy candidate for his post and having secured V. Putin’s commitment to a comfortable old age, the first President of Russia, speaking in front of television viewers, resigned.