Origin of human races presentation. Presentation on the origin of races
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Origin of races
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The division of the species Homo Sapiens into races occurred two and a half centuries ago. The origin of the term "race" is not precisely established; it is possible that it is a modification of the Arabic word "ras" (head, beginning, root). There is also an opinion that this term is associated with the Italian razza, which means "tribe". The word "race" in approximately the sense in which it is now used is already found in the French scientist Francois Bernier, who published in 1684 one of the first classifications of human races.
The concept of "race of man"
Francois Bernier
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The human race is a historically formed group of people characterized by a common hereditary physical features: skin color, eyes and hair, eye shape, eyelid structure, head outline, etc.
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A number of peoples and speakers of many languages may belong to the same race. Most scientists agree that there are 3 large races, which in turn break up into smaller ones. Currently, according to various scientists, there are 34 - 40 races. Races differ from each other in 30-40 elements. Racial features are hereditary and are adaptive to the conditions of existence.
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The desire to systematize ideas about the physical types of peoples inhabiting the globe dates back to the 17th century, when, based on differences in people's facial structure, skin color, hair, eyes, as well as language and cultural traditions, french doctor F. Burnier for the first time in 1684 divided mankind into three races - Caucasoid, Negroid and Mongoloid.
History of human races
A similar classification was proposed by K. Linney, who, recognizing humanity as a single species, singled out an additional (fourth) pacy - Lapland (population of the northern regions of Sweden and Finland).
In 1775, J. Blumenbach divided the human race into five races - Caucasian (white), Mongolian (yellow), Ethiopian (black), American (red) and Malay (brown), and in 1889 the Russian scientist I.E. Deniker - six main and more than twenty additional races.
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Each of the races is divided into minor races
The difference between races comes down to the features of the color of the skin, hair, eyes, shape of the nose, lips, etc. these differences arose in the process of adapting human populations to local natural conditions.
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Based on the results of the study of blood antigens, W. Boyd in 1953 identified five races in humanity. Despite the existence of modern scientific classifications, in our time the division of mankind into Caucasoids, Negroids, Mongoloids and Australoids is very widespread.
Caucasoid (Eurasian)
Mongoloid (Asian-American)
Negroid (equatorial)
Caucasoids Mongoloids Amerindians Australoids
Negroid (African)
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Hypotheses about the origin of races
polycentrism monocentrism
There are two main hypotheses for the origin of human races.
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Consequently, Caucasoids, Negroids, Mongoloids and Australoids have their own centers of racial formation. Mutations and natural selection were central to racial genesis.
In accordance with the hypothesis of polycentrism or polyphilia, authored by F. Weidenreich (1947), there were four centers of race formation
in Europe or Asia Minor
in southeast Asia and the Greater Sunda Islands
in sub-Saharan Africa
in East Asia
a focus of racial formation was formed, where Caucasoids arose on the basis of European and Western Asian Neanderthals
African Neanderthals evolved into Negroids
Sinanthropus gave rise to the Mongoloids
the development of Pithecanthropus and Javanese Neanderthals led to the formation of Australoids
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However, this hypothesis is objectionable.
First, there are no known cases in evolution when identical evolutionary results are reproduced several times. Moreover, evolutionary changes are always new. Secondly, there is no scientific evidence that each race has its own focus of race formation.
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Skin color distribution map
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In accordance with the hypothesis of monocentrism or monophilia (Ya.Ya. Roginsky, 1949), which is based on:
on recognition-community of origin; socio-psychic development; the same level of physical and mental development of all races;
races arose from one ancestor, in one territory.
It is assumed that the formation of races took place in the territories of the Eastern Mediterranean, Western Asia, and possibly South Asia.
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One of the important conditions for the formation of races is isolation.
In Asia, Africa and Europe, it still exists to some extent today. Meanwhile, newly settled regions, such as North and South America, can be compared to a cauldron in which all three racial groups are melted down. Although public opinion in many countries does not support interracial marriages, there is little doubt that racial interbreeding is inevitable and will sooner or later lead to the formation of a hybrid human population.
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Human races have evolved over hundreds of thousands of years under the influence of geographical, climatic and social factors.
In terms of mental abilities (the ability to know, creativity, work), all races are the same. Differences in the level of culture are not associated with biological characteristics, but with social conditions development of society. Races are subdivided into sub-races, and those into nationalities and nationalities.
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We are of the same blood: you and me!!!
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Slides captions:
Human races The work was done by Isaeva N.V. Biology teacher MBOU secondary school №10
RACE - from the Italian Razza - clan, breed, tribe. Modern humanity is represented by a single species Homo sapiens. The species consists of 3 large races, each of which is divided into several small ones. Human races have evolved over hundreds of thousands of years under the influence of geographical, climatic and social factors.
Species Homo sapiens Caucasoid (Eurasian) Mongoloid (Asiatic-American) Australo-Negroid (Equatorial)
Caucasoid race Characterized by: light skin soft straight or wavy hair horizontal slit eyes moderately or strongly developed hairline on the face and chest in men with a noticeable protruding nose straight or slightly sloping forehead
Caucasoid race Northern forms Atlanto-Baltic White Sea-Baltic Transitional (intermediate) forms Alpine Central European Eastern European Brunn Alpine Dalofalian
Caucasoid race Southern forms Mediterranean Indo-Afghan Balkan-Caucasian Western Asian (Armenoid) Pamir-Fergana Biskayan North Indian Armenoid
Mongoloid race skin color from swarthy to light hair dark, often hard and straight protrusion of the nose small palpebral fissure has an oblique incision a fold of the upper eyelid is significantly developed, there is a fold covering the inner corner of the eye (epicanthus) with a weak hairline
Mongoloid race Asian branch of the Mongoloid races Continental Mongoloids Arctic race Pacific Mongoloids American races
Equatorial race (Australoid and Negroid) Characterized by: dark pigmentation of the skin, hair and eyes curly or broadly wavy hair low protruding lower part of the face
Australoid (oceanic) races Veddoids Australians Ainu Papuans and Melanesians Negritos Papuans Australians
Negroid (African) races Negros Negrilly (pygmies) Bushmen and Hottentots Negros Pygmies
Species unity of mankind - mixed races Europeans Indians equatorial peoples m ongoloid peoples mestizos mulattos malgashes Europeans Indians equatorial peoples equatorial peoples sambo
The human race is a historically formed group of people characterized by a common origin, territory of residence, common morphological and physiological hereditary characteristics, traditions and customs.
"RACE OF HUMAN" TEST 1. How many races of man are currently distinguished? One Two Three Four 2 . Yellowskins belong to the Negroid Mongoloid Caucasoid Australoid 3 race. What race is characterized by an oblique and narrow section of the eyes? Negroid Mongoloid Caucasoid Australoid
4. Do hereditary features change over time? Yes No 5. Are there any advantages of some races over others? Yes, there are advantages No advantages 6. Are "race" and "nation" the same thing? Yes No 7. Can representatives of different races be members of a single state? Yes No 8. What are the views about the advantages of some races over others called? Racism Social Darwinism
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Races and their origin
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The purpose of the work: to systematize and deepen knowledge about human races and their origin.
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Origin of races
Natural conditions have played and continue to play a great role in the formation of races. Initially, in ancient humanity it was stronger, but in the process of the formation of modern stories it was less pronounced, although it is still quite clear in some signs, for example, in the pigmentation of the skin. The influence of the entire complex set of conditions of life, obviously, had essential for the emergence, formation, weakening and even disappearance of racial characteristics.
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When settling on the Earth, people fell into different natural conditions. But these conditions, which so strongly influence the species and subspecies of animals, could not act in the same way and with the same intensity on the qualitatively different races of humanity, which more and more use nature and transform it in the process of social labor. In the evolution of different human groups, many racial features undoubtedly had a certain adaptive value, but later they largely lost it due to the growing role of social factors and the gradual weakening, and almost complete cessation of natural selection. Initially, settlement in new areas was of great importance for the development of races, due to which many groups of people, having fallen into different natural conditions, existed for a long time separately from each other. Their way of eating was accordingly differentiated. Later, however, as the number of mankind increased, the contact of racial groups became more and more intensified, which led to the process of their mixing with each other.
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There are many hypotheses about the origin of races.
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ACCORDING TO THIS HYPOTHESIS, WHICH AUTHOR IS F. WEIDENREICH (1947), THERE WAS FOUR HOUSES OF RACI FORMATION - IN EUROPE OR INTERNATIONAL ASIA, IN SOUTH-SAHARA AFRICA, IN EASTERN ASIA, IN SOUTH-EAST ASIA AND ON THE BOLSHON BIG ZONE. IN EUROPE OR THE FRONT ASIA THERE IS A HOUSE OF DISFORMATION, WHERE ON THE BASIS OF THE EUROPEAN AND CENTRAL ASIAN NEANDERTHALS THE EUROPEOIDS HAVE APPEARED. IN AFRICA, FROM THE AFRICAN NEANDERTHALS, THE NEGROIDS FORMED, IN EASTERN ASIA, THE SYNANTROPES GIVED THE MONGOLOIDS, AND IN SOUTH-EASTERN ASIA AND THE GREAT ZUNDA ISLANDS, THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE PITECANTROPES AND JAVANESE NEANDERTHALS LEAD TO THE FORMATION OF ABC CONSEQUENTLY, CAUROPOIDS, NEGROIDS, MONGOLOIDS AND AUSTRALOIDS HAVE THEIR OWN HOUSES OF DISFORMATION. MUTATIONS AND NATURAL SELECTION WERE THE MAIN THINGS IN RASOGENESIS. HOWEVER, THIS HYPOTHESIS IS OBJECTIONABLE. FIRST, THERE ARE NO CASES KNOWN IN EVOLUTION WHERE IDENTICAL EVOLUTIONARY RESULTS WAS REPRODUCED SEVERAL TIMES. MORE THAN EVOLUTIONARY CHANGES ARE ALWAYS NEW. SECONDLY, THERE IS NO SCIENTIFIC DATA THAT EVERY RACE HAS ITS OWN HOUSE OF DISFORMATION. IN THE FRAMEWORK OF THE HYPOTHESIS OF POLYCENTRISM, LATER G.F.DEBETS (1950) AND N.TOMA (I960) PROPOSED TWO OPTIONS FOR THE ORIGIN OF RACES. ACCORDING TO THE FIRST VARIANT, THE HOUSE OF DISFORMATION OF EUROPEOIDS AND AFRICAN NEGROIDS EXISTED IN THE FRONT ASIA, WHILE THE HOUSE OF DISFORMATION OF MONGOLOIDS AND AUSTRALOIDS WAS DATED TO EASTERN AND SOUTH-EASTERN ASIA. EUROPEOIDS MOVED WITHIN THE EUROPEAN MAIN AND THE ADJACENT REGIONS OF THE FRONT ASIA.
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ACCORDING TO THE SECOND VARIANT, EUROPEOIDS, AFRICAN NEGROIDS AND AUSTRALOIDS COMPOSE ONE STEM OF RADIATION, WHERE AS ASIAN MONGOLOIDS AND AMERICANOIDS - ANOTHER. IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE HYPOTHESIS OF MONOCENTRISM, OR MONOPHILIA (Y.YA.ROGINSKY, 1949), WHICH IS BASED ON THE RECOGNITION OF COMMON ORIGIN, SOCIO-PSYCHOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT, AS WELL AS THE SAME LEVEL OF PHYSICAL AND MENTAL DEVELOPMENT OF ALL RACIES TERRITORIES. BUT IT WAS MEASURED IN MANY THOUSANDS OF SQUARE KILOMETERS. IT IS SUPPOSED THAT THE FORMATION OF RACES HAPPENED IN THE TERRITORIES OF THE EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN, FRONT AND, POSSIBLY, SOUTH ASIA.
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Races Now All modern humanity belongs to a single polymorphic species - Homo sapiens. This unity of mankind is based on a common origin, socio-psychological development, on the unlimited ability to interbreed people of even very different races, as well as on an almost identical level of general physical and mental development of representatives of all races. Three main races are well known: Caucasoid, Mongoloid, Negroid.
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Caucasians - people, as a rule, with straight or wavy, often blond hair, with fair skin. Their beard and mustache usually grow strongly, their face is narrow, with a protruding nose (i.e., profiled), the width of the nose is small, and the nostrils are parallel to each other. The eyes are set horizontally, the fold of the upper eyelid is absent or poorly developed, the jaw part of the face does not protrude forward (orthognathous skull), the lips are usually thin. Now Caucasians live on all continents, but they formed in Europe and Western Asia.
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Mongoloids - most often have hard, straight and dark hair. Their skin is darker, with a yellowish tint, beard and mustache grow weaker than that of Caucasians. The face is wide, flattened, the cheekbones strongly protrude, the nose, on the contrary, is flattened, the nostrils are located at an angle to each other. The eyes are very characteristic: they are often narrow, the outer corner of the eyes is slightly higher than the inner one (slantness). The upper eyelid of the typical is closed by a skin fold, sometimes to the very eyelashes, there is an epicanthus (a fold in the inner edge of the eye covering the lacrimal tubercle). Lips are medium in thickness. This race predominates in Asia.
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Negroids are people with curly black hair, very dark skin and brown eyes. The beard and mustache, like those of the Mongoloids, grow weakly. The face is narrow and low, the nose is wide. The eyes are wide open, the fold of the upper eyelid is poorly developed, the epicanthus is usually absent in adults. The protrusion of the jaw part of the face (prognathous skull) is also characteristic. The lips are usually thick, often swollen. Classic Negroids live in Africa. Similar people are found throughout the equatorial belt of the Old World.
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Biology lesson Grade 11 "Human races, their origin and unity" Rudichenko Elena Ivanovna Biology teacher of the 1st category MKOU secondary school No. 8 Stanitsa Suvorovskaya Predgorny municipal district of the Stavropol Territoryslide 2
Lesson objectives: the formation of knowledge about the biological characteristics of human races; analysis of the causes of their occurrence, the formation of the concept of the unity of origin and biological equivalence of human races; development of the correct approach for students to assess racism, Nazism, social Darwinism, etc.
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The human races are large groups people who differ in some physical characteristics, such as facial features, skin color, eyes, hair, hair shape.
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In modern humanity, there are three main races: Negroid European Mongoloid Each race is characterized by the unity of origin and formation in a certain area.
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Skin color map Very pale Fairly pale Intermediate Dark Very dark
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Each of the races is divided into minor races. The difference between races comes down to the features of the color of the skin, hair, eyes, shape of the nose, lips, etc. these differences arose in the process of adapting human populations to local natural conditions.
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Caucasian People with straight or wavy, often blond hair, fair skin. The beard and mustache usually grow strongly, the face is narrow with a protruding nose, the width of the nose is small, the nostrils are parallel to each other. The eyes are set horizontally, the fold of the upper eyelid is absent, the jaw part of the face does not protrude forward, the lips are usually thin. Place of origin - Europe and Western Asia
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With the warming of the climate, the desert regions of central Africa began to move north. The white population began to move to Asia Minor and further to Eastern and Western Europe, and partly to Siberia. The white race was more numerous than the Negroid and probably had the best organization, which allowed her to defeat the Negroids, who began to be forced out of favorable places to live in Africa. Gumilyov claims that the white race originated in Europe, and from there it spread to Central Asia, northern Africa and India. But this is not so: the white race originated in northern Africa, in the place where the Sahara Desert is now. At first, the halo of its distribution was all North Africa to the deserts central Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. During the ice age, there were deserts in the central parts of Africa.
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Mongoloid race Hard, straight and dark hair. The skin is darkish with a yellow tint, the beard and mustache grow weakly. The face is wide, flattened, the cheekbones strongly protrude, the nose is flattened, the nostrils are located at an angle to each other. The eyes are narrow, the outer corner of the eyes is slightly higher than the inner. Lips are medium in thickness. Place of origin - Asia
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The Mongoloid race is the most numerous race. People belonging to this race are very different from each other. Even scientists had to divide this race into sub-races: Siberian Mongoloids, North Chinese Mongoloids, South Chinese Mongoloids, Malay Mongoloids, Tibetan Mongoloids.
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Negroid race People with curly hair, with very dark skin, Beard and mustache grow weakly. The face is narrow and low, the nose is wide. Eyes wide open. Characteristic protrusion forward of the lower part of the face. The lips are usually thick, often swollen. Origin: Sub-Saharan Africa
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According to other scientists, 4 more races are distinguished in the form of Homo Sapiens: 1. Mongoloid 2. Caucasoid 3. Australoid 4. Negroid
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AUSTRALOID RACE Included in the large equatorial (Negro-Australoid) race. Characterized by dark skin, wide nose, prognathism, wavy hair, strong facial and body hair growth. Distributed in Australia, South Asia and Oceania. Many anthropologists single out the Australian race as an independent large race.
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Indian race (Amerindian) Straight black hair, copper-colored skin, dark eyes, wide cheekbones, aquiline protruding nose and spatulate front incisor teeth. Indians - common name indigenous population of America. The name arose from the erroneous idea of the first European navigators (Christopher Columbus and others, the end of the 15th century), who believed that they had discovered India. According to the anthropological type, the Indians belong to the Americanoid race. Racism is a reactionary ideology and politics aimed at justifying the exploitation of man by man. Racism is a social prejudice that exists against a group of people based on physical characteristics(skin pigmentation, typical features face, hair texture, speech, mannerisms, and other (ethnic) indicators) that are clearly visible but do not reflect such biologically significant qualities as suitability or ability. Racism is an ideology that uses external differences as the main reason for denying equal treatment to members of another group, considering them different from their own group and inherently inferior. slide 18
Races and their origin. Anthropology (from the Greek antr, opos - man and logos - word, doctrine), the science of the origin and evolution of man, the formation of human races and normal variations in the physical structure of man. Racial science, or ethnic anthropology, studies the biological similarities and differences of the geographical races of modern man, the causes, time and place of their occurrence. Races are historically formed groupings (population groups) of people of different sizes, characterized by the similarity of morphological and physiological properties, as well as the commonality of the territories they occupy.
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