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ANCIENT GREEK POET. . In ancient times, storytellers lived in Greece who knew many legends about gods and heroes. They wandered around the country and at feasts they recited them in a chant, to the music of the lyre. The Greeks believed in the authenticity of legends that were passed on from one storyteller to another, from generation to generation. Homer was such a storyteller. The Greeks considered him the author of two poems - the Iliad and the Odyssey.

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"ILIADA". “Wrath, goddess, sing to Achilles, son of Peleus” - this is how the Iliad begins. Achilles was the son of King Peleus and the sea goddess Thetis. The events discussed in the Iliad took place over a period of 50 days at the end of the war, when it was already in its 10th year. The leader of the Greek army, Agamemnon, took away from Achilles his young captive, who belonged to him by the right of war. Angry with Agamemnon, Achilles left the army.

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HECTOR'S FAREWELL TO ANDROMACHE. Meanwhile, Priam's other son, Hector, was preparing to enter the battle. He bid a fond farewell to his wife Andromache and baby son. Hector knew. that he was destined to die, but he was faithful to duty. “I would be ashamed of the Trojans and the long-clothed Trojan women if I remained far away like a coward, avoiding battle,” he tells his wife.

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REVENGE OF ACHILLES. The news of his friend's death led Achilles to despair. Thetis heard his moans and cries. At her request, the blacksmith god Hephaestus forged new armor for her son. Achilles entered into battle with Hector and defeated him. The Achaean tied the body of the killed enemy to his chariot. Then he jumped onto the chariot, struck the horses, “and they flew.” Dust rose in a cloud over Hector’s body, “his black hair was disheveled, his whole head, so beautiful before, was beating in the dust.” Hector’s mother and father wept bitterly as they saw from the walls of Troy how the body of their beloved son was beating on the ground.

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PRIAM AT ACHILLES. Priam went to Achilles. “Falling at his feet,” he begged him to give his son’s body for ransom. Touched by the old man's fervent plea, Achilles agreed. The Iliad ends with a description of Hector's burial.

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"ODYSSEY". This poem tells about the return home after the capture of Troy of one of the Achaean heroes - the “cunning” Odysseus, king of the island of Ithaca. He wandered for a long time, experienced many misfortunes and terrible dangers.

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BETWEEN SCYLLA AND CHARYBDIS. Odysseus found himself in a strait between two rocks. On one lived a monster - Scylla, on the other - Charybdis. One of them devoured people, and the other devoured ships. Odysseus had to sacrifice six companions in order to save the ship. This is where the expression “being between Scylla and Charybdis” comes from. This is what they say when a person is threatened by two dangers and must choose the lesser of them.

Homer, the legendary ancient Greek poet and storyteller

Nothing is known for certain about the life and personality of Homer. It is clear, however, that the Iliad and Odyssey were created much later than the events described in them, but earlier than the 6th century BC. e., when their existence is reliably recorded. The chronological period in which modern science localizes the life of Homer is approximately the 8th century BC. e. According to Herodotus, Homer lived 400 years before him; other ancient sources say that he lived during the time of Troy.

Homer's Birthplace Homer's birthplace is unknown. Seven cities fought for the right to be called his homeland: Smyrna, Chios, Colophon, Salamis, Rhodes, Argos, Athens. As Herodotus and Pausanias report, Homer died on the island of Ios in the Cyclades archipelago. Probably, the Iliad and Odyssey were composed on the Asia Minor coast of Greece, inhabited by Ionian tribes, or on one of the adjacent islands. However, the Homeric dialect does not provide accurate information about the tribal affiliation of Homer, since it is a combination of the Ionian and Aeolian dialects of the ancient Greek language. There is an assumption that the Homeric dialect represents one of the forms of poetic Koine, which was formed long before the estimated time of Homer’s life.

Smyrna Chios Colophon Salamis

Rhodes Argos Athens

The historical basis of Homer's poems In the middle of the 19th century, the prevailing opinion in science was that the Iliad and Odyssey were unhistorical. However, Heinrich Schliemann's excavations at Hisarlik Hill and Mycenae showed that this was not true. Later, Hittite and Egyptian documents were discovered, which reveal certain parallels with the events of the legendary Trojan War. The decipherment of the Mycenaean syllabary script (Linear B) has provided a lot of information about life in the era when the Iliad and Odyssey took place, although no literary fragments in this script have been found. However, the data from Homer's poems relate in a complex way to the available archaeological and documentary sources and cannot be used uncritically: the data from the “oral theory” indicate the very large distortions that must arise with historical data in traditions of this kind.

Medieval illustration for the Iliad

Odyssey. Illustration.

Odyssey. Illustration.

"Sons of Homer" Starting from the 6th century. BC e. the so-called “sons of Homer” (rhapsodists) appeared - people who were legally granted the right to publicly recite Homer’s poems. As an introduction to such recitations, “Homeric hymns” were used, containing appeals to various gods.

Homer's Life

The timing of Homer's life is controversial. Ancient versions cover a period of several centuries. Ancient biographers believed that Homer was born on the Ionian coast of Asia Minor. 7 cities argued for the right to be considered the birthplace of Homer: Smyrna, Chios, Colophon, Pylos, Argos, Ithaca and Athens. The name Homer is not Greek. There are 2 translation options for this name - “blind” and “hostage”. The second option emphasized the non-Greek origin of the poet. Biographies indicate that Homer went blind, after which the muses inspired him to create poems.

Smyrna

Colophon

Chios

Salamis

Rhodes

Argos

Athens

Homer's poems

Homer wandered around Greece and took part in poetry competitions. According to most scientists, the poems “Iliad” and “Odyssey” were created by Homer in Ionia (Asia Minor) in the 8th century BC e.

The plot of the “Iliad” and “Odyssey” is taken from the Trojan cycle of tales about the campaign against Troy, the ten-year siege of the city, the victory over the Trojans and the return of the Greeks to their homeland.

“The Iliad” was written in the 9th-8th centuries. BC e. in Ionia and is dedicated to the events of the last year of the Trojan War. It glorifies the military events and exploits of the Achaean heroes - Achilles, Agamemnon, Menelaus, Hector, Diomedes, etc. The main character of the Iliad - Achilles - the son of the sea goddess Thetis and Peleus, king of the city of Phthia in Thessaly - performed many feats at Troy, but in the tenth year of the war he was killed by an arrow from Paris.

“The Odyssey” tells the story of the last adventures of one of the heroes of the Trojan War, the king of the island of Ithaca, Odysseus, returning from the walls of the destroyed Ilion to his native Ithaca. Unlike the Iliad, the Odyssey depicts mainly everyday scenes: household chores, household activities, family customs, rites of hospitality, etc. It was created somewhat later than the Iliad and contains about 12,100 verses.

The Iliad was translated into Russian by N. I. Gnedich in 1829, and the Odyssey by V. A. Zhukovsky in 1849.

Heroes of the Trojan War

Fact or fiction?

The Trojan War, according to the ancient Greeks, was one of the most significant events in their history. They did not doubt the historical reality of the Trojan War, that the ten-year siege of Troy was a historical fact, only embellished by the poet. Indeed, there is very little fiction in the poem. If you remove the scenes with the participation of the gods, the story will seem reliable. The historical science of modern times saw only legends and fairy tales in Greek myths. Historians of the 18th-19th centuries were convinced that there was no Greek campaign against Troy.

The only European who believed the epic was Heinrich Schliemann. In 1871, he began excavating the Hisarlik hill in the northwestern part of Asia Minor, identifying it as the location of ancient Troy. Luck awaited him: the hill hid the ruins of as many as 9 urban settlements, succeeding each other over the course of 20 centuries. Schliemann recognized the Troy described in the poem in one of the settlements. One of the discovered royal tombs contained the remains of Agamemnon and his companions; Agamemnon's face was covered with a golden mask. Heinrich Schliemann's discovery shocked the world community. There is no doubt that Homer's poem contains information about real heroes and events.

Revived Troy

Hissarlik Hill (Türkiye).

Idioms

One of the means of figurative and expressive literary speech is winged words. It is in Homer’s poems that this name appears many times (“He spoke a winged word”; “They exchanged winged words quietly among themselves”). Homer called words “winged” because from the mouth of the speaker they seem to fly to the ear of the listener. Over time, this expression began to denote short quotes, figurative expressions, sayings of historical figures, names of mythological and some literary heroes included in our speech from literary sources. Homer's poems also contain expressions that have become popular. Let's listen to the messages prepared by the guys and determine what meaning we now put into these expressions.

Achilles' heel

Trojan horse

Apple of discord

Achilles' heel

Achilles (Achilles) is the hero of Homer's epics, a great warrior who does not know defeat. He was a demigod. His mother is the sea nymph Thetis, who was forcibly married to the Myrmidon king Peleus. According to the legend on which Homer relies in his epic, Achilles was the seventh child in the family. His brothers died at the hands of a mother who dipped her babies in boiling water to see if they were immortal. Achilles was saved by his father. Having inherited powerful strength from his mother goddess, the son of a mere mortal remained vulnerable to all dangers. In order to save him from future adversity, Thetis plunges the baby into the streams of the Styx. The mother held her child by the heel and was not touched by the waters of the sacred river. Achilles took part in the campaign against Troy. No one could defeat the warrior, because everyone was aiming at his body, his head. Under his blows, the Amazon queen Penthesilea and the Ethiopian prince Memnon, who came to the aid of the Trojans, fell. But a poisoned arrow, fired by Paris, whose hand was guided by the angry Apollo, hit the hero in the heel - the only unprotected place, and he died. Since then, any flaw, flaw, or unprotected place has been called the “Achilles heel.” The myth haunted people's minds. Anatomists have preserved the memory of the hero by calling one of the connective tissues located above the heel bone the “Achilles tendon.” Every person has their own "Achilles' heel". Some admit this weakness openly, others hide it, but be that as it may, its presence once again confirms the expression “no people are perfect.”

Apple of discord

The myth of the bone of discord tells the story of the events that led to the Trojan War. The great Zeus wanted to marry the beautiful Thetis, the daughter of a titan. However, Prometheus predicted to him that the son born by her would overthrow his own father from the throne. Therefore, he gave it to the Thessalian prince Peleus. All the gods of Olympus were invited to the wedding. And only one Eris, the goddess of discord, was not invited, remembering her bad character. She figured out how to take revenge for the insult. She took a golden apple and wrote on it one single word: “To the most beautiful.” And then she threw it on the banquet table. The golden apple and the inscription on it were seen by three goddesses: Hera, Aphrodite and Athena. Each of them claimed that the apple was intended for her. The Thunder Goddess asked them to judge. However, Zeus decided to cheat. After all, Hera was his wife, Athena was his daughter, and Aphrodite was truly beautiful. Then he instructed Hermes to give the apple to Paris, the son of the king of Troy. The young man did not know that he was a prince, because he was raised by shepherds. It was on Paris that Zeus entrusted the responsibility to name one of the goddesses the most beautiful. Each tried to attract the young man to their side. Hera promised him power and might, control over Asia, Athena offered him military victories and wisdom. And only Aphrodite guessed Paris' secret desire. She said that she would help him get the love of the beautiful Helen, daughter of Zeus and Leda, wife of Atreus Menelaus, queen of Sparta. It was Aphrodite who gave Paris the apple. Hera and Athena hated him and swore to lime. Aphrodite kept her promise and helped him steal Helen. This became the reason for the start of the war. Menelaus decided to punish the Trojans and return his wife. As a result, Troy was destroyed. This is a myth, and the phrase “apple of discord” became popular thanks to the Roman historian Justin, who lived in the 2nd century.

Trojan horse

The siege of Troy dragged on for 10 long years. Even though the spear of Athena was stolen from Troy, it was impossible to take the city by storm. Then the cunning Odysseus came up with one of the most brilliant ideas. If it is impossible to enter the city by force, it is necessary to make sure that the Trojans themselves open the gates. Odysseus began to spend a lot of time in the company of the best carpenter, and eventually they came up with a plan. Having dismantled some of the boats, the Achaeans built a huge horse, hollow inside. It was decided that the best warriors would be placed in the belly of the horse, and the horse itself would be presented with a “surprise” as a gift to the Trojans. The rest of the army will pretend that they are returning to their homeland. No sooner said than done. The Trojans believed and brought the horse into the fortress. And at night, Odysseus and the rest of the heroes came out of it and burned the city. Therefore, it was with the light hand of Homer that the expression “Trojan horse” acquired the meaning of “a gift with a trick, something that, although it seems harmless, can destroy everyone and everything.”

Features of Homer's speech

All works of folk epic are large poems that tell about the great events of bygone times and in which extraordinary heroes act. Wanting to convey as expressively as possible the greatness and significance of the events and heroes being sung, Homer resorts to exaggeration, poeticizes everything that surrounds the heroes, and gives them a beautiful appearance. Homer's heroes are endowed with extraordinary strength; they are heroes; their deeds are beyond the power of ordinary people: for example, none of Penelope's mighty suitors can pull the bow of Odysseus. Designed for listeners, epic works contain many detailed descriptions that delay the development of action; these descriptions may be repeated many times. The ancient Greek poems of Homer, like works of Russian folklore, are full of constant epithets. Thus, Odysseus is called “cunning”, “long-suffering”; women – “fine-haired”, “blond”, “long-dressed”; ships - “Black” (tar), “red-sided”; sea ​​– “noisy”, “abundant with fish”, “gray-haired”, “crimson”, “foggy”...

“ Homer made gods out of people, and turned gods into people.”

Homer highly respects man, human reason, human activity. He seems to assert: the gods are immortal, but man has an immortal mind; the power of thought and skillful human hands is capable of resisting the omnipotence of the Olympian gods).

Slide 2

The meaning of the name “Homer” (it was first found in the 7th century BC, when Callinus of Ephesus called him the author of “Thebaid”) was tried to be explained back in antiquity; the variants “hostage” (Hesychius), “following” (Aristotle) ​​were proposed. or “blind” (Ephorus of Kim), “but all these options are as unconvincing as modern proposals to attribute to him the meaning of “compiler” or “accompanist”.<...>This word in its Ionian form Ομηρος is almost certainly a real personal name." The Unknown Life of Homer Homer's birthplace is unknown. Seven cities fought for the right to be called his homeland: Smyrna, Chios, Colophon, Salamis, Rhodes, Argos, Athens. As Herodotus and Pausanias report, Homer died on the island of Ios in the Cyclades archipelago. Probably, the Iliad and Odyssey were composed on the Asia Minor coast of Greece, inhabited by Ionian tribes, or on one of the adjacent islands. However, the Homeric dialect does not even provide accurate information about Homer’s tribal affiliation, since it is a combination of the Ionian and Aeolian dialects of the ancient Greek language. There is an assumption that the Homeric dialect represents one of the forms of poetic Koine, which was formed long before the estimated time of Homer’s life. Nothing is known for certain about the life and personality of Homer. It is clear, however, that the Iliad and Odyssey were created much later than the events described in them, but earlier than the 6th century BC. e., when their existence was reliably recorded. The chronological period in which modern science localizes the life of Homer is approximately the 8th century BC. e.

Slide 3

Traditionally, Homer is portrayed as blind. It is most likely that this idea does not come from the real facts of Homer’s life, but is a reconstruction typical of the genre of ancient biography. Since many outstanding legendary soothsayers and singers were blind (for example, Tiresias), according to ancient logic that connected the prophetic and poetic gifts, the assumption of Homer’s blindness looked very plausible. In addition, the singer Demodocus in the Odyssey is blind from birth, which could also be perceived as autobiographical. There is a legend about the poetic duel between Homer and Hesiod, described in the work “The Contest of Homer and Hesiod,” created no later than the 3rd century. BC e., and according to many researchers, much earlier. The poets allegedly met on the island of Euboea at games in honor of the deceased Amphidemus and each read their best poems. King Paned, who acted as a judge at the competition, awarded victory to Hesiod, since he calls for agriculture and peace, and not for war and massacres. However, the audience's sympathies were on Homer's side. In addition to the Iliad and the Odyssey, a number of works are attributed to Homer, undoubtedly created later: the “Homeric Hymns”, the comic poem “Margate”, etc.

Slide 4

Artistic features One of the most important compositional features of the Iliad is the “law of chronological incompatibility” formulated by Faddem Frantsevich Zelinsky. It is that “In Homer, the story never returns to its point of departure. It follows that parallel actions in Homer cannot be depicted; Homer’s poetic technique knows only the simple, linear, and not the double, square dimension.” Thus, sometimes parallel events are depicted as sequential, sometimes one of them is only mentioned or even suppressed. This explains some apparent contradictions in the text of the poem. Researchers note the coherence of the works, the consistent development of action and the integral images of the main characters. When comparing Homer's verbal art with the visual art of that era, one often talks about the geometric style of the poems. However, opposing opinions in the spirit of analyticism are also expressed about the unity of the composition of the Iliad and the Odyssey. Homer is characterized by compound epithets (“swift-footed,” “rose-fingered,” “thunderer”); the meaning of these and other epithets should be considered not situationally, but within the framework of the traditional formulaic system. Thus, the Achaeans are “lush-legged” even if they are not described as wearing armor, and Achilles is “swift-footed” even when resting. The style of both poems can be described as formulaic. In this case, a formula is not understood as a set of cliches, but as a system of flexible (changeable) expressions that are associated with a specific metric place in a line.

Slide 5

A crater on Mercury is named after Homer.

Homer is characterized by compound epithets (“swift-footed,” “rose-fingered,” “thunderer”); the meaning of these and other epithets should be considered not situationally, but within the framework of the traditional formulaic system. Thus, the Achaeans are “lush-legged” even if they are not described as wearing armor, and Achilles is “swift-footed” even when resting.

Slide 6

Human language is flexible; There are plenty of all kinds of speeches for him, the field for words both here and there is limitless.

Homer wonderfully confirms his own words.

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