Biography

early years

Born into a noble family of Senator Pyotr Gavrilovich Lazarev, ruler of the Vladimir governorate. Shortly before his death, in the year the senator assigned three sons - Andrei, Mikhail, Alexei - to the Naval Cadet Corps.

Trip around the world

Voyage of M.P. Lazarev on the sloop "Suvorov" in 1813 - 1815.

At the beginning of the journey, they were met by strong winds and thick fogs, from which the Suvorov had to take refuge in the Swedish harbor of Karlskrona. Having passed the Sound, Kattegat and Skagerrak straits (between Denmark and the Scandinavian Peninsula) and successfully avoiding the attack of the French and Danish warships allied to them, Lazarev safely brought the Suvorov to the English Channel.

In Portsmouth, the ship made a stop that dragged on for three whole months. On February 27, the Suvorov withdrew from the Portsmouth raid and rushed south. Two weeks later, Lazarev's ship was already approaching the island of Madeira, a Portuguese colony off the coast of Africa. On April 2, the Suvorov crossed the equator, and on the evening of April 21 entered the bay of Rio de Janeiro. On May 24, the Suvorov left Rio de Janeiro and entered the Atlantic Ocean.

Shortly before his death, on his last visit to St. Petersburg, the admiral was at the reception of Nicholas I. After a warm welcome, wanting to show the admiral his attention and respect, the sovereign said: "Old man, stay with me for dinner." “I can’t, sir,” answered Mikhail Petrovich, “I gave my word to dine with Admiral G..” Having said this, Lazarev took out his chronometer, looked at it and, impulsively getting up, said: “You are late, sir!” Then he kissed the perplexed emperor and quickly left the office ...

In Vienna, Admiral Lazarev's illness worsened sharply. There was no hope of saving his life. Those around the admiral begged him to write a letter to the sovereign and entrust his family to him. “I never asked anything from anyone for myself in my life,” the dying Lazarev answered, “and now I won’t ask before I die.”

• In 1867, a monument to Mikhail Lazarev was erected in Sevastopol,
• A bust of Admiral Lazarev was erected at the Lazarevskaya railway station (Lazarevsky district of Sochi).
• In St. Petersburg, at the Baltic Shipyard in 1871, the first Russian battleship Admiral Lazarev was launched.

Titles

Currently, in honor of Lazarev are named:

• district of the city of Sochi - Lazarevskoye
• an atoll in the Russian group of islands in the Pacific Ocean
• island in the Aral Sea
• capes:
  • in the northern part of Unimac
• bay and port in the Sea of ​​Japan

Links

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See what "Lazarev Mikhail Petrovich" is in other dictionaries:

Mikhail Petrovich Lazarev ... Wikipedia

Admiral, adjutant general; genus. November 3, 1788, d. April 11, 1851 The son of the ruler of the Vladimir governorship, P. Gavre. Lazarev (died in 1800), brother of Vice Admiral A.P. Lazarev. Educated at the Naval Cadet Corps; May 23, 1803 ... Big biographical encyclopedia

Lazarev, Mikhail Petrovich- Mikhail Petrovich Lazarev. LAZAREV Mikhail Petrovich (1788 1851), Russian naval commander and navigator, admiral (1843). In 1813 25 made 3 round-the-world voyages, including in 1819 21 he commanded the Mirny sloop in the expedition of F.F. Bellingshausen, ... ... Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary

Russian naval commander and navigator, admiral (1843). Born into a noble family. In 1800 he entered the Naval Cadet Corps, in 1803 he was sent to the English fleet, where ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

Lazarev Mikhail Petrovich- (1788-1851), naval commander and navigator, admiral (1843), adjutant general (1833). He graduated from the Naval Corps (1803) in St. Petersburg. In 1813–16, on board the Suvorov, he made the first round-the-world voyage from Kronstadt to the shores of Alaska and back; in … Encyclopedic reference book "St. Petersburg"

- (1788 1851) Russian naval commander and navigator, admiral (1843). In 1813 25 made 3 round-the-world voyages, including in 1819 21 (commander of Mirny) in the expedition of F. F. Bellingshausen, who discovered Antarctica. During the defeat of the Turks in Navarino ... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

Lazarev, Mikhail Petrovich admiral of the Russian fleet (1788 1851). At the end of the course in the Marine Corps, he served in England as a volunteer. From 1813 to 1816 he lived in Sitkha; for more than 2 years (1819 1821) he spent on the scientific expedition of Bellingshausen, during which ... ... Biographical Dictionary

- (1788 1851), naval commander and navigator, admiral (1843), adjutant general (1833). He graduated from the Naval Corps (1803) in St. Petersburg. In 1813 16 on the ship "Suvorov" he made the first round-the-world voyage from Kronstadt to the shores of Alaska and back; in… … St. Petersburg (encyclopedia)

- (1788 1851), naval commander and navigator, admiral (1843). In 1813 25 made 3 round-the-world voyages, including in 1819 21 (commander of the Mirny) in the expedition of F. F. Bellingshausen, which discovered Antarctica. During the defeat of the Turks in the Battle of Navarino ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

Lazarev, Mikhail Petrovich- LA / ZAREV Mikhail Petrovich (1788 1851) Russian naval commander and navigator, discoverer of Antarctica (1820), admiral (1843). He graduated from the Naval Corps (1803). In 1803 1808. served as a volunteer on the ships of the English fleet. In 1808 1812 ... ... Marine Biographical Dictionary

Lazarev Mikhail Petrovich (1788-1851), Russian naval commander and navigator, admiral (1843).

Born November 14, 1788 in Vladimir in a noble family. Since childhood, he dreamed of becoming a sailor, so his father assigned him to the Naval Cadet Corps in St. Petersburg.

In 1803, 30 of the best graduates - midshipmen - were sent on a foreign voyage; Lazarev was among them.

In 1808-1813. he served in the Baltic Fleet, participated in the Russian-Swedish war of 1808-1809. and Patriotic war 1812

In 1813, Lazarev, who by this time was only 25 years old, was appointed commander of the Suvorov ship and left Kronstadt on a round-the-world voyage to the coast of Alaska. Shortly after his return, he was appointed commander of the Mirny sloop and assistant to the head of the round-the-world expedition F.F. Bellingshausen. The ships "Mirny" and "Vostok" set off for the Southern Ocean. The sailors were to explore the island of South Georgia, turn to Sandwich Land and descend to the south. The voyage took place in difficult polar conditions, the ships were on the march for 751 days, of which 527 days were under sail, and they traveled over 50 thousand miles. On January 16, 1820, having discovered many islands along the way, the Mirny and Vostok sloops approached Antarctica. Russian sailors discovered a new part of the world and thus refuted the opinion of the English traveler J. Cook, who claimed that there was no mainland in the southern latitudes.

Russia was assigned priority in the discovery of a number of Antarctic lands.

In 1822, Lazarev, commanding the frigate "Cruiser", made the third round-the-world voyage. The watch officer with him was his beloved student PS Nakhimov.

On October 20, 1827, Lazarev participated in the Battle of Navarino (in which the ships of the Russian-English-French fleet were defeated in the Bay of Navarino, off the coast of southern Greece, by the Turkish-Egyptian fleet). The battleship "Azov", commanded by Lazarev, was awarded the highest award - the stern St. George's flag, and the commander was promoted to rear admiral and awarded the order.

In 1833, Lazarev was appointed chief commander of the Black Sea Fleet and the ports of the Black Sea, as well as the military governor of Sevastopol and Nikolaev.

Mikhail Lazarev was born on November 3, 1788 in the city of Vladimir. His father, senator, Privy Councilor Pyotr Gavrilovich Lazarev, was the ruler of the Vladimir governorship. After the death of his father, by an imperial decree of January 25, 1800, the future naval commander and his brothers Alexei and Andrei were admitted to the Naval Cadet Corps. Difficult classes in the classroom were combined with trips along the Gulf of Finland. Already for the first voyage, Andrei and Mikhail Lazarev received a flattering assessment. Soon they noticed the ability and zeal of Michael in the study of maritime affairs. After the exams on May 19, 1803, midshipman Mikhail Lazarev was among the first. After several months of cruising the Baltic Sea, he, among the best midshipmen, was sent as a volunteer to England for sea practice. For 5 years, the young sailor sailed in the Atlantic and Indian oceans, the North and Mediterranean seas, was engaged in self-education, studied history, ethnography. Upon his return in 1808 he was promoted to midshipman. The young officer participated in the Russian-Swedish war, then, sailing on light ships, more than once showed dashing and quickness. In 1811 Lazarev was a lieutenant. In 1812, he served on the Phoenix brig and received a silver medal for valor in the Patriotic War.

Brilliant certifications made it possible to entrust the sailor with a responsible task. On October 9, 1813, the ship "Suvorov" left the port of Kronstadt under a commercial flag, which was supposed to deliver cargo to the Far East. Lazarev successfully completed the assignment, discovered the uninhabited Suvorov Islands in the Pacific Ocean. He bought a consignment of quinine and other local products from Peru. In addition, animals that were not in Russia were taken on board. Having rounded Cape Horn, the ship returned to Kronstadt on July 15, 1816. During the round-the-world voyage, the sailors of the Suvorov specified the coordinates and surveyed sections of the coasts of Australia, Brazil, and North America.

Discovery of Antarctica

On July 4, 1819, the sloops Vostok (Bellingshausen commanded) and Mirny (Lazarev commanded) left Kronstadt to search for land near the South Pole. Having entered England and the island of Tenerife, ships across the Atlantic arrived in Rio de Janeiro. From the coast of Brazil, they headed south and in December reached the island of New Georgia, discovered by Cook. In the same area, sailors found and described several islands, found out that the land of Sandwich, so named by Cook, is in fact the archipelago of the South Sandwich Islands. The Russians approached the then unknown Antarctica. Many icebergs testified to the proximity of a vast land. On January 4, 1820, the expedition advanced half a degree further than Cook. Despite the ice and fog, on January 15, the vessels crossed the Antarctic Circle for the first time, the next day they reached a latitude of 69 degrees 25 minutes. Several times the sailors tried to go south, but everywhere they met solid ice. It was later established that on February 5 and 6, the expedition did not reach the Princess Astrid Coast of the Antarctic mainland by only three or four kilometers. But so far this has not been known. The proximity of the coast was evidenced, in addition to icebergs, by the birds that appeared.

After the onset of the southern winter, the expedition headed north. Sailors have discovered several unknown islands in the Tuamotu archipelago. In November, the ships went south again. Despite the difference in speed, they did not separate, except when the commanders intended to explore a wider strip of sea. A serious storm in mid-December did not interrupt the research. Three times the ships crossed the Arctic Circle, on January 10, 1821 they advanced to 69 degrees 53 minutes south latitude, but met solid ice. F.F. Bellingshausen turned east, and soon the sailors discovered the island of Peter I, and on January 17, in clear weather, they saw land in the south, which they called Alexander I Land. Later it was established that it was part of Antarctica, connected to the mainland by the George VI ice shelf. Despite the fact that it was not possible to get closer than 40 miles to the ground, the highest mountain of St. George the Victorious was clearly visible. Then the sailors, passing around the South Shetland Islands, found that the British mistakenly considered this land discovered in 1819 by Captain Smith to be part of the mainland.

Since the Vostok needed repairs, the expedition, which explored the polar region from all sides, set off on the return journey and arrived in Kronstadt on July 24, 1821. During the voyage, 29 islands were discovered, 28 objects with Russian names were marked on the map of Antarctica. It became clear that there was a vast land around the South Pole, giving birth to a mass of icebergs. In honor of the circumnavigation, a medal was minted, the participants were awarded. For the merits of M.P. Lazarev through the rank was promoted to captain of the 2nd rank.

On August 17, 1822, Lazarev, with the frigate Cruiser and the sloop Ladoga, set out from Kronstadt and delivered cargo to the Pacific ports of Russia. On August 5, 1824, Lazarev returned to Kronstadt on a frigate, having completed his third circumnavigation. For a successful campaign, he was promoted to captain of the 1st rank, awarded the Order of St. Vladimir, 3rd degree.

On February 27, 1826, the sailor was appointed to command the 12th fleet crew and the Azov ship. He and his assistants completed the construction of the ship in Arkhangelsk, delving into all the details and making improvements to the design. This ship has long been a model for shipbuilders. On October 5, Lazarev brought the ships "Azov", "Ezekiel" and the sloop "Smirny" to Kronstadt.

From May 21 to August 8, 1827, "Azov" was in the squadron of Admiral D.N. Senyavin, who moved to Portsmouth. Then the squadron of L.F. was separated and sent to the Mediterranean Sea. Heyden. The commander of the flagship "Azov" was also the chief of staff of the squadron. In the Battle of Navarino on October 8, 1827, the Azov played a decisive role, fighting a significant part of the Turkish fleet alone until the lagging ships arrived and destroying several Egyptian ships, including the flagships. For the heroism shown in the battle, Lazarev was promoted to rear admiral and awarded orders on behalf of the English, French and Greek kings. "Azov" was the first to receive the stern St. George's flag.

A person learns to knit knots from childhood. Having learned to tie shoelaces, the child knits his first knot. Throughout life, it is difficult to even imagine in what situations knowledge in knitting knots can come in handy.

Self-tightening knot - what is it

Most types of knots and ways of knitting them came to modern world from the fleet, although in this area it is used infrequently due to its unreliability. The fact is that a self-tightening knot holds tightly only under a constant load; at the moment of weakening, it is quite capable of being untied. Despite this, there are areas for its application.

This is the simplest original knot and in general is one of the simplest types of noose. This knot reliably withstands a lot of weight and traction, proportional to the strength of the cable or other material from which it is made. But you need to be careful when using it, making sure that the load on the node does not weaken.

For better reliability, there are several variations of this node.

knot knitting

The methods of knitting this knot are among the simplest and fastest. All you need to create it is a rope with a running end and a support. Fishermen use a spool for this purpose.

The end of the rope is wrapped around the support, thus forming an open loop. At the end of the rope or fishing line, you need to form a loop. First make a winding around it behind the running end and wind up a closed loop. The running end of the loop must be made several turns and brought out through the main loop. Pull on it, the knot will tighten and, when loaded, will show all its power.

To improve the strength of the knot itself, when knitting, a self-tightening knot with half bayonets is used. It is performed no more complicated than the standard one. After completing the basic knitting technique, two half-bayonets are formed from the weight side. This type achieves the maximum effect when certain conditions are met:

• if it is not formed in the center;
• if the running end should be directed towards the intended load.

Where applicable

In all spheres of life, he will find his place. It is often used in mountaineering, in warehouses (they are used for hanging heavy objects). Fishermen use while knitting gear for fishing from the shore.

Shock-absorbing nodes are popular. They are formed on an additional rope, which is used to combine a spare attachment in case of destruction of the main one. There are also self-tightening knots for transporting goods or for various rescue operations. These include the braking unit, "belts" and mariner.

There are two types of fasteners - simple and complex, for different life situations. In the Navy, the original self-tightening knot is rarely used, giving preference to its variations.

Fastening

The mount is often popular with fishermen. Although experienced fishermen have suggested tying a self-tightening line knot without additional details, using them makes life much easier. The fastening helps to fix the loops during knitting, prevents the knot from abruptly unraveling, and simplifies the knitting process. On the shelves of fish stores, you can now see reels with a stopper for attaching the braid. Many anglers reel in the line held by the spool without any extra fasteners, but only those who have gotten their hands on it over many years of experience.

Kinds

In total, there are 18 types of self-tightening knots, but using one rope, only 4 types:

● Classic Prusik.

● Cross.

● With carabiner "arb".

● Bachmann knot (with carabiner).

The number of turns is unstable, if necessary, it can be increased.

It is necessary to single out one of the strongest knots - the constrictor knot. It takes its name from the zoological name of the boa constrictor, Boa constrictor, which defeats its prey by strangulation. This one with

Use of the knot by anglers

The self-tightening knot for the crown is actively used by fishermen. It is a structure made of a bar of cake with a weight. To tie such a tackle is quite simple.

To do this, you need a fishing line, a double leash and a sinker. A special sinker must be purchased at the store, otherwise the whole device may become unsuccessful. Most often, it looks like a horseshoe with a hole in the center of the product. The cake bar is tightened with a self-tightening knot and hung with hooks.

To decorate the gear, a fishing line is taken 4 mm in diameter and up to 50 cm in length. The fishing line is pushed through the hole into the sinkers to the middle, after which it is brought up. Insulation is put on it, and a loop is made. After that, a self-tightening knot is formed, on which the crown is attached. The insulation serves as a fastening for a long leash on the side of the free end of the fishing line, on which the swivel is attached, in order to protect the fishing line from twisting in the current. By securing the cake bar with hooks, you can consider that the task is completed. The blank is attached with a carabiner to the main line. The bait is ready to be cast. Getting into the water, it gradually gets wet, and the crumbling cake from the cake spreads in the reservoir, enticing the desired fish.

Nautical

Initially, a self-tightening rope knot was created by sailors to fasten sails and various items on deck. Reliable knots are the key to success, because the seas and oceans are so restless. During the heyday of navigation, there were more than 500 types of knots. Knitting sea knots is a whole science. But with the introduction of the steam engine, the need for sails disappeared, knots began to be used less. And the change in the composition of the materials of cables and ropes caused some knots to lose their effectiveness.

A self-tightening knot in maritime affairs was used to attach to cylindrical objects. It is simply called a noose, since the noose for the gallows was tied according to the same principle. In the absence of load or with variable traction, the running end slips out, dissolving the entire assembly. This was the reason for the refusal to use it. Therefore, the fleet began to use the constrictor knot and self-tightening with half bayonets. The peculiarity of its knitting is that the knot itself is placed with an offset, so that the running end is directed towards the load. Due to this, it will not slip out so quickly.

Advantages

The self-tightening knot gained its recognition primarily due to its ease of knitting and high efficiency. Despite the unreliability, it is often used, but in the case when you are sure of the presence of permanent weighting. When forming a node, no additional materials or devices are required. The main task with which he copes brilliantly is to withstand a load proportional to the density of the cable (rope, fishing line, cable) from which the knot is knitted.

In the presence of constant weighting, the knot is not able to untie on its own, only manually, which will also not cause trouble. It unties just as easily as it ties. This advantage was appreciated by fishermen and climbers, for whom every second is precious. This property makes this node a leader.

Even a child can learn to knit a noose, and proper use contributes to the maximum realization of the expected result - reliable retention of a large weight.