Types of communication based on main content. Classification and types of communication, its importance in our lives

Types of communication. Communication is extremely diverse in its forms and types. Several classifications of communication can be noted.

Material (exchange of objects and products of activity);

Cognitive (knowledge sharing);

Conditioning (exchange of physiological and mental states);

Motivational (exchange of motivations, goals, interests, motives, needs);

Activity (exchange of actions, operations, abilities, skills).

By purpose:

Biological communication – necessary for the maintenance, preservation and development of the organism;
Social communication – pursues the goals of expanding and strengthening interpersonal contacts.

Affordable:

Direct (carried out using natural organs);
Indirect (use of special means and tools to organize communication and exchange of information);
Direct (personal contacts and direct perception of communicating people by each other in the very act of communication);
Indirect communication (communication through intermediaries).

Classification.

Business conversation - the content is what people are doing, and not the problems that affect their inner world.
Personal communication.
Instrumental. This is communication that serves some purpose other than obtaining satisfaction from the act of communication itself.
Verbal communication.
Non-verbal communication.

If we take as a basis level of interaction between individuals in the process of communication, the following will stand out:

Person-oriented (interpersonal);

Socially-oriented (the subject of this communication is, as it were, doubled: on the one hand, such communication is carried out by one person as an individual, and on the other, the subject of such communication is this or that group or society as a whole);

Subject-oriented communication (the subject is interaction).

Highlight direct and indirect communication. Direct communication is historically the first form, on the basis of which other types of communication arise in later periods of the development of civilization. This is a natural psychological contact between individuals in the presence of clear feedback (for example, conversation, game, etc.). Indirect communication is incomplete mental contact using any devices (for example, talking on the phone, correspondence, etc.).

There are also interpersonal, group and mass communication. Interpersonal communication – This is direct, more or less constant regular communication in small groups. The main condition for interpersonal communication is a certain knowledge of each other’s individual characteristics by the participants in communication, which is possible only on the basis of shared experience, empathy, and mutual understanding. Mass communication– these are multiple, usually fleeting direct contacts of people unfamiliar with each other (in a crowd, at work, etc.). Many authors identify mass communication with the concept of mass communication. Mass communication– a process close to indirect communication, when messages are addressed not to individuals, but to large social groups using the media.

E.I. Rogov identifies three main types of communication: imperative, manipulative And dialogical(Rogov E.I., 2002) . Imperative communication also called authoritarian or directive. It differs in that one of the partners seeks to subjugate the other, wants to control his behavior and thoughts, and forces him to take certain actions. At the same time, the communication partner is viewed as a machine that needs to be controlled, as a soulless object of action. The peculiarity of authoritarian influence is that the ultimate goal of communication - forcing a partner to do something - is not hidden.

Manipulative communication- similar to imperative. Its goal is to influence the communication partner, but here the achievement of one’s intentions is carried out hidden. The partner is perceived as a bearer of certain “needed” properties and qualities. Often, a person who has chosen this type of relationship with others as his main one ends up becoming its victim himself. Communicating with himself, he begins to evaluate himself as one of the chess pieces on the board, guided by false motives and goals, losing the core of his own life. As research shows, a manipulator is characterized by deceit and primitiveness of feelings, apathy towards life, a state of boredom, excessive self-control, cynicism, distrust of oneself and others. Highlight 4 main types of manipulative systems.

Active manipulator attempts to control others through active methods. As a rule, he uses his social position or rank: parent, teacher or boss. The philosophy of life is to dominate and dominate, at all costs.

Passive manipulator– the opposite of active. He pretends to be helpless and stupid, allowing those around him to think and work for him. Life philosophy is to never cause irritation.

Competitive manipulator perceives life as a constant tournament, an endless chain of wins and losses. He assigns himself the role of a vigilant fighter. For him, life is a constant battle, and people are rivals and even enemies, real or potential. Life philosophy is to win at any cost.

Indifferent manipulator plays at indifference, indifference. He tries to leave, to distance himself from contacts. His methods are either active or passive. Life philosophy is to reject caring.

The imperative and manipulative form of communication can be characterized as monologue communication. A person who views another as an object of his influence essentially communicates with himself, with his goals and objectives, without seeing the true interlocutor, ignoring him.

Dialogical communication opposes authoritarian and manipulative, as it is based on the equality of partners. Dialogical, or so-called humanistic, communication allows us to achieve deeper mutual understanding and self-disclosure of interlocutors. Dialogical communication occurs only if a number of rules of relationships are observed:

Psychological attitude towards the emotional state of the interlocutor and one’s own psychological state (following the “here and now” principle);

Complete trust in the partner’s intentions without assessing his personality (principle of trust);

Perception of the interlocutor as an equal, having the right to his own opinions and decisions (the principle of parity);

The focus of communication on common problems and unresolved issues (the principle of “problematization”);

Addressing your interlocutor on your own behalf (without reference to someone else’s opinion), expressing your true feelings and desires (the principle of personifying communication).

Cheat sheet on social psychology Cheldyshova Nadezhda Borisovna

32. Types of communication

Types of communication by means:

1) verbal communication - carried out through speech and is the prerogative of a person. It provides a person with wide communicative opportunities and is much richer than all types and forms of non-verbal communication, although in life it cannot completely replace it;

2) non-verbal communication occurs through facial expressions, gestures and pantomimes, through direct sensory or bodily contacts (tactile, visual, auditory, olfactory and other sensations and images received from another person). Nonverbal forms and means of communication are inherent not only to humans, but also to some animals (dogs, monkeys and dolphins). In most cases, nonverbal forms and means of human communication are innate. They allow people to interact with each other, achieving mutual understanding on emotional and behavioral levels. The most important nonverbal component of the communication process is the ability to listen.

Types of communication by purpose:

1) biological communication is associated with the satisfaction of basic organic needs and is necessary for the maintenance, preservation and development of the organism;

2) social communication is aimed at expanding and strengthening interpersonal contacts, establishing and developing interpersonal relationships, and personal growth of the individual.

Types of communication by content:

1) material – exchange of objects and products of activity, which serve as a means of satisfying their current needs;

2) cognitive – transfer of information that expands horizons, improves and develops abilities;

3) conditional - exchange of mental or physiological states, influencing each other, designed to bring a person into a certain physical or mental state;

4) activity-based – exchange of actions, operations, abilities, skills;

5) motivational communication consists of transferring to each other certain motivations, attitudes or readiness to act in a certain direction.

By indirectness:

1) direct communication - occurs with the help of natural organs given to a living being by nature: hands, head, torso, vocal cords, etc.;

2) mediated communication - associated with the use of special means and tools for organizing communication and exchange of information (natural (a stick, a thrown stone, a footprint on the ground, etc.) or cultural objects (sign systems, recording symbols on various media, printing, radio, television, etc.);

3) direct communication is built on the basis of personal contacts and direct perception of each other by communicating people in the very act of communication (for example, bodily contacts, conversations between people, etc.);

4) indirect communication occurs through intermediaries, which can be other people (for example, negotiations between conflicting parties at the interstate, interethnic, group, family levels).

Other types of communication:

1) business communication – communication, the purpose of which is to achieve any clear agreement or agreement;

2) educational communication – involves the purposeful influence of one participant on another with a fairly clear idea of the desired result;

3) diagnostic communication - communication, the purpose of which is to formulate a certain idea about the interlocutor or obtain any information from him (this is the communication between a doctor and a patient, etc.);

4) intimate and personal communication is possible when partners are interested in establishing and maintaining trusting and deep contact, occurs between close people and is largely the result of previous relationships.

This text is an introductory fragment.

Concept and definition of communication

Three sides of communication

Types of communication

Verbal and non-verbal communication

Types of communication depending on its purpose

Bibliography

1. Concept and definition of communication

Communication is a complex process of interaction between people, consisting of the exchange of information, as well as the perception and understanding of each other by partners.

Another definition is to understand communication as the process of establishing and developing contacts between people, generated by the need for joint activity and including:

Information exchange;

Development of a unified interaction strategy;

People's perception and understanding of each other.

The process of communication consists directly of the very act of communication, communication , in which the communicants themselves participate, communicating . Moreover, in the normal case there should be at least two.

Communicators must perform the action itself, which we call communication , those. do something (speak, gesture, allow a certain expression to be “read” from their faces, indicating, for example, the emotions experienced in connection with what is being communicated).

In this case, it is necessary to determine in each specific communicative act link. When talking on the phone, such a channel is the organs of speech and hearing; in this case, they speak of an audio-verbal (auditory-verbal) channel. The form and content of the letter are perceived through the visual (visual-verbal) channel. A handshake is a way of conveying a friendly greeting through the kinesthetic-tactile (motor-tactile) channel. If we learn from the suit that our interlocutor, say, is Uzbek, then the message about his nationality came to us through the visual channel (visual), but not through the visual-verbal channel, since no one communicated anything verbally (verbally).

In principle, communication is characteristic of any living beings, but only at the human level the process of communication becomes conscious, connected by verbal and non-verbal acts.

The purpose of communication answers the question “For what purpose does a creature enter into an act of communication?” For a person, these goals can be very, very diverse and represent a means of satisfying social, cultural, creative, cognitive, aesthetic and many other needs.

Means of communication are methods of encoding, transmitting, processing and decoding information that is transmitted in the process of communication from one being to another. Encoding information is a way of transmitting it. Information between people can be transmitted using the senses, speech and other sign systems, writing, technical means of recording and storing information.

Three sides of communication

Usually there are three sides of communication:

Communicative - information exchange:

A common language of communication;

A common understanding of the communication situation.

3. Perceptual – creating a psychological portrait of a partner at the level of perception.

During an act of communication, there is not just a movement of information, but a mutual transfer of encoded information between the subjects of communication.

Therefore, information exchange takes place. But people do not just exchange meanings, they strive to develop a common meaning. And this is only possible if the information is not only accepted, but also comprehended.

Communicative interaction is possible only when the person sending information (communicator) and the person receiving it (recipient) have a similar system of codification and decodification of information.

2. Interactive – development of a unified interaction strategy (cooperation or competition);

The interactive side of communication is a characteristic of those components of communication that are associated with the interaction of people, with the direct organization of their joint activities.

There are two types of interactions - cooperation and competition. Cooperative interaction means Coordination of forces of participants. Cooperation is a necessary element of joint activity and is generated by its very nature. Competition means opposition. One of its most striking forms is conflict.

3. Perceptual – creation of a psychological portrait of a partner at the level of perception.

All three aspects of communication are closely intertwined, organically complement each other and constitute the communication process as a whole.

Types of communication

Depending on the content, goals and means of R.S. Nemov identifies the following types of communication:

Material (exchange of objects and products of activity)

Cognitive (knowledge sharing)

Conditional (exchange of mental or physiological states)

Motivational (exchange of motivations, goals, interests, motives, needs)

Activity (exchange of actions, operations, abilities, skills)

2. According to goals, communication is divided into:

Biological (necessary for the maintenance, preservation and development of the body)

Social (pursues the goals of expanding and strengthening interpersonal contacts, establishing and developing interpersonal relationships, personal growth of the individual)

3. By means of communication can be:

Direct (Carried out with the help of natural organs given to a living being - arms, head, torso, vocal cords, etc.)

Indirect (associated with the use of special means and tools)

Direct (involves personal contacts and direct perception of communicating people by each other in the very act of communication)

Indirect (carried out through intermediaries, who may be other people).

In addition, the following types of communication are distinguished:

Depending on the purpose:

Business communication (the goal is to develop a specific strategy);

Personal (focused on the image);

Congitive (obtaining information(

Factual (empty, leading nowhere)

Depending on the strategies:

1. open - closed communication - the desire and ability to fully express one’s point of view and the willingness to take into account the positions of others. Closed communication is the reluctance or inability to clearly express one’s point of view, one’s attitude, or available information. The use of closed communications is justified in the following cases:

1. if there is a significant difference in the degree of subject competence and it is pointless to waste time and effort on raising the competence of the “low side”;

2. in conflict situations, revealing one’s feelings and plans to the enemy is inappropriate. Open communications are effective if there is comparability, but not identity of subject positions (exchange of opinions, plans). “One-sided inquiry” is semi-closed communication in which a person tries to find out the position of another person and at the same time does not reveal his own position. “Hysterical presentation of a problem” - a person openly expresses his feelings, problems, circumstances, without being interested in whether the other person wants to “enter into other people’s circumstances” or listen to “outpourings”.

2. monologue - dialogic;

3. role (based on the social role) - personal (heart-to-heart communication").

4. Verbal and non-verbal communication

Depending on the means of communication, there are:

Verbal

Nonverbal.

Verbal communication includes :

The meaning and meaning of words and phrases (“A person’s intelligence is manifested in the clarity of his speech”). The accuracy of the use of the word, its expressiveness and accessibility, the correct construction of the phrase and its intelligibility, the correct pronunciation of sounds and words, the expressiveness and meaning of intonation play an important role.

Speech sound phenomena: speech rate (fast, medium, slow), voice pitch modulation (smooth, sharp), voice pitch (high, low), rhythm (uniform, intermittent), timbre (rolling, hoarse, creaky), intonation, diction speech. Observations show that the most attractive in communication is a smooth, calm, measured manner of speech.

Nonverbal communication consists of the following systems:

Optical-kinetic systems (facial expressions, gestures, posture, eye access signals, changes in skin color, etc.);

Facial expressions - the movement of facial muscles, reflecting the internal emotional state - can provide true information about what a person is experiencing. Facial expressions carry more than 70% of the information, i.e. a person's eyes, gaze, face can say more than spoken words, so it has been observed that a person tries to hide his information (or lies) if his eyes meet the eyes of his partner for less than 1/3 of the conversation time.

By its specificity, the gaze can be: businesslike, when it is fixed in the area of the interlocutor’s forehead, this implies the creation of a serious atmosphere of business partnership; secular when the gaze drops below the level of the interlocutor’s eyes (to the level of the lips), this helps create an atmosphere of secular, relaxed communication; intimate, when the gaze is directed not into the eyes of the interlocutor, but below the face to other parts of the body to chest level. Experts say that this view indicates a greater interest in each other’s communication; a sideways glance indicates a critical or suspicious attitude towards the interlocutor.

Forehead, eyebrows, eyes, nose, chin, these parts of the face express basic human emotions: suffering, anger, joy, surprise, fear, disgust, happiness, interest. sadness, etc. Moreover, positive emotions are most easily recognized: joy, love, surprise; Negative emotions like sadness, anger, and disgust are more difficult for a person to perceive. It is important to note that the main cognitive load in the situation of recognizing a person’s true feelings is borne by eyebrows and lips.

Gestures when communicating carry a lot of information; In sign language, as in speech, there are words and sentences. The rich “alphabet” of gestures can be divided into several groups:

1. Gestures illustrators- these are message gestures: pointers (“pointing finger”), pictographs, i.e. figurative paintings ("this size and configuration"); body movement kinetographs; "beat" gestures ("signal" gestures); ideographs, i.e., peculiar hand movements connecting imaginary objects.

2. Gestures - regulators- these are gestures that express the speaker’s attitude towards something. These include a smile, a nod, the direction of gaze, purposeful movements of the hands.

3. Logo Gestures These are original substitutes for words or phrases in communication. For example, clenched hands in the manner of a handshake at arm level mean in many cases “hello”, and raised above the head “goodbye”.

4. Gesture adapters These are specific human habits associated with hand movements. It can be:

a) scratching, twitching of individual parts of the body;

b) touching, spanking a partner;

c) stroking, fingering individual objects at hand (pencil, button, etc.).

System of organizing time and space (distance between interlocutors, presence of objects between communicating, keeping time, etc.)

The following distance zones in human contact are distinguished:

intimate area(15 45 cm) only close, well-known people are allowed into this zone; This zone is characterized by trust, a quiet voice in communication, tactile contact, and touch. Research shows that violation of the intimate zone entails certain physiological changes in the body: increased heart rate, increased secretion of adrenaline, a rush of blood to the head, etc. Premature invasion of the intimate zone during communication is always perceived by the interlocutor as an attack on his integrity;

personal or personal zone(45-120 cm) for a casual conversation with friends and colleagues involves only visual contact between partners maintaining a conversation;

social zone(120-400 cm) is usually observed during official meetings in offices, usually with those who are not well known;

public area(over 400 cm) implies communication with a large group of people in a lecture hall, at a rally, etc.

Paraextralinguistic system (near-supraverbal) includes pauses, sound reactions, changes in intonation, changes in timbre, etc.

5. Types of communication depending on its purpose

Communication as interaction presupposes that people establish contact with each other, exchange certain information in order to build joint activities and cooperation. When characterizing the psychological goals of communication, some authors identify the following types of communication:

1. "Contact of masks"- formal communication, when there is no desire to understand and take into account the personality characteristics of the interlocutor, the usual masks are used (politeness, severity, indifference, modesty, compassion, etc.) a set of facial expressions, gestures, standard phrases that allow one to hide true emotions and attitude towards the interlocutor . In standard non-binding communication, the contact of masks is sometimes even necessary so that people “do not touch” each other unnecessarily, in order to “distance themselves from the interlocutor”

2. Primitive communication when they evaluate another person as a necessary or interfering object: if necessary, they actively come into contact, if it interferes, they will push away or follow with aggressive, rude remarks. If they get what they want from their interlocutor, they lose interest in him and do not hide it.

3. Formal role communication, when both the content and means of communication are regulated and instead of knowing the personality of the interlocutor, they make do with knowledge of his social role.

4. Business conversation, when the personality, character, age, and mood of the interlocutor are taken into account, but the interests of the matter are more significant than possible personal differences. Business communication is guided by the following principles:

1. the principle of cooperation: “your contribution should be such as is required by the jointly accepted direction of the conversation”;

2. the principle of sufficiency of information “say no more and no less than is required at the moment”;

3. the principle of information quality “don’t lie”;

4. the principle of expediency “don’t deviate from the topic, manage to find a solution”;

5. “express your thoughts clearly and convincingly for your interlocutor”;

6. “be able to listen and understand the desired thought”;

7. “be able to take into account the individual characteristics of your interlocutor for the sake of the interests of the matter.”

5. Spiritual. Interpersonal communication friends, when you can touch on any topic and don’t have to resort to words; a friend will understand you by facial expression, movements, and intonation. Such communication is possible when each participant has an image of the interlocutor, knows his personality, interests, beliefs, attitudes, and can anticipate his reactions.

6. Manipulative communication is aimed at extracting benefits from the interlocutor using various techniques (flattery, intimidation, “showing off”, deception, demonstration of kindness) depending on the personality characteristics of the interlocutor.

7. Social communication. The essence of secular communication is its pointlessness, that is, people say not what they think, but what is supposed to be said in such cases; this communication is closed, because people’s points of view on this or that issue do not matter and do not determine the nature of communications. Basic rules of social interaction include:

1. politeness, tact: “respect the interests of the other”;

2. approval, agreement: “do not blame the other”; , "avoid objections";

3. sympathy: “be friendly, friendly.”

If one interlocutor is guided by the principle of politeness (from the field of social communication), and the other by the principle of cooperation (from the field of business communication), they can end up in ridiculous, ineffective communication. Therefore, the rules of communication must be agreed upon and observed by both participants in the communication.

Bibliography

Andreeva G.M. Social Psychology. – M., Aspect Press, 2006., strategy of interpersonal communication. In this case he... . Finding your own style communication. This view work is preceded by tasks on..., competent in communication and predetermines their future successes in those types activities, execution...

Kinds etiquette and their features
Abstract >> Ethics
1996. 8. Krizhanskaya Yu. S., Tretyakov V. P. Grammar communication. – L., 1990. 9. Wolf I. Jeans or... species etiquette - everyday, business and military - knowledge of the intricacies of diplomatic and court communication... For communication people have their external view, skill...
Communication as an exchange of information. Communication side communication
Abstract >> Management
... communication. When they talk about communication in the narrow sense of the word, they first of all have mind... process. In this sense, the sign in communication like a tool in work. Communicative influence... of the system, but also the same understanding of the situation communication. And this is only possible if...

Communication as a socio-psychological phenomenon is contact between people, which is carried out through language and speech, and has different forms of manifestation. Language is a system of verbal signs, a means by which communication between people is carried out. The use of language for the purpose of communicating between people is called speech. Depending on the characteristics of communication, various types are distinguished (Scheme 3).

Scheme 3. Types of communication

Based on contact with the interlocutor, communication can be direct or indirect.

Direct communication (direct)- this is natural communication when the subjects of interaction are nearby and communicate through speech, facial expressions and gestures. This type of communication is the most complete, because in the process individuals receive maximum information about each other.

Indirect (indirect) communication carried out in situations where individuals are separated from each other by time or distance. For example, talking on the phone, correspondence. Indirect communication is incomplete psychological contact when feedback is difficult.

Communication can be interpersonal or mass. Mass communication represents multiple contacts of strangers, as well as communication mediated by various types of media. It can be direct and indirect. Direct mass communication observed at rallies, meetings, demonstrations, in all large social groups: crowd, public, audience. Mediated mass communication has a one-sided character and is associated with mass culture and the means of mass communication.

According to the criterion of equality of partners in interpersonal communication(Diagram 4) there are two types: dialogical and monological.

Scheme 4. Types of Interpersonal Communication

Dialogical communication- equal subject-subject interaction, with the goal of mutual knowledge, the desire to realize the goals of each partner.

Monologue communication is implemented when the partners have unequal positions and represents a subject-object relationship. It can be imperative and manipulative. Imperative communication- an authoritarian, directive form of interaction with a partner in order to achieve control over his behavior, attitudes, thoughts and coercion to certain actions or decisions. Moreover, this goal is not veiled. Manipulative communication- a form of interpersonal communication in which influence on a communication partner is carried out covertly in order to achieve one’s intentions.

There are two types of communications - role and personal. IN role communication people act based on their status. For example, role-playing communication will be between a teacher and students, a shop manager and workers, etc. Role communication is regulated by the rules accepted in society and the specifics of treatment. Personal communication depends on the individual characteristics of people and the relationships between them.

Communication can be short-term or long-term V

depending on the goals, content of the activity, individual characteristics of the interlocutors, their likes, dislikes, etc.

Information exchange can occur through verbal and non-verbal interaction. Verbal communication occurs through speech, nonverbal- using paralinguistic means of transmitting information (speech volume, voice timbre, gestures, facial expressions, postures).

Communication takes place at different levels. Levels of communication are determined by the general culture of the interacting objects, their individual and personal characteristics, characteristics of the situation, social control, value orientations of the communicators, and their attitude towards each other (Diagram 5).

Scheme 5. Levels of communication

The most primitive level of communication is phatic(from Latin fatuus - stupid). It involves a simple exchange of remarks to maintain a conversation, and has no deep meaning. Such communication is necessary in standardized conditions or is determined by etiquette norms.

Informational The level of communication involves the exchange of new information that is interesting to the interlocutors, which is a source of emotional, mental, and behavioral activity of a person.

Personal the level of communication characterizes such interaction in which subjects are capable of deep self-disclosure and comprehension of the essence of another person, themselves and the world around them. It is built on a positive attitude towards yourself, other people and the world around you in general. This is the highest spiritual level of communication.

1. Concept and definition of communication

2. Three sides of communication

3. Types of communication

4. Verbal and non-verbal communication

5. Types of communication depending on its purpose

Bibliography

1. Concept and definition of communication

Communication is a complex process of interaction between people, consisting of the exchange of information, as well as the perception and understanding of each other by partners.

Another definition is to understand communication as the process of establishing and developing contacts between people, generated by the need for joint activity and including:

· Information exchange;

· Development of a unified interaction strategy;

· People's perception and understanding of each other.

In this case, it is necessary to determine the communication channel in each specific communication act. When talking on the phone, such a channel is the organs of speech and hearing; in this case, they speak of an audio-verbal (auditory-verbal) channel. The form and content of the letter are perceived through the visual (visual-verbal) channel. A handshake is a way of conveying a friendly greeting through the kinesthetic-tactile (motor-tactile) channel. If we learn from the suit that our interlocutor, say, is Uzbek, then the message about his nationality came to us through the visual channel (visual), but not through the visual-verbal channel, since no one communicated anything verbally (verbally).

In principle, communication is characteristic of any living beings, but only at the human level the process of communication becomes conscious, connected by verbal and non-verbal acts.

2. Three sides of communication

Usually there are three sides of communication:

1. Communicative - information exchange:

A common language of communication;

A common understanding of the communication situation.

3. Perceptual – creating a psychological portrait of a partner at the level of perception.

During an act of communication, there is not just a movement of information, but a mutual transfer of encoded information between the subjects of communication.

2. Interactive – development of a unified interaction strategy (cooperation or competition);

3. Perceptual – creation of a psychological portrait of a partner at the level of perception.

All three aspects of communication are closely intertwined, organically complement each other and constitute the communication process as a whole.

3. Types of communication

Depending on the content, goals and means of R.S. Nemov identifies the following types of communication:

Material (exchange of objects and products of activity)

Cognitive (knowledge sharing)

Conditional (exchange of mental or physiological states)

Motivational (exchange of motivations, goals, interests, motives, needs)

Activity (exchange of actions, operations, abilities, skills)

2. According to goals, communication is divided into:

o Biological (necessary for the maintenance, preservation and development of the organism)

o Social (pursues the goals of expanding and strengthening interpersonal contacts, establishing and developing interpersonal relationships, personal growth of the individual)

3. By means of communication can be:

o Direct (Carried out with the help of natural organs given to a living being - arms, head, torso, vocal cords, etc.)

o Indirect (associated with the use of special means and tools)

o Direct (involves personal contacts and direct perception of communicating people by each other in the very act of communication)

o Indirect (carried out through intermediaries, who may be other people).

In addition, the following types of communication are distinguished:

Depending on the purpose:

o Business communication (the goal is to develop a specific strategy);

o Personal (focused on the image);

o Congitive (obtaining information(

o Factual (empty, leading nowhere)

Depending on the strategies:

1. if there is a significant difference in the degree of subject competence and it is pointless to waste time and effort on raising the competence of the “low side”;

2. monologue - dialogic;

3. role (based on the social role) - personal (heart-to-heart communication").

4. Verbal and non-verbal communication

Depending on the means of communication, there are:

Verbal

Nonverbal.

Verbal communication includes :

o The meaning and meaning of words, phrases (“A person’s intelligence is manifested in the clarity of his speech”). The accuracy of the use of the word, its expressiveness and accessibility, the correct construction of the phrase and its intelligibility, the correct pronunciation of sounds and words, the expressiveness and meaning of intonation play an important role.

o Speech sound phenomena: speech rate (fast, medium, slow), voice pitch modulation (smooth, sharp), voice pitch (high, low), rhythm (uniform, intermittent), timbre (rolling, hoarse, creaky), intonation, diction of speech. Observations show that the most attractive in communication is a smooth, calm, measured manner of speech.

Nonverbal communication consists of the following systems:

Optical-kinetic systems (facial expressions, gestures, posture, eye access signals, changes in skin color, etc.);

Types of communication based on main content. Classification and types of communication, its importance in our lives

32. Types of communication

Kinds etiquette and their features

Communication as an exchange of information. Communication side communication

Types of communication based on main content. Classification and types of communication, its importance in our lives

32. Types of communication

Kinds etiquette and their features

Communication as an exchange of information. Communication side communication

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