Agriculture is divided into two main branches - agriculture, or plant growing (field growing, vegetable growing, meadow growing, gardening, cotton growing, etc.), and animal husbandry (cattle breeding, pig breeding, sheep breeding, poultry farming, etc.).

In plant breeders, among diseases with temporary disability, the first place is occupied by respiratory diseases, diseases of the peripheral nervous system and the female genital area. In the structure of morbidity of vegetable growers and machine operators working in greenhouses, the main specific weight falls on diseases of the respiratory system, nervous system and sensory organs, skin and subcutaneous tissue, genitourinary organs and the circulatory system. The level of diseases of the liver and biliary tract in greenhouses is 3 times higher than the corresponding indicator in vegetable growing workers on the open ground.

In animal husbandry, one of the most labor-intensive processes is the manual milking of cows. Milkmaids of manual milking may have characteristic diseases of the hands, sciatica, and neuralgia. Machine milking facilitates labor and increases its productivity. However, even with machine milking, operations such as cleaning and washing of milking machines, their movement require significant physical effort. When distributing feed, especially dry feed, the amount of dust containing microorganisms sharply increases.

Feed is enriched with biologically active substances - protein-vitamin concentrates, enzymes, premixes, which include vitamins, antibiotics, amino acids, hormonal and enzyme preparations, microelements. Workers there may be exposed to complex dust, cooling or heating environments, and noise. High concentrations of dust can be created around crushing and grinding machines when loading initial products, as well as in areas where finished products exit. The entry of dust into the air of the working area is possible due to poor sealing of screws, dispensers, granulation presses, etc. Residual amounts of pesticides contained in raw materials, as well as microorganisms and fungi, are found in the air.

The most common forms of diseases with temporary disability in livestock breeders are diseases of the respiratory system, cardiovascular system, peripheral nervous system and musculoskeletal system, diseases of the skin and subcutaneous tissue, in women - gynecological diseases, which occupy the fourth place in frequency, second only to respiratory diseases, diseases of the musculoskeletal system and skin. In conditions of insufficient mechanization of milking processes, milkmaids experience neuromyositis and polyneuropathy of the upper extremities. In poultry workers, the main place in the structure of morbidity is occupied by respiratory diseases and diseases of the peripheral nervous system, among which vegetative polyneuritis and sciatica prevail. More often than in other professional groups of agricultural workers, they have allergic diseases caused by sensitization of the body to biological factors. Contact with sick animals can lead to the development of zooanthroponoses (brucellosis, tuberculosis, toxoplasmosis, ornithosis, etc.).

Thus, in the process of labor, agricultural workers are exposed to the combined effects of a wide range of harmful production factors:

The severity of manual labor

work intensity;

dustiness of the working environment;

unfavorable microclimate (on the farm, in the tractor cab, etc.);

Vibration from the mechanisms used;

injury risk of the production process;

pathogenic microorganisms;

agrochemicals, pesticides;

environmental factors (unfavorable weather conditions, etc.)

These main adverse hygienic production factors are specific to specific professions, differ in level, duration of exposure and are due to the characteristics of agricultural work, the main of which remain:

frequent alternation of work operations performed in the dynamics of the work shift;

Combination of several professions by one employee;

non-stationary workplaces with a significant service area;

The impact of frequently changing meteorological conditions, depending on climatic zones, seasons, etc.

To improve the working conditions, the following measures are necessary:

· modernization of technological processes, reconstruction and renewal of equipment and machine and tractor fleet;

· restoration or installation of missing means of collective protection;

· reducing the share of manual labor and optimizing labor processes;

· the introduction of rational modes of work and rest, limiting the time of contact with harmful and dangerous factors during both the work shift and professional experience - time protection;

· promotion of labor safety and a healthy lifestyle;

· improvement of the system of control over compliance with hygienic and sanitary requirements for working conditions;

· improvement of the system of continuous education and training in the field of labor protection for various categories of workers;

· development of systems for informing employees on labor protection and health issues based on the principles of occupational risk management;

· increasing the responsibility of the employer for violation of sanitary legislation and his motivation to improve working conditions;

· improvement of social and labor relations in order to share the responsibility of the employee and the employer regarding health damage at work.

Measures to improve working conditions in livestock include equipping livestock buildings with effective ventilation systems that ensure the removal of air from the lower zone of the premises, and especially from manure channels, systematic cleaning and disinfection, providing workers with special clothing, footwear and other personal protective equipment. For operators of machine milking, a two-shift mode of operation is physiologically rational. When manually milking cows, special measures are needed to prevent hand diseases - warm baths, self-massage. Livestock workers must observe the rules of personal hygiene. At livestock complexes, sanitary facilities with cold and hot water supply, a sanitary inspection room with showers, women's rest and hygiene rooms, and a toilet with a washbasin are provided. Particular attention should be paid to the creation of healthy and safe working conditions on farms, in brigades and units working on the principles of a rental, family contract.

Important measures to improve working conditions in animal husbandry are the rational preparation of the main technological processes and equipment, the reduction of the length of transport lines, the sealing of equipment at feed mills and workshops, primarily conveyors, batchers, crushing and grinding machines, general exchange supply and exhaust ventilation, mechanized cleaning premises.

The most dangerous are the works on the excavation of silage from storages. Strict observance of safety regulations is necessary - long re-ventilation of storage facilities with open hatches, special instruction for workers, use of hose gas masks.

Medical examinations play a significant role in preventing the development of general and occupational diseases among agricultural workers. Preventive medical examinations are subject to machine operators (tractor operators, combine operators, car drivers, repair shop workers), livestock breeders (milkmaids, cattlemen, poultry farmers, etc.), feed production workers, as well as those engaged in the cultivation and primary processing of industrial crops such as cotton, hemp, hops , workers of agrochemical complexes exposed to pesticides, mineral fertilizers, as well as other harmful production factors.

Similar information.

The intensive equipping of agriculture with machines and mechanisms brings it closer to industrial production. However, agricultural work has its own hygienic features, due to the specifics of the production process. Field farming is the most widely represented in the agriculture of our country.

All major field work is mechanized and carried out with the help of tractors and combines.

At present, the following types of tractors are mainly working on the fields of collective farms and state farms: wheeled - MTZ-50, MTZ-80, T-40, T-150, K-700, K-701, caterpillar-T-74, DT-75, T-130, T-150 and combines: grain - SK-4, SK-6, Niva, Kolos; beet-harvesting type KKU-2, etc.

The energy costs of a tractor driver and a combine driver and their working conditions depend on the design of the machine, the type of agricultural work they perform, the geological and geographical features of the area and amount to about 12560 kJ / day (3000 kcal / day).

The work of a tractor driver and combine driver is often associated with significant nervous tension. So, for example, sowing, inter-row cultivation of tilled crops, and harvesting of grain require great nervous tension.

The main unfavorable professional factors when working on tractors and combines are: high or low air temperature, air pollution of the working area with dust, harmful gases and vapors, the presence of noise and vibration.

When working on tractors (especially those not equipped with cabs) in early spring and late autumn, the tractor operator's body may be excessively cooled. During summer work, the air temperature in the cabins (at an outside temperature of 23-30°C) can reach 35-400C. The source of heat is: solar radiation, heated engine surfaces, control panel, cabin floor and ceiling, the temperature of which can rise to 50-60 ° C. The tractor driver’s body temperature rises to 37.5 ° C, the heart rate increases to 1, 83 Hz (norm 1.17-1.25 Hz).

Dust pollution in the air of the working area when working on tractors and combines can vary in a very wide range - from 7 to 1300 mg/m3. At the same time, 90% of dust particles have a size of less than 5 microns, that is, they are able to penetrate, together with the inhaled air, into the alveoli of the lungs.

The air of the working area can be polluted by the exhaust gases of internal combustion engines, which contain significant concentrations of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide, hydrocarbons, and aldehydes. The concentration of carbon monoxide can reach 180-500 mg/m3.

Noise and vibration are of great importance in the hygienic assessment of the working conditions of a tractor driver and a combine operator. Vibration on agricultural machines is complex and is caused by the operation of the engine and running systems.

The main sources of noise are the engine, exhaust devices and transmission mechanisms. The noise spectrum is dominated by high frequencies (3000 Hz and above), and the noise level exceeds the established standards by 20-25 dB.

Preventive measures to improve the health of machine operators are regulated by special rules for the construction of tractors, agricultural machines and trailed implements. According to these rules, tractors of all types and agricultural machines must be equipped with a cab. The workplace must be equipped with a soft seat with a semi-soft movable back and armrests. The air temperature in the cabin should not exceed the outside temperature by more than 2-3 ° C, and the air movement in the workplace should not exceed 1.5 m/s.

To heat the cabin, a heating system is installed that maintains the air temperature in cold weather at least 16 ° C.

The fight against dust in the air in the cabins during the operation of machines is carried out by sealing them. A highly effective means of dust control is the supply ventilation device, which provides the supply of purified air and its back-up in the cab.

To eliminate air pollution by exhaust gases, the mouth of the exhaust pipe on the engines of tractors and combines should be led 400 mm above the cabin roof.

LECTURE 22. OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH IN AGRICULTURE

1. Introduction

2. Modern problems of occupational health in agricultural production

3. Occupational health in the field

4. Occupational health of livestock breeders

5. Occupational health in sheep breeding

6. Occupational health in the poultry industry

7. Occupational health in greenhouses

8. Occupational health in cotton growing

9. Occupational health in rice production

10. Occupational health of workers in repair shops

11. Prevention of agricultural injuries

12. List of references

INTRODUCTION

The agro-industrial program of the Republic of Kazakhstan aims to reliably ensure the country's food security in the context of the globalization of the world economy. At the same time, the focus is on increasing the competitiveness of agricultural products, re-equipping production with the use of the latest scientific achievements. The next 3 years (2003-2005) are declared "years of aul". The Republic of Kazakhstan is preparing for the adoption of the Law "On Land". The measures taken made it possible to stabilize agricultural production.

However, the transition to market relations, the ill-conceived reforms led to a sharp decline in production in the countryside, in fact, the social sphere in rural areas collapsed.

To date, the fleet of agricultural machinery is worn out by 80%, the repair and mechanical base has collapsed.

The collapse of large agricultural enterprises led to the formation of small private enterprises in the Republic of Kazakhstan, the number of which in 2002 was 111,899 (of all forms of ownership).

All these phenomena worsened the working conditions of the villagers, their medical care, hampered sanitary and epidemiological supervision in the countryside, incl. and occupational health.

Labor in agriculture is specific. It is known that agricultural workers, to a greater extent than workers in industrial enterprises, are exposed to meteorological conditions in connection with work in the open air. An important role is played by the seasonality factor, which determines the employment of people in the main production process, varying degrees of severity and intensity of labor in different periods of agricultural work, an irrational mode of work and rest at the most crucial time (sowing, harvesting). It is also important that the jobs of rural workers, as a rule, are located at a considerable distance from their permanent place of residence. Intensive chemicalization of agriculture also leaves its mark on the working conditions of agricultural workers.

The transfer of agriculture to the industrial path of development makes it possible to significantly change the production environment, bringing the work of agricultural workers closer to the operator's.

2.Modern problems of occupational health in agricultural production

Agricultural hygiene as a scientific discipline is an independent section of occupational health. It studies the impact on the human body of environmental factors and labor processes of agricultural production, develops measures to improve working conditions necessary to maintain the health of workers.

The main and most common feature of agricultural production is that the main means of production in agriculture are land and living organisms - plants and animals. Therefore, the development of agriculture is determined not only by economic, but also by natural and biological laws (phenomena).

Agriculture includes numerous branches: 1) farming or plant growing (field growing, vegetable growing, fruit growing, cotton growing, viticulture, etc.); 2) animal husbandry (cattle breeding, pig breeding, sheep breeding, poultry farming, etc.). In addition to the main industries listed, agricultural production sometimes includes various types of primary processing of plant and animal products.

There are repair shops for the repair of agricultural machines and implements. These objects are also studied by the occupational health of the industry.

To date, the following major sections of agricultural hygiene have developed:

Occupational health when working on agricultural machines;

Occupational health in crop production;

Occupational health in animal husbandry and poultry farming;

Occupational hygiene in the application of pesticides and mineral fertilizers.

Agricultural production, despite industrialization, differs significantly from industrial:

First Feature- seasonality and specific urgency of work, causing great stress in certain periods of the year.

Second feature consists in the fact that the work is carried out in the field in the open air from early spring to late autumn and partly in winter.

Third feature- relatively frequent change of work operations performed by the same person.

Fourth Feature- agricultural production is geographically dispersed, carried out over long distances.

Fifth Feature- wide chemicalization, the use of pesticides and biologically active substances inevitably leads to pollution of not only the working area, but also the biosphere.

Sixth Feature– increased biological hazard of agricultural production. If earlier it was limited to the possibility of transmitting zoonotic diseases to humans, now biological plant protection products are becoming widespread in crop production, food additives and premixes (vitamins, enzymes, amino acids, antibiotics), antioxidants obtained by microbiological methods are widely used in animal husbandry as growth stimulants. protein synthesis and other biologically active substances. The biological danger of opportunistic and pathogenic microflora has increased.

In addition, agricultural workers and at home, in household plots, continue to contact in an uncontrolled environment with many of the above harmful factors when caring for animals, using pesticides, etc.

The noted features, as well as the concentration of livestock production, the development of the microbiological industry, the dynamism of agricultural production, ultimately determine the specifics of its influence on the body of workers.

What are the features of the pathology of agricultural workers? The dependence of the development of certain forms of pathology on changing working conditions in various types of agricultural production has been established.

For machine operators, colds prevail in the structure of general morbidity - influenza, acute respiratory infections, tonsillitis. In second place are diseases of the peripheral nervous system and the musculoskeletal system (lumbalgia, sciatica, polyneuritis, osteochondrosis, etc.).

During tillage, grain cleaning and processing, workers can be exposed to agricultural dust. It is in its composition mixed, organo-mineral. Pathogenic microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi can be adsorbed on the dust. Among the latter, fungi of the genus Mucor, Penicillium, Actinomycetes, Aspergillus niger, and others are more common.

The action of production factors can cause a number of occupational diseases in agricultural workers, in particular:

1. From the influence of physical factors:

Diseases of the peripheral nervous system and the musculoskeletal system (lumbosacral sciatica, myositis, myalgia, myofasciitis, polyneuritis);

vibration sickness;

Occupational deafness.

2. From dust:

Chronic dust bronchitis;

Byssinosis.

3. From the influence of biological factors:

pollinosis (allergic diseases caused by plant pollen);

- "farmer's lungs", caused by inhalation of dust containing spores of fungi - actinomycetes;

- "lungs of poultry farmers" - from inhalation of antigens contained in bird droppings;

Grain fever.

4. Occupational dermatoses (eczema, urticaria).

5. From infection:

Occupational mycoses (aspergillosis, candidiasis, histaplasmosis, coccidiosis, actinomycosis, blastomycosis, trichophytosis);

Zooanthroponoses (22 nosological groups): brucellosis, tularemia, tuberculosis, salmonellosis, leptospirosis, ornithosis, scabies, erysipeloid, tetanus, anthrax, cow pox, echinococcosis, opisthorchiasis, mad cow disease - spongiform encephalitis, etc.

6. Toxic effects of biological hazards (mycotoxins):

Aflotoxins;

Achrotoxins;

Patulin, citrinin, curvurulin, etc.

Dysbacteriosis.

7. Occupational poisoning with industrial poisons.

When working with pesticides, in addition to poisoning (rarely), asthenic syndrome, polyneuritis, myocardial dystrophy, and other pathologies can occur.

In general, the general and occupational morbidity of agricultural workers is low, which is associated with the seasonal nature of work and the lack of coverage with preventive examinations.

There are no objective data on occupational morbidity in agriculture in the Republic of Kazakhstan. Suffice it to say that in 2002, 8 cases (1.7%) of occupational diseases were detected among rural workers, while in 1993, agricultural workers accounted for more than 20% of all cases of occupational diseases (in both cases - infectious pathology) .

In this regard, the data for the Russian Federation are of interest, where in 2000 684 cases of occupational diseases were registered, including vibration disease - 200 cases, sciatica - 95 cases, brucellosis - 84 cases, cochlear neuritis - 63 cases, vegetative-sensory polyneuritis - 3 cases, dust bronchitis - 30 cases, hearing loss - 28 cases, etc.

In terms of occupational morbidity, agriculture ranks 24th among 59 sectors of the national economy (1.97 cases per 10,000 employees), and there is a tendency to increase occupational morbidity.

Among certain professions in agriculture, the diagnosis of an occupational disease was most often recorded among tractor drivers - 502 cases (73.4%), milkers - 78 (11.4%), veterinarians - 14 (2%), livestock specialists - 10 (1, 5%).

Tractor drivers accounted for all cases of vibration disease, sciatica, neuritis of the cochlear nerve, hearing loss, half of the cases of dusty bronchitis and osteochondrosis of the spine and isolated cases of arthrosis, neuropathy, bronchitis and plexitis. The milker's profession is in second place in terms of occupational diseases: 22 cases each - arthrosis and polyneuritis, 12 cases - sciatica, 22 cases - other diseases of the osteoarticular apparatus and the muscular system.

It should be noted that these data are underestimated by more than 10 times (N.F. Izmerov, 2002).

Agriculture is the most important branch of the national economy of the country and is a complex combination of diverse production processes. As a result of the introduction of the achievements of scientific and technological progress and the strengthening of the material and technical base, agriculture - its state and cooperative sectors - are systematically transferred to an industrial basis. Today, agriculture is a large technically equipped industry.

According to the nature of material production, agriculture is divided into 2 large branches: crop production and animal husbandry. Plant growing includes field growing, vegetable growing, horticulture (horticulture), etc.; animal husbandry - cattle breeding, pig breeding, poultry farming, etc. Agricultural production includes workshops for the repair of agricultural machines. The composition of agricultural production includes some types of primary processing of agricultural products.

As Academician of the Academy of Medical Sciences L. I. Medved pointed out, the conditions of agricultural labor are directly dependent on “its characteristics.

The first feature is the seasonality of the main work in agriculture. Seasonality and the specific urgency of field work determine the irregularity of labor processes, their great stress in certain periods of the year.

The 2nd feature is the performance of work in the open air ("in the open air"). At the same time, agricultural workers are exposed to frequently changing combinations of meteorological conditions depending on the climatic zone, season and specific weather conditions. Unfavorable combinations of microclimate are possible, which can lead to overheating or hypothermia of the body.

The third feature is the relatively frequent change of work operations performed by the same worker. This primarily concerns the working field teams, not excluding machine operators. However, the industrialization of agricultural production, its specialization, and the raising of the technical and skilled level of agricultural workers eliminate this peculiarity.

The 4th feature is the dispersal of places of work (fields) and their removal, sometimes at considerable distances from a permanent place of residence, which leads to the constant movement of people and cars, creating difficulties in organizing sanitary services.

The lack of fixed jobs in field cultivation makes it difficult to electrify them. In agriculture, decentralized energy generation with the help of internal combustion engines is widely used, which, as you know, serve as a source of pollution of the working area and the environment with exhaust gases, generate intense noise, etc.

The 5th feature is the widespread chemicalization of agriculture (the use of chemical plant protection products and mineral fertilizers), which inevitably leads to air pollution of the working area and the biosphere. The use of highly toxic pesticides, many of which have long-term effects, turns this feature of agricultural work into an acute hygienic problem.

6th feature - increased biological hazard of agricultural production. If earlier it was limited to the possibility of transmitting zoonotic diseases to humans, now biological plant protection products are becoming widespread in crop production, food additives and premixes (vitamins, enzymes, amino acids, antibiotics), antioxidants obtained by microbiological methods are widely used in animal husbandry as growth stimulants. synthesis of proteins and other biologically active substances.

Due to the high concentration of animals in modern livestock complexes, the biological danger of opportunistic and pathogenic microflora has increased.

Biological factors can cause allergization of the body, changes in the normal bacterial and viral background, infection or intoxication.

In addition, agricultural workers and at home, in household plots, continue to contact in an uncontrolled environment with many of the above harmful factors when caring for animals, using pesticides to control pests, etc.

OCCUPATIONAL HYGIENE IN THE FIELD

Field farming is the most widely represented in the agriculture of our country - the cultivation of cereals, industrial and vegetable crops. Production processes in field farming are made up of successive stages: pre-sowing tillage, sowing or planting, caring for crops and harvesting. Field farming in our country is a highly mechanized branch of agriculture.

The basis of mechanization is tractors - in an assembly with trailed, mounted or stationary machines (tools) - and self-propelled agricultural machines (SSHM).

In accordance with the accepted classification by purpose, agricultural tractors are divided into general-purpose tractors, universal row-crop tractors, row-crop tractors and specialized tractors (beet-growing, rice-growing, cotton-growing, etc.). Wheeled and caterpillar tractors are produced.

Working conditions in field farming are determined by the level of mechanization of the cultivation of certain crops, cultivation technology and labor organization. Thus, the production of grain crops is a complex mechanized process. All technological operations, from tillage, sowing to harvesting, are carried out by machines without the use of manual labor.

The specific conditions for the cultivation of industrial and vegetable crops still require significant manual labor, which takes place when caring for crops (sugar beet, many vegetables), harvesting (partially sugar beet, raw cotton, potatoes, some vegetables).

The mechanization of crop production in all its branches is proceeding at a rapid pace. From year to year, the share of unskilled manual labor is decreasing due to the use of machines and mechanisms. Now every fifth agricultural worker is a machine operator.

Working conditions for mechanics. In recent years, the development of tractor and agricultural engineering has been moving along the path of creating high-energy, high-speed, multi-operation machines, improved and qualitatively new designs, which make it possible to increase labor productivity by 2.5-3 times.

Workplaces on tractors and agricultural machines are equipped with a cab in which the seat, controls and controls are located, the cabs are located behind the engine. Such a line-up makes it difficult for the machine operator to protect himself from powerful ksedashiks tttla ^ ttpGmyai, vibratshi _ tug on visibility, complicating it. p^dazh^njie_Jhela_mechanizator when driving the unit. . >,B

The volume of tractor cabs and SHM ranges from 2 to 3.5 m3. Bo-_Jiee 50% of the entire cabin area is glazed, however, from a hygienic point of view, excessive glazing has a negative side, as it increases insolation and requires additional measures to protect against

Workplaces of machine operators are equipped with depreciated

.^mi with "ideas * adjustable in height, position and stiffness

in accordance with the requirements of GOSTs *. Standards were created

with the direct participation of ZhTpTiVnists, therefore, they take into account

* GOST 16527-80 “Workplace of the operator of agricultural self-propelled machines. Basic parameters and dimensions. Technical requirements”, GOST 20062-81 “Tractor seat. General specifications are anthropometric, physiological, psychophysiological and hygienic indicators. There are certain ergonomic requirements for the layout of the controls, the amount of effort when manipulating them. When deviating from these requirements, the efficiency and rationality of working movements decrease, energy consumption and labor intensity of machine maintenance increase, and premature fatigue develops.

In promising tractors and SHM, workplaces are equipped in accordance with hygienic and ergonomic requirements.

The working speed of modern tractors is 4.5-15 km/h. The tractor driver spends 85-90 ° / o of working time driving a machine. The length of the working day in the cultivation of tilled crops depends on the type of work and specific conditions. On average, it is: during the sowing period - 10 hours, with inter-row cultivation - 8 hours and during the harvesting period - 11 hours or more.

The main adverse factors when working on tractors and SHM are: peculiar microclimatic conditions (more often a heating microclimate), air pollution of the working area with dust and exhaust gases, the presence of noise and vibration, contact with fuels and lubricants.

Microclimate. The cab of the tractor and SHM allows you to protect the machine operator from the direct effects of weather conditions. At the same time, microclimatic conditions at the workplace are determined by the degree of tightness of the cabin, its thermal insulation, glazing area, heating, ventilation, and air conditioning.

In real conditions, tractors are used all year round to perform certain agricultural work in almost all soil and climatic zones of the country, at temperatures of 40 ° C and higher, down to -30 ° C and lower. As for the SHM, they are mainly harvesting units. Grain and forage harvesters in the southern and central regions work in hot weather. Beet harvesters, potato harvesters and other machines operate during the transitional and cold periods of the year during precipitation at low temperatures and high air humidity.

The main source of heat in the cabins is solar radiation (70-80%); other sources of heat are the engine, transmission and the machine operator himself.

Special studies of the microclimate of tractor cabins and SHM, conducted by employees of the Kyiv Research Institute of Occupational Health and Occupational Diseases during the warm season in the 2nd and 3rd climatic zones, indicate the insufficient effectiveness of the means used to protect against solar radiation and excess heat. Thus, the air temperature in the cabins of serial tractors is higher than the outside temperature by 8-15°C, in the cabins of the SSHM - by 5-9°C. The maximum values ​​of differences are noted in the 3rd climatic zone.

On promising machines (T-150K, MTZ-102, 142, JIT3-145 tractors; Don-1500, Rotor-12 combines) due to an increase in cabin volume and air exchange rate, improved thermal insulation of fences, the use of heat-shielding glasses and air coolers type managed to normalize the air temperature at the workplace of the machine operator or bring it closer to normalized values. The most perfect way of thermal protection is thermal insulation in combination with air conditioning with cabin tightness. So, on the T-150 tractor, a powerful evaporative air conditioner is capable of supplying up to 600 m 3 per hour of purified and cooled air to the cab. The excess pressure created at the same time, by 2-3 mm Hg. Art. exceeding the outside, excludes the ingress of dust and gases into the cabin.

According to hygienists, more

simple, but quite effective means of protection against thermal radiation: visors, blinds, reflective screens.

In the cabs of tractors and SSHM, as rooms of small volume, conditions arise that impede the normal heat exchange of the body with the external environment. In hot, sunny weather, heat transfer by radiation is practically excluded. On the contrary, the heated enclosing surfaces of the cabin (up to 50 °C and above) are themselves a source of secondary radiative heat acting on the operator; the rear surface of the body in contact with the seat does not participate in heat transfer; at low air speeds, heat transfer by convection and evaporation is difficult. Such conditions lead to thermoregulation tension among operators, which is manifested in an increase in body temperature, an increase in heart rate, a decrease in blood pressure, profuse sweating, and significant moisture loss. Premature fatigue develops.

Work in early spring and late autumn is carried out in conditions of subnormal temperatures, often in combination with strong winds and precipitation, and in winter - at low temperatures. However, protecting agricultural machine operators from hypothermia is less of a problem than protecting them from overheating. All tractors for cab heating are equipped with special heaters of various designs. From a hygienic point of view, preference should be given to heat exchangers that use water from the engine cooling system as a coolant. With such a system, the ingress of exhaust gases into the breathing zone is excluded, the quality of the air supplied to the cabin is not disturbed.

Dust. The formation of dust and its content in the air of the working area are most significantly affected by: humidity and nature of the soil, type of work, direction and speed of the wind and other weather conditions, the presence of a cabin and the degree of its tightness.

The most significant dust formation is observed during combine harvesting of sugar beets, potatoes, and some grain crops with simultaneous straw chopping. Dust content in the workplace of the machine operator with the cab windows down and its poor sealing can reach hundreds of milligrams per 1 m 3. High dust content - up to several tens of milligrams per 1 m 3 - is observed when sowing industrial crops, inter-row cultivation of crops.

The least dust content is observed during early spring plowing and sowing, as well as late, pre-winter tillage.

Trailers operating in open areas in the immediate vicinity of the dust source are most susceptible to dust exposure.

The dust content of the working area of ​​the machine operator during the working day fluctuates significantly, which is associated with a certain cyclical nature of the production process and frequent changes in the direction of movement of the unit relative to the direction of the wind.

During the performance of most works in field cultivation, predominantly mineral (soil) dust is formed, only when harvesting grain and some industrial crops (cotton) is predominantly organic (vegetable) dust.

Soil dust is always composed of organic matter, may include mineral fertilizers, pesticides. In addition, the soil always contains various types of bacteria, molds, pathogenic microflora and helminth eggs.

Mineral dust mainly consists of particles up to 5 microns, organic dust approximately 70-80% consists of particles less than 1 micron.

Plant dust is formed as a result of the vital activity of plants (plant pollen), during their harvesting and processing. In their composition, they contain pesticides, other organic compounds, and some of them - biogenic amines (histamine, acetylcholine, serotonin).

During the processing of cotton, flax, hemp, which is partly produced on collective farms and state farms, fibrous dust is formed.

It should be borne in mind that both agricultural machine operators and laborers during the season are exposed to a wide variety of dusts with a significant fluctuation in their concentrations.

The diseases caused by the action of agricultural dust include chronic dust bronchitis. In agricultural workers, it develops, as a rule, after a long - up to 15 years or more - work experience in the dust profession. Prolonged exposure to fibrous plant dusts can cause byssinosis. Native soil dust in the presence of free silicon dioxide and silicates in it with prolonged exposure can lead to the development of moderately pronounced diffuse-sclerotic and nodular changes in the lungs. The pollen of some wind-pollinated plants can cause allergic diseases - hay fever.

Periodic performance of some agricultural work in an extremely dusty area can cause diseases of the respiratory tract (rhinitis, pharyngitis, tracheitis, acute bronchitis), eyes (conjunctivitis, blepharitis, corneal ulcers) and skin (dermatitis, pyodermatitis). These diseases are mostly seasonal and stop with the completion of certain works.

An effective way to combat dust in the cabs of tractors and other agricultural machines is their sealing in combination with forced ventilation equipment that creates a certain air pressure. These measures make it possible to reduce the dust content to normal values ​​or close to them. Significantly reduced dust content in cabins equipped with air conditioners. To protect the trailer from dust, the wheels of trailers must be protected by rigid protective wings. On combines, it is necessary to monitor the shelter of the nodes that are the source of dust formation. To protect the eyes, machine operators must be provided with anti-dust goggles.

When performing particularly dusty agricultural work, one should not neglect the use of personal respiratory protection equipment (respirators such as Petal, F-62Sh, Astra-2, U-2K, etc.).

Noise. The work of tractors, SSHM is accompanied by intense noise. Noise sources are the operation of the engine, transmission, vibration of fences, etc.

Due to the fact that domestic wheeled tractors are equipped with effective silencers, their external noise does not exceed the permissible (GOST Yl. "l. Ulit- / 6) values.

Noise from its sources is conducted to the driver's workplace in two ways: by air and through the metal structures of the fences (structural noise).

Thanks to the use of a system of design solutions to combat noise on the T-150K, K-701, T-70S, YuMZ-6L and DT-75S tractors, it is at the level of an acceptable value at the workplace. Noise at workplaces on tractors MTZ-80, MTZ-82 reaches 90-92 dBA.

In the cabs of operated domestic combines, the noise is at the permissible level (SK-5 "Niva", KS-6) or slightly exceeds the standard values ​​(SK-6 "Kolos", SKD-5KR "Sibiryak").

According to the spectral composition, the noise on tractors is high-frequency; on combines, the highest noise levels are observed in the low-frequency part of the spectrum.

Operators of agricultural machines may develop hearing loss as a result of intense noise combined with vibration. The first signs of hearing loss in agricultural machine operators appear with a professional experience of 15 years or more. Moreover, these observations refer to people who have been working on old equipment for a long time, often not equipped with cabins or with cabins without proper sound absorption.

As already noted, the fight against noise on tractors and SHM is effectively carried out by technical means (noise suppression, sound insulation, depreciation, etc.).

According to the achieved levels of noise intensity in the cabs, domestic power-saturated tractors correspond to world standards of the same class, and surpass them on certain types of machines (Table 28).

Table 28. Sound pressure level in tractor cabs

(according to T. I. Ryabtseva et al.)

Agriculture is divided into two main branches - agriculture and animal husbandry. In addition, it includes various types of primary processing of plant and animal products.

Field work.

Work with. - x. workers is characterized by the fact that most of the main work is carried out in the field, in the open air, from early spring to late autumn and partly in winter. At the same time, workers are constantly affected by a complex of meteorological factors, the intensity of which is determined by the climatic zone, season and weather conditions. Seasonality cause uneven loads of page - x. workers during the year, creating a lot of stress at certain periods. With the advancement of agriculture in the northern regions, this feature becomes even more pronounced.

An important feature of page - x. labor is the frequent change of work operations performed by the same person, which is especially pronounced in field farming. The peculiarities of labor in agriculture also include work on large spaces, which is accompanied by a significant expenditure of energy to overcome distances from the place of residence to the place of work.

In agriculture, pesticides, mineral fertilizers, growth stimulants, mineral food additives and other biologically active substances are widely used. The irrational use of chemical plant protection products leads to pollution of not only the air of the working area, but also the biosphere. Working conditions in the cultivation of cotton are characterized mainly by the fact that the air temperature during summer work can reach 40°C or more, and there is significant solar radiation. Greenhouses create an increased risk of exposure to pesticides on workers. More than 85% of the work in greenhouses is done manually, of which about 50% of the work belongs to the category of medium and high severity. In plant breeders, among diseases with temporary disability, the first place is occupied by respiratory diseases, diseases of the peripheral nervous system and the female genital area. The level of diseases of the liver and biliary tract in greenhouses is 3 times higher than the corresponding indicator in vegetable growing workers on the open ground.

Work on agricultural machinery

Due to high temperatures, work is often carried out with open windows, which increases the dust content of the air in the working area of ​​the tractor driver. Soil dust, depending on the type of soil, contains from 8% (gray forest and chestnut soils) to 60% or more (sandy and subsandy soils) of free silicon dioxide. The noise at the workplace of the machine operator depends on the nature of the field work, humidity and soil density. The highest levels are observed during plowing, lower levels - during transport work, planting potatoes, and mowing.

The levels of noise and vibration, dust and gas contamination of the air increase as the life of the machines increases. Prolonged exposure of machine operators to a complex of adverse factors can lead to the development of occupational diseases. Most often they have sciatica, neuritis of the auditory nerve, vibration disease, chronic bronchitis. The leading forms of diseases with temporary disability among agricultural machine operators are respiratory diseases, injuries, diseases of the peripheral nervous system.

In animal husbandry, one of the most labor-intensive processes is the manual milking of cows. Milkmaids of manual milking may have characteristic diseases of the hands, sciatica, and neuralgia. When distributing feed, especially dry feed, the amount of dust containing microorganisms sharply increases. One of the pronounced unfavorable factors of the production environment of livestock breeders is a specific unpleasant odor. It is caused by the presence in the air of mercaptans, indole, skatole, amines, aldehydes, ketones, ammonia, carbon disulfide and other substances formed during the decomposition of manure.

Thus, workers in animal husbandry are affected by a complex set of factors, of which the most pronounced are: biological (bacteria, fungi, wool, fluff, feathers, etc.), chemical (ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, silo gases) and physical (noise, high humidity). The most common forms of diseases with temporary disability in livestock breeders are diseases of the respiratory system, cardiovascular system, peripheral nervous system and musculoskeletal system, diseases of the skin and subcutaneous tissue. Hygienic feature page - x. labor consists of the occurrence of diseases transmitted from animals to humans. With the transfer of animal husbandry to an industrial basis and the use of biological preparations (antibiotics, fodder yeast, protein and vitamin concentrates, amino acids, vitamins), new types of occupational pathology have arisen due to the impact of both biological preparations used as feed additives and microorganisms.

Prevention:

Measures to reduce noise, vibration. Ventilation, air conditioning, good sealing. Labor mechanization. Use of PPE. Passing medical examinations.