The synthetic drug industry produces several hundred different drugs, which can be grouped into six groups:

1. Inorganic medicinal substances (preparations of bromine, iodine, potassium permanganate).

2. Medicinal compounds of the aliphatic series (alcohols, ethers, aldehydes, aldehyde acids, carboxylic acids, aliphatic amines, amino acids, etc.).

3. Medicinal compounds of the alicyclic series (terpenoids, vitamins A, K, P, E, D, hormones, blood plasma substitutes).

4. Aromatic medicinal compounds (phenols and their derivatives, aromatic carboxylic acids and their derivatives, sulfanilamide preparations, derivatives of aromatic sulfonic acids).

5. Organoelement medicinal substances (organic compounds of arsenic, antimony, bismuth, mercury, phosphorus, radiopaque agents).

6. Medicinal compounds of the heterocyclic series (derivatives of five- and six-membered heterocycles with one or two heteroatoms).

The raw materials for synthetic medicines are the products of the distillation of coal, oil and other substances, the number of which is many hundreds of items. These are a variety of organic and inorganic chemicals that are in liquid, solid and gaseous states. From them, through complex technological processing, organic semi-products are obtained, which are predominantly aromatic, less often heterocyclic and aliphatic compounds, mainly various aromatic amines and nitro compounds, phenols and naphthols, their sulfonic acids and halogenated.

Another reason for unfavorable working conditions may be violations of the tightness of operating devices and communications, insufficient availability of hermetic equipment and closed equipment. The use in the synthesis of various complex chemical reactions occurring with the release of toxic vapors and gases requires good tightness of reactors and other equipment. Particularly vulnerable areas are stuffing box seals on apparatus with agitators, butt joints and couplings on communications. It is in these places, especially when working on devices operating under pressure, that emergency breakthroughs of gases and liquids can occur. With open drains of products during reloading from the apparatus to the apparatus, as well as into containers, onto filters, etc., evaporation surfaces increase sharply, which is especially unfavorable when working with volatile products that easily emit vapors and gases.

The reasons for the occurrence of harmful factors also include cases of violation of the technological mode of operation of the apparatus (non-compliance with the required temperature and pressure, untimely release of vapors and gases formed through the air valves, overheating of the reaction mass, etc.), which most often occur due to insufficient use of automatic control over the course of the technological process.

Finally, disruptions in operation and insufficient efficiency of ventilation systems can play a significant role in creating an unfavorable sanitary working environment at chemical-pharmaceutical plants. Insufficient supervision of ventilation units leads to a significant reduction in their performance, and therefore they can no longer perform their task.

The decrease in the efficiency of ventilation is most often manifested with an increase in production capacity. In this case, there is both an increase in the amount of processed substances per apparatus, and an increase in the number of apparatuses in the same production area. As a result, there is an additional to the usual intake of harmful impurities into the air, for the removal of which the ventilation unit was not calculated.

The general basis for the improvement of working conditions at all enterprises for the production and production of chemical-pharmaceuticals and antibiotics is the elimination of the above causes of unfavorable working conditions. However, any plant from all the indicated groups of enterprises of the chemical-pharmaceutical industry has its own characteristics that require a number of other measures of a more private nature.

The main production factors that determine working conditions in the industrial production of medicines include harmful chemicals, dust, unfavorable microclimate, noise, vibration, forced body position, stress of individual organs.

The most significant adverse factors of the working environment are harmful chemicals of organic and inorganic nature. They can be in the form of aerosols, vapors or gases and pollute the air of the working area, clothes and skin of workers at all stages of the technological process.

Industrial air pollution toxic chemicals occurs due to imperfection and leakage of equipment, disruption of the course and discontinuity of technological processes, manual performance of many works, overflow of apparatus during loading, pressure drops in reactors and communication networks, emergency situations.

The main source of excretion dust is the transportation of raw materials from storage rooms to production workshops, as well as its crushing, grinding, screening, loading. Severe air pollution with dust occurs during tableting, drageeing, drying, grinding, screening, packaging and packaging of medicines.

Bad influence heating microclimate for those working in the biochemical and pharmaceutical industry, it is noted in drying departments, near crystallizers and hydrolyzers with insufficient thermal insulation of apparatuses and communication heating networks. In some cases, the heating microclimate exacerbates the effect of the chemical factor.

Industrial noise and vibration in the industrial production of drugs, they are usually created during the operation of compressors, vacuum filters, drum dryers, centrifuges, crushers, vibrating screens, pumps and can exceed the permissible level by 5-25 dB. In engine rooms, high-frequency noise exceeds the permissible level by 25-35 dB on average.

Forced position of the body and strain of vision, arms, torso most often occur in the labeling, packaging and packaging of drugs.

Workers in synthetic industries producing bromine, iodine, potassium permanganate, alcohols, aldehydes, carboxylic acids, aliphatic amines, amino acids, vitamins A, K, P, E, D, hormones, blood plasma substitutes, organic compounds of arsenic, antimony, bismuth, mercury, phosphorus and other drugs are exposed to vapors and aerosols of toxic substances of the 1st hazard class. Nitrogen oxides, ammonia, vapors of organic solvents, dust of medicines can enter the air of the working area.

Biotechnological production produces a large number of antibiotics, hormones, immunoglobulins and other drugs. Dust of the components of the nutrient medium, culture liquid, antibiotics, vapors of acids, alkalis and organic solvents have a harmful effect on workers. In addition, workers in the preparation, drying and fermentation departments may be exposed to heating microclimates, including radiant heat.

The toxic effect of antibiotics on the body is manifested by skin itching, headache, pain in the eyes and can lead to allergic reactions, hearing loss, damage to the liver, kidneys, cardiovascular, circulatory and nervous systems. Under the influence of antibiotics, dysbacteriosis, candidomycosis, and an immunosuppressive state can develop.

In the production of galenic and novogalenic preparations, when crushing fresh medicinal plants, juice droplets and small particles can enter the respiratory system, on the skin and have an irritating and allergic effect. Personnel may be exposed to dichloroethane fumes.

ether, alcohols and other extrageites. dust of medicinal plants, heating microclimate, increased noise level.

For those working in the production of sterile medicines, occupational hazards are carbon oxide (II), a heating microclimate with a temperature of up to 28 ° C, organic solvents, medicinal substances, glass dust.

Strict hygienic requirements are imposed on the manufacture of sterile dosage forms. All techno! Physical processes are carried out in rooms, which, depending on the purity of the air, are divided into four classes. The cleanest rooms are class A, which are designed for mixing ingredients, unloading and filling sterile ampoules and capping vials. In class B rooms, preparation of solutions, filtration, washing, drying and sterilization of ampoules and vials is carried out, class C - washing and sterilization of auxiliary materials, class D - washing of the dart, dressing of ampoules and other less critical stages of aseptic production.

In rooms of class A cleanliness before work, the content of 10 mechanical particles / dm "with a size of 0.5 microns is allowed, there should be no microorganisms in the air. In rooms of class B cleanliness, no more than 375 and 50 are allowed, class C cleanliness - 3575 and 100 mechanical particles / dm 3 and microbial cells/m ", respectively. In class D rooms, the content of particles and cells is not standardized.

The personnel of sterile zones must carefully comply with the requirements of industrial sanitation, observe the rules of personal hygiene. In clean areas, it is not allowed to change clothes and wash workers, wear watches, jewelry, use cosmetics.

Strict hygienic requirements are imposed on overalls for workers in clean areas. It must be dust-tight, dust-retaining, breathable, hygroscopic, resistant to physical and chemical processing. Clothing should not emit pile and fibers, create static electricity. These requirements are met by a fabric made of lavsan with cotton. Clean sterile overalls, masks and gloves must be provided to every worker in a class A or B area for each shift.

In the production of tablets, the main occupational hazard is the dust of various medicinal and excipients. A feature of tablet production is the presence of mixed dust in the air of the working area, which affects the human body with the effects of amplification and summation.

The heating microclimate and intense noise from tablet machines also have an adverse effect on workers.

The main occupational hazards in the manufacture of dragees are a heating microclimate with an increase in temperature up to 30 ° C, intense noise from running motors and mixing medicinal substances, and medicinal dust.

At the enterprises of the biochemical and pharmaceutical industry, almost at all stages of the technological process of manufacturing drugs, there is a forced working posture, eye strain and hand muscles.

Improvement of working conditions at the enterprises of the biochemical and pharmaceutical industry is of a complex nature and is aimed at maintaining the health of workers and preventing occupational diseases and poisoning.

A large role in improving the conditions of the pile belongs to labor legislation, the development of maximum permissible concentrations and maximum permissible levels of industrial hazards for the working area.

In accordance with RD 64-125-91 "Rules for the organization of production and quality control of medicines (GMP)", SanPiN 9-108 RB 98 "Sanitary rules and regulations for enterprises producing medicines", toxic substances in the formulation are replaced with less harmful ; intermittent operations to continuous ones; transfer of open processes to closed ones; high pressure to low pressure. Equipment is being improved at enterprises, production is being automated and mechanized, and remote software control is being introduced.

In particular, in the production of synthetic drugs, mechanized and closed vacuum filters, self-emptying bottom-dumping centrifuges, drum vacuum filters and automatic filter presses, continuous rake, spray and drum dryers are used. Reactors and mixers are equipped with samplers, eliminating the need to open hatches. The supply of solutions of toxic substances in an open way is not allowed.

In biotechnological production, fermenters must be sealed, and operations for loading, unloading and transporting materials must be mechanized and automated.

In the production of drugs in ampoules, it is advisable to control the technological process using optical devices. Cleaning of the outer surface of the ampoules and vials after their capping before transfer to view is carried out in a mechanized way. Extraction of defective products from ampoules and vials is also mechanized and taken out to separate rooms.

In the tablet and coating shops, all loading processes. unloading and transportation of bulk materials must be mechanized, devices and communications must be sealed and thermally insulated. All noisy and vibrating mechanisms are equipped with anti-noise and vibration damping devices, remote control and placed on isolated foundations.

The enterprises provide for the necessary production and sanitary premises, arrange rational lighting, ventilation, heating and water supply. In particular, to protect workers from poisoning by toxic substances, suction filters are equipped with an exhaust hood with lowered shutters, and sampling taps are placed in a fume hood. In the workshops for the production of galenic and novogalenic preparations, local exhaust ventilation is arranged at crushers, vibrating screens, places for loading and unloading materials.

The tablet shop should be equipped with general-exchange supply and exhaust ventilation, and in addition to it, local exhaust from mixers, granulators, dusters, dryers, tablet machines. In the coating shop, obductors are arranged with side suctions. Places for draining semi-finished products and finished products into portable containers should be equipped with stationary or mobile local suctions.

An important role in the rehabilitation of workers belongs to preliminary and periodic medical examinations, dispensary observation, examination and treatment in a clinic, sanatorium or dispensary, the organization of preventive nutrition, etc.

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HYGIENELABOR

IN CHEMICAL-PHARMACEUTICAL

INDUSTRY

The chemical and pharmaceutical industry is one of the leading branches of the national economy. It includes a complex of productions, in which, along with chemical methods of processing materials, the biological synthesis of drugs is widely used.

In 1981-1985 The medical industry was given the task of further increasing the production of antibiotics, vitamins, hormones and other medicines for the prevention and treatment of tuberculosis, viral, acute bacterial, infectious, cardiovascular and other diseases.

The modern chemical and pharmaceutical industry has a number of features that determine the specifics of its development, for example, high requirements for the chemical purity of products. In addition, for preparations intended for subcutaneous, intramuscular injection and intravenous infusion, complete sterility must be ensured. Their quality must strictly comply with the requirements of the State Pharmacopoeia of the USSR.

The next feature of the chemical-pharmaceutical industry is the small volume of production of most drugs. Only sulfonamides, salicylates, barbiturates, analgesics, some antibiotics and anti-tuberculosis drugs are produced in large quantities.

HYGIENIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE MAIN TECHNOLOGICAL PROCESSES

There are several groups of enterprises in the chemical-pharmaceutical industry. The leading ones are Synthetic Medicines Manufacturing Plants, Antibiotics Production Plants, and Enterprises for the Production of Drugs and Finished Dosage Forms.

The industrial production of synthetic medicines is based on the widespread use of organic synthesis, which brings these enterprises closer to the industry of basic chemistry.

Antibiotic enterprises are united in a special group, which is due to the fact that the basis of the technological process for obtaining these drugs is biological synthesis.

A characteristic feature of factories for the production of pharmaceutical and finished dosage forms is the production of a large number of various drugs in the form of liquid extracts and tinctures, injection solutions in ampoules, tablets, dragees, patches, etc.

In the industrial production of chemical and pharmaceutical preparations, a variety of raw materials are widely used, obtained both from plant and animal products, and by chemical synthesis. The most common is chemical raw materials. Mineral raw materials are used for the production of inorganic salts, as well as ingredients for various synthesis of organic compounds. A large number of mineral acids and alkalis are used. The initial organic raw materials are supplied by the coke-chemical, petrochemical, aniline-dye industries and enterprises of the main organic synthesis.

In the production of medicines, animal raw materials are also widely used, in particular, histidine is obtained from the blood of animals, adrenaline from the adrenal glands, insulin from the pancreas, thyroidin from the thyroid gland, etc.

All types of technological operations in the preparation of medicinal products can be divided into preparatory, actual processes for obtaining a medicinal product, final and additional operations.

Preparatory operations - storage, movement of solid, liquid and gaseous materials, their transformation: grinding and crushing of solid raw materials, separation of solids, removal of liquids and gases from them using sedimentation, filtration, centrifugation, cooling, crystallization, vacuuming, etc. .

The actual processes for obtaining drugs are based on exchange, thermal, electrochemical, biological processes, electrolysis, etc. At this stage of the technological process, the reactions of sulfonation, nitration and halogenation, amination and oxidization, reduction and oxidation, etc. are widely used.

At the final stage, drugs are dried, crushed, tableted, ampouled, packaged and packaged.

preparatory operations. A significant part of the feedstock for the production of galenic and synthetic drugs is in the solid state and is subjected to crushing and grinding. The need for this operation often arises when receiving dosage forms (tablets, dragees, etc.). Crushing is carried out on jaw, roller, cone, hammer and other crushers. Grinding is carried out using ball and porcelain mills, disintegrators. Small amounts of the medicinal product are crushed in mechanically driven mortars, Islamgulov, Excelsior, etc.

Occupational hazards in crushing, grinding and separating drug precursors are dust, intense noise and general vibration. Dust is emitted at the point of receipt of the medicinal product with irya or the finished product into crushers and mills and at the point of exit of the crushed substance.

A hygienically unfavorable operation is the separation of materials into fractions. The air separators and mechanical sieves used in this process are significant sources of dust emission. In the production of small-tonnage drugs (for example, hormonal drugs), rubbing by hand on sieves is often used, which is associated with the release of dust and contamination of the skin and overalls of workers.

To combat the emission of dust, it is necessary to properly organize the technological process and equipment, to cover the places of dust emission with the aspiration of dusty air. Since noise and vibration at crushing and grinding plants can exceed the permissible values, this equipment must be placed in separate production rooms, and the foundations under them should not be connected with the structures of the building. In the fight against noise and vibration, it is necessary to use anti-noise and vibration-damping devices and materials. It is advisable to control the grinding and crushing processes remotely.

During transportation, workers can come into contact not only with vapors and gases, but also with liquid and bulk harmful substances. In some cases, manual transportation, loading and unloading of medicinal raw materials (for example, of plant origin) is still used.

The movement of liquid substances is carried out through pipelines using pumps, air or steam pressure, gravity and vacuum. Gaseous substances are transported by compression and vacuum.

general characteristics

production factors that determine working conditions in the production of drugs

Air pollution with toxic substances is possible at all stages of the technological process: during preparatory, main and final operations. The main reasons for the content of harmful substances in the air of industrial premises are the imperfection of equipment, violation of technological regimes, the absence or insufficient mechanization of many operations related to the transportation, loading and unloading of materials from apparatuses, the use of leaky equipment, overflows of chemical products when filling apparatuses, etc.

The composition of workplace air pollutants in most drug manufacturing plants is complex, due to the simultaneous presence of many chemical ingredients in the form of aerosols, vapors or gases. Depending on the stage of the technological process, the type of the resulting medicinal product, the air of industrial premises may be polluted by the initial, intermediate and finished products of chemical synthesis. At the same time, the entry of harmful substances into the body is carried out mainly through the respiratory tract and, to a lesser extent, through the skin and the gastrointestinal tract.

The impact of a harmful substance on the body is possible at various stages of the technological process: during the preparation of raw materials, the implementation of the actual processes for obtaining a medicinal product, and final operations. At the same time, the severity and nature of the impact of the chemical factor on the body of workers are determined by the perfection of technology and equipment, the formulation of the medicinal substance, as well as the construction and planning decisions of the premises and the organization of air exchange in them.

A significant role in air pollution in industrial premises is played by the nature of the technological process and, above all, its discontinuity. The implementation of processes according to a periodic scheme is associated with repeated loading and unloading of liquids or bulk materials, the use of various methods of transporting the material being processed. This greatly complicates the organization of effective measures to

prevention of air pollution. At the same time, the organization of the technological process according to a continuous scheme makes it possible to exclude a number of processes and operations (unloading, transportation, loading of semi-finished products, etc.), which are a source of air pollution in the working environment. In addition, favorable conditions are being created for the elimination of time-consuming and dangerous manual operations.

The level of air pollution with vapors and gases of harmful substances is greatly influenced by the pressure in devices and communication networks. From a hygienic point of view, the most favorable conditions are created in the synthesis of drugs carried out under vacuum, since in this case toxic substances cannot be released from the equipment. Vacuum processes take place in the reactor compartment and are widely used in drying and drug isolation.

At the same time, many chemical processes for the synthesis of intermediates and finished drugs proceed at elevated and high pressures. For example, the formation of aniline from chlorobenzene proceeds at a temperature of about 200 ° C and a pressure of 5.9-9.8 MPa (60-100 atm), the hydrolysis of an amine to phenol occurs at a temperature of 350 ° C and a pressure of 19.6 MPa (200 atm) . In such processes, the tightness of the equipment is achieved using coarse flange connections and devices of a special design using fluoroplastic, asbestos-lead and other gasket materials.

As shown by special chronometric observations, the operator in the production of sulfanilamide preparations-IOH in sr / wcm 10-12% of the working time is in utopias with a high content of harmful substances in the air. The highest levels of contamination with chemicals are observed at the time of leakage of process equipment. For example, in the stage of hydrolysis of phenylhydrazine sulfate in the production of amidopyrine during the selection through the open hatch of the apparatus, the concentration of sulfur dioxide can be 4 times higher than the MPC.

Dust. Air pollution of working premises with dust is observed mainly at the preparatory and final stages of obtaining medicinal substances. The main sources of dust emission at the preparatory stage are the delivery of raw materials from storage facilities to production workshops.

Microclimate. At the enterprises of the chemical and pharmaceutical industry, the microclimate of industrial premises must comply with the requirements established by CH = 245-71. However, studies show that with insufficient thermal insulation of the heated surfaces of apparatuses and communication heating networks, it is possible that workers working simultaneously with the chemical factor and the microclimate can be affected. Elevated air temperature is found mainly in drying compartments and in apparatuses in which the reaction proceeds with the release of heat or at high temperature (crystallizers, solvents, hydrolyzers, etc.). So, in the warm season, the air temperature in these areas can reach 34-38°C with a relative humidity of 40-60%.

Thus, the thermal microclimate at individual workplaces of chemical and pharmaceutical industry enterprises is an additional factor that aggravates the effect of the chemical factor.

Noise. The source of industrial noise in the workplace in the manufacture of drugs are many technological devices. These include compressors, vacuum filters, drum dryers, centrifuges, crushers, vibrating screens, vacuum pumps, etc. In some cases, the noise level may exceed the permissible level.

Measures to improve working conditions. The fight against air pollution in industrial premises should be primarily along the path of improving technological processes in the production of medicinal products and equipment. reduced pressure on the mechanization of the process, thermal insulation of units, etc. The development of new technology that contributes to the improvement of the air environment and working conditions in general in the chemical and pharmaceutical industry.

OCCUPATIONAL HYGIENE IN THE MANUFACTURE OF SYNTHETIC MEDICINAL SUBSTANCES

The synthetic drug industry produces several hundred different drugs, which can be grouped into six groups:

1. Inorganic medicinal substances (preparations of bromine, iodine, potassium permanganate).

2. Medicinal compounds of the aliphatic series (alcohols, ethers, aldehydes, aldehyde acids, carboxylic acids, aliphatic amines, amino acids, etc.).

3. Medicinal compounds of the alicyclic series (terpenoids, vitamins A, K, P, E, D, hormones, blood plasma substitutes).

4. Aromatic medicinal compounds (phenols and their derivatives, aromatic carboxylic acids and their derivatives, sulfanilamide preparations, derivatives of aromatic sulfonic acids).

5. Organoelement medicinal substances (organic compounds of arsenic, antimony, bismuth, mercury, phosphorus, radiopaque agents).

6. Medicinal compounds of the heterocyclic series (derivatives of five- and six-membered heterocycles with one or two heteroatoms).

The raw materials of synthetic medicines are the products of the distillation of coal, oil and other substances, the number of which is many hundreds of items. These are a variety of organic and inorganic chemicals that are in liquid, solid and gaseous states. From them, by complex technological processing, organic intermediates are obtained, which are predominantly aromatic, less often heterocyclic and aliphatic compounds, mainly various aromatic amines and nitro compounds, phenols and naphthols, their sulfonic acids and halogenated.

HYGIENIC CHARACTERISTICS. WORKING CONDITIONS AND HEALTH

WORKING IN THE ANTIBIOTICS PRODUCTION

Working conditions in the production of antibiotics are characterized by the possible entry into the air of highly dispersed dust of antibiotics, vapors and gases, chemicals used in the technological process and the release of excess heat. During the fermentation stages, workers may be exposed to phenol and formaldehyde vapors used to sterilize premises and equipment, as well as producer dust.

At the stages of pre-treatment and filtration, workers come into contact with vapors of oxalic and acetic acids. Manual operations often lead to contamination of the skin and clothing with culture liquid and native antibiotic solution.

The processes of isolation and chemical purification of the antibiotic, carried out by extraction and precipitation methods, cerf-zana with the possibility of exposure to the working vapors and gases of butyl, isopropyl and methyl alcohols, butyl acetate, oxalic, acetic, sulfuric and hydrochloric acids and other substances used in this stage . The concentrations of these substances in the air in some cases may exceed the maximum allowable. The main causes of air pollution of the working area with harmful substances are insufficient tightness of the equipment, the presence of manual operations, low efficiency of ventilation devices, etc.

At the final stages, as studies show, the processes of drying, screening, tableting, packaging and packaging of antibiotics can be accompanied by significant environmental pollution with fine dust of finished products. In addition, the workers of the preparatory workshops, drying department, fermentation, in addition to the chemical factor, can simultaneously be exposed to excess heat, the main source of which is inoculators, fermenters, drying units, as well as the surfaces of communication networks in case of insufficient thermal insulation.

The study of the state of health of workers in the production of antibiotics shows that under the influence of occupational hazards, violations of the functional state of the body are possible, and in some cases the development of occupational diseases.

HYGIENIC CHARACTERISTICS OF WORKING CONDITIONS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF HERBAL MEDICINES

Phytopreparations are obtained from medicinal plant essence. They are divided into two groups: preparations from fresh plants and preparations from dried plant essence.

Preparations from fresh plants are divided into juices and extracts.

In their manufacture, in the event of a violation of the tightness of the equipment and low efficiency of the ventilation, the workers can be exposed to vapors of extractants (dichloroethane, ethers, alcohols, etc.). Unfavorable in hygienic relations should count operations for grinding fresh medicinal herbs, since at this moment droplets of their juice and small particles can enter the respiratory organs, on the skin of open parts of the body (hands, face), while providing a skin-irritating and sensitizing effect.

Dried herbal preparations include tinctures and extracts.

Tinctures are alcohol or alcohol-ether extracts from dry plant materials, obtained without heating and removing the extractant. Tinctures are obtained by infusion, percolation (continuous filtration through a filter) and dissolution of the extracts.

Extracts - galenic preparations, concentrated extracts from dry plant essence, purified from

HYGIENIC CHARACTERISTICS OF WORKING CONDITIONS IN THE PRODUCTION OF DRUGS IN AMPOULES

The technological process for the production of medicines in ampoules is carried out in the ampoule workshop of the pharmaceutical plant. The production cycle for the production of ampoules consists of the following main operations: production of ampoules, preparation of an injection solution and filling of ampoules (ampouling), sealing of ampoules, sterilization, control, labeling and packaging.

Production of ampoules. It is produced in the department of the ampoule workshop with the help of special devices (automatic or semi-automatic). Ampoules are made from long chemically and resistant glass tubes - darts. First, the drog is washed, and then it is fixed on carousel semi-automatic machines or automatic machines, where ampoules are obtained from it with the help of gas burners. At subsequent stages, the ampoules with open capillaries are washed in vacuum semi-automatic machines. For more efficient washing, ultrasonic treatment of ampoules has been widely used in recent years. The washed ampoules are dried with hot air in ovens and then transported to the ampoule filling departments.

Studies have shown that workers in this area are exposed to carbon monoxide and high temperatures (up to 28°C). The main source of emitted hazards is the process of burning natural gas in gas burners of ampoule machines.

HYGIENIC CHARACTERISTICS OF WORKING CONDITIONS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF TABLETS

Tablets - solid dosage form, which is compressed powders or their mixtures from ready-made drugs.

According to the method of manufacture, tablets are divided into pressed and triturated. The most common are compressed tablets.

The composition of the tablet, in addition to the medicinal substance, includes auxiliary components, which, depending on the purpose, are divided into:

Diluents that are introduced into the tablet in order to achieve the required mass (starch, milk sugar, beet sugar, glucose, magnesium oxide, kaolin, sorbitol, etc.);

Disintegrants are compounds that provide mechanical disintegration of the tablet in the stomach or intestines. These include three groups of substances that destroy the tablet due to either swelling (agar-agar, gelatin, etc.), or gas formation (sodium bicarbonate with citric or tartaric acid) or improving s ^ achievability (starch, tweens, foams, etc. .);

Glidants or lubricants