Functional speech styles

Each functional style of language is based on its inherent literary norms. There are five language genres:

• Scientific;
• Official business;
• journalistic;
• Colloquial;
• Art.

Scientific style of speech

The scientific style of speech, called the style of scientific narration, has the following features:

1. Scope - science and research articles;
2. Addressees - scientists, specialists and people competent in scientific terminology;
3. The purpose of the style is to describe patterns, events and to educate the readership;
4. The function of style is to communicate and prove the truth of information by citing established facts or statistical forecasts;
5. Genres of scientific style - monograph, essay, article, etc.;
6. Type of speech - written, monologue.

The scientific style of speech characterizes the use of abstract vocabulary, real and small terms, mainly nouns, evidence and unambiguity.

Formal business style

The official business style of speech has the following features:

1. Scope of application - law, narration in an official environment (legislation, office work). Through the business style, official documents are drawn up - a law, a resolution, a protocol, a certificate;
2. Addressees - lawyers, diplomats, citizens, the state;
3. Type of speech - reasoning (written, oral) in the form of a monologue;
4. A kind of interaction - public communication;
5. Style features - imperative, standard and accurate, lack of emotional coloring;
6. The function of style is the transmission of information.

The official business style of speech is characterized by the presence of speech clichés, abbreviations, complex irreducible words.

Journalistic style

The journalistic style of speech, narrating through the media, has such features as:

1. Scope of application - articles, essays, interviews;
2. Addressees - specialists, society;
3. Style features - emotionality, used vocabulary, logic, nationality, publicity, appeal, imagery;
4. The function of style is the narration of events taking place in the country and the world, the impact on the masses and the formation of a certain opinion regarding what is announced;
5. Type of speech - written, oral;
6. Direction - the feelings of opponents.

The journalistic style is characterized by the use of socially widespread and political vocabulary.

Conversational style

Conversational style is used in the process of normal interaction and communication. The author conveys to the addressee his own subjective thoughts and perception of reality in an informal environment. Characteristic features of the style:

The artistic style is distributed exclusively in the literary genre, influencing the addressees - readers through sensory perception and a wealth of lexical devices. In the style, a preliminary selection of language means is made. Characteristic features of the style:

1. The type of vocabulary used is descriptive (artistic) narration;
2. Style features - emotionality, coloring, fantasy;
3. Form of style - written, monologue;
4. Language means - all types of language means are used when creating book images;
5. Addressees - society, possibly divided by gender and age composition;
6. Direction - feelings of opponents;
7. Genre type - novel, story, short story, fable, comedy, etc.

MODERN RUSSIAN language is the national language of the Russian people, a form of Russian national culture. It is a historically established linguistic community and unites the entire set of linguistic means of the Russian people, including all Russian dialects and dialects, as well as various jargons. The highest form of the national Russian language is the Russian literary language, which has a number of features that distinguish it from other forms of language existence: processing, normalization, breadth of social functioning, general obligation for all members of the team, a variety of speech styles used in various areas of communication

Russian language belongs to the eastern group of Slavic languages ​​belonging to the Hindu-European family of languages. It is the 8th language in the world in terms of native speakers and the 5th language in the world in terms of total number of speakers. The Russian language is the national language of the Russian people, the main language of international communication in Central Eurasia, Eastern Europe, in the countries of the former Soviet Union, one of the working languages ​​of the UN. It is the most widely spoken Slavic language and the most widely spoken language in Europe, geographically and by the number of native speakers. It ranks fourth among the most translated languages, and also seventh among the languages ​​into which most books are translated. In 2013, the Russian language came in second place among the most popular languages ​​on the Internet.

Russian language is public and official language in the following states: Russia, Belarus(as well as Belarusian), partially recognized South Ossetia(as well as Ossetian) and unrecognized Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic(as well as Moldovan and Ukrainian).

Russian language is considered official language public institutions (but below the state in status) in the following states: Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, partially recognized Abkhazia. In some administrative divisions Moldova, Romania and Norway Russian is recognized as one of the regional or local official languages.

2. Functional styles of the Russian language. Their types. Functional speech styles

The functional style of speech is a certain language system that is responsible for the goals and conditions of communication in a certain area and combines a set of stylistic language means. In essence, functional styles are heterogeneous, they differ from each other in a well-defined genre variety, terminology and literary presentation.

Types of functional speech styles

Depending on the spheres of public life in which the language is currently used, the following functional styles are distinguished: official business, scientific, journalistic, colloquial and artistic.

Formal business style

The official business style of speech is used to convey information in an official setting (legislative, administrative and legal activities, office work). With the help of this style, legal acts, protocols, certificates, receipts, etc. are created.

The official business style has a number of features that distinguish it from other styles of speech: imperativeness, accuracy (two interpretations are not allowed), lack of emotional coloring, strict textual composition. This style makes extensive use of clichés, nomenclature names, abbreviations, and verbal nouns.

scientific style

The main function of this style is the transmission and dissemination of scientific information, as well as proof of its truth. The main properties of the scientific style is the use of general scientific terms, abstract vocabulary, description of any discoveries or precedents. The scientific style is dominated by short real nouns.

Most often, the scientific style is found in articles, research papers, school essays, monographs and educational literature.

Journalistic style

This functional style of speech is used to influence, most often ideologically, the general public through the media and oratory. Publicistic style is most often found in such genres as essay, article, reportage, interview. From other speech stylistics, the scientific style is distinguished by its inherent increased emotionality and the use of socio-political vocabulary.

Conversational style

This style acts as a tool for the direct transmission and exchange of information relating to everyday issues and does not require an official setting. It uses mostly simple vocabulary, which carries emotionality, expressiveness and logical saturation. The most common genre is dialogue. Non-verbal factors are of great importance in conversational style: gestures and facial expressions. It also allows repetitions, incomplete sentences, and introductory words.

Art style

Artistic style is used in the creation of fiction. With its help, the author influences the reader, controls his feelings. In the artistic style, the inherent richness of vocabulary, imagery and emotionality. It is also possible to mix all other styles. Artistic style performs an aesthetic function, this is its main difference from colloquial and journalistic styles.

3. Art style features

The artistic style of speech, as a functional style, is used in fiction, which performs a figurative-cognitive and ideological-aesthetic function. In order to understand the features of the artistic way of knowing reality, which determines the specifics of artistic speech, it is necessary to compare it with the scientific way of knowing, which determines the characteristic features of scientific speech.

Fiction is characterized by a concrete-figurative representation of life, in contrast to the abstract, objective, logical-conceptual reflection of reality in scientific speech. A work of art is characterized by the perception through feelings and the re-creation of reality, the author seeks, first of all, to convey his personal experience, his understanding or understanding of a particular phenomenon. But in a literary text we see not only the world of the writer, but also the writer in this world: his preferences, condemnations, admiration, rejection, and the like. This is associated with emotionality and expressiveness, metaphorical, meaningful diversity of the artistic style of speech.

The basis of the artistic style of speech is the literary Russian language. The word in this functional style performs a nominative-figurative function. The words that form the basis of this style primarily include figurative means of the Russian literary language, as well as words that realize their meaning in the context. These are words with a wide range of uses. Highly specialized words are used to a small extent, only to create artistic authenticity in describing certain aspects of life.

In the artistic style of speech, the speech polysemy of the word is widely used, which opens up additional meanings and semantic shades in it, as well as synonymy at all language levels, which makes it possible to emphasize the subtlest shades of meanings. This is explained by the fact that the author strives to use all the richness of the language, to create his own unique language and style, to a bright, expressive, figurative text. The author uses not only the vocabulary of the codified literary language, but also a variety of figurative means from colloquial speech and vernacular.

The emotionality and expressiveness of the image comes to the fore in the artistic text. Many words that in scientific speech act as clearly defined abstract concepts, in newspaper and journalistic speech - as socially generalized concepts, in artistic speech carry concrete sensory representations. Thus, the styles functionally complement each other. For example, the adjective lead in scientific speech it realizes its direct meaning (lead ore, lead bullet), and in artistic speech it forms an expressive metaphor (lead clouds, lead noz, lead waves). Therefore, in artistic speech, phrases play an important role, which create a certain figurative representation.

Artistic speech, especially poetic speech, is characterized by inversion, i.e. a change in the usual word order in a sentence in order to enhance the semantic significance of a word, or to give the whole phrase a special stylistic coloring. An example of inversion is the well-known line from A. Akhmatova's poem "Everything I see is hilly Pavlovsk ..." Variants of the author's word order are diverse, subject to a common plan. But all these deviations in the text serve the law of artistic necessity.

Functional speech styles

The word style comes from the Greek stylos - stick. In ancient times and in the Middle Ages, they wrote with a rod made of metal, bone, wood. One end of the rod was pointed, they wrote (on damp clay tiles, on waxed boards, on birch bark); the other - in the form of a spatula, by turning the rod -"style", "erased" badly written. The more often they turned the style, the more often they erased what was unsuccessfully written, that is, the more demanding the author was to his work, the better, more perfect it turned out. Hence the expression« Flip style often» (Horaces), that is, correct,« finish the essay"(N. Koshansky).

The origin of the word style clarifies the essence of style. Namely: style is always associated with the problem of choice. One and the same thought can be expressed in this way, and in a different way, and in a third way ... And what is better? The search for the best, optimal way of expressing thoughts (in given specific conditions) is taught by stylistics - the science of styles.

Language as a social phenomenon performs various functions associated with a particular area of ​​human activity. The most important social functions of the language are as follows:

1) communication,

2)message

3) impact.

To implement these functions, separate varieties of the language historically developed and took shape, characterized by the presence in each of them of special lexico-phraseological, partially and syntactic, means used exclusively or mainly in this variety of language. These varieties are called functional styles.

In accordance with the above functions of the language, the following styles are distinguished: colloquial (communication function), scientific and official business (message function), journalistic and literary and artistic (impact function)

Functional styles can be divided into two groups associated with specific types of speech.

Scientific style.

The first group, which includes the styles of scientific, journalistic and official business (literary and artistic style will be discussed later), is characterized by monologue speech; for the second group, formed by various types of conversational style, dialogic speech is a typical form.

The first group is book styles, the second is colloquial style. Scientific style, as it has already been said, belongs to the book styles of the literary language, which are characterized by a number of general conditions for functioning and linguistic features: preliminary consideration of the statement, its monologue character, strict selection of means, attraction to normalized speech

In Russia, the scientific language and style began to take shape in the first decades of the 18th century, when the authors of scientific books and translators began to create Russian scientific terminology. In the second half of this century, thanks to the works of M.V. Lomonosov and his students, the formation of the scientific style took a step forward, but it finally took shape in the second half of the 19th century. together with the scientific activities of the greatest scientists of that time.

The scientific style has a number of common features that manifest themselves regardless of the nature of the sciences themselves (natural, exact, humanitarian) and the differences between the genres of expression (monograph, scientific article, report, textbook, etc.), which makes it possible to talk about the specifics of the style as a whole

The style of scientific works is determined, ultimately, by their content and the goals of scientific communication - to explain the facts of the reality around us as accurately and completely as possible, to show cause-and-effect relationships between phenomena, to identify patterns of historical development, etc. The scientific style is characterized by a logical sequence of presentation , an ordered system of links between parts of the statement, the desire of the authors for accuracy, conciseness, unambiguity of expression while maintaining the richness of the content. A characteristic feature of the style of scientific works is their saturation with terms, in particular international ones. However, one should not overestimate the degree of this saturation: on average, terminological vocabulary usually makes up 15-25 percent of the total vocabulary used in the work.

An important role in the style of scientific works is played by the use of abstract vocabulary in them, factor, development, creativity, self-awareness, comprehension, movement, expression, duration, intensity, flow, etc. The words are used in a direct (nominative) sense.

The scientific style has its own phraseology, which can include compound terms (angina pectoris, solar plexus, thyroid gland, right angle, intersection point, inclined plane point)

In scientific works, one often encounters the use of the singular form of nouns in the meaning of the plural. For example: A wolf is a predatory animal from the genus of dogs (a whole class of objects is called with an indication of their characteristic features)

In scientific and technical literature, real and abstract nouns are often used in the plural form. For example: lubricating oils, stainless steels,

Adjectives are widely used in scientific works, clarifying the content of the concept by pointing to its various features and thereby performing a terminological function. For example, A. E. Fersman in the book« Entertaining mineralogy» names a large number of varieties of green in which stones are painted: turquoise green, bottle green, golden green, emerald green, olive green, grass green, apple green; also pale green, bluish green, dirty green, dense green, grayish green, bluish green, bright green, and more. others

Of the syntactic features of the scientific style, a tendency to complex constructions should be noted.

It is quite natural that different types of complex sentences find their place in the scientific literature, which are a capacious form for expressing complex thoughts. For example, in a study on aesthetics we read:« The special and unique originality of music among other types of art is determined by the fact that, striving, like every type of art, for the widest and most comprehensive coverage of reality and its aesthetic assessment, it does this by directly referring to the spiritual content of the world of human experiences, which it with with extraordinary power activates in his listener»

In complex sentences used in scientific texts, compound subordinating conjunctions are often found, which are characteristic of book speech in general: due to the fact that; due to the fact that; due to the fact that; due to the fact that; due to the fact that; even though; while; meanwhile; then, like others, allowing more accurately than simple causal, concessive, temporary unions, to reveal the relationship between the parts of a complex sentence.

To link parts of the text, in particular paragraphs that have a close logical connection with each other and a clear construction, words and combinations are used that indicate this connection: therefore, at the same time, first, then, in conclusion, thus, so, therefore, etc. .

The means of communication between parts of the text are also introductory words and combinations, firstly, secondly, finally, on the one hand, on the other hand, etc., indicating the sequence of presentation.

Formal business style.

Among the book styles of the language, the official business style stands out for its relative stability and isolation. Over time, naturally, it undergoes some changes caused by the nature of the content itself, but many of its features, historically established genres, specific vocabulary, phraseology, and syntactic turns give it a generally conservative character.

A characteristic feature of the official business style is the presence in it of numerous speech standards - clichés. If in other styles templated turnovers often act as a stylistic flaw, then in the official business style in most cases they are perceived as a completely natural belonging to it.

Many types of business documents have generally accepted forms of presentation and arrangement of material, and this, of course, facilitates and simplifies their use. It is no coincidence that in certain cases of business practice, ready-made forms are used that only need to be filled out. Even envelopes are usually written in a certain order (different in different countries, but firmly established in each of them), and this has its own advantage for both writers and postal workers. Therefore, all those speech clichés that simplify and speed up business communication are quite appropriate in it.

The official business style is the style of documents: international treaties, state acts, legal laws, regulations, charters, instructions, official correspondence, business papers, etc. Despite the differences in content and variety of genres, the official business style is generally characterized a number of common features. These include:

1) conciseness, compactness of presentation, economical use of language tools;

2) the standard arrangement of the material, the often obligatory form (identity card, various kinds of diplomas, birth and marriage certificates, money documents, etc.), the use of clichés inherent in this style;

3) the widespread use of terminology, nomenclature names (legal, diplomatic, military, administrative, etc.), the presence of a special stock of vocabulary and phraseology (official, clerical), the inclusion of complex abbreviated words and abbreviations in the text;

4) frequent use of verbal nouns, denominative prepositions (on the basis of, in relation to, in accordance with, in fact, by virtue of, for purposes, at the expense of, along the line, etc.), complex conjunctions (due to the fact that, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, etc.), as well as various stable phrases that serve to connect parts of a complex sentence (in case ...; on the basis that ...; for the reason that ...; with the condition that ...; in such a way that ...; the circumstance that ...; the fact that ... etc.);

5) the narrative nature of the presentation, the use of nominative sentences with enumeration;

6) direct word order in a sentence as the prevailing principle of its construction;

7) the tendency to use complex sentences, reflecting the logical subordination of some facts to others;

8) almost complete absence of emotionally expressive speech means;

9) weak individualization of style.

The heterogeneity of the subject matter and the variety of genres make it possible to single out two varieties in the style under consideration: the official documentary style and the everyday business style.

In turn, in the first one, one can single out the language of legislative documents related to the activities of state bodies, and the language of diplomatic acts related to international relations. In everyday business style, official correspondence between institutions and organizations, on the one hand, and private business papers, on the other, differ in content, genres and the nature of the language means used.

The language of legislative documents includes the vocabulary and phraseology of state law, civil law, criminal law, labor code, marriage and family code, etc. It is adjacent to vocabulary and phraseology related to the work of administrative bodies, official activities of citizens etc.

The following excerpts can serve as examples of documents of this type of official business style.

Regulations on elections to the Supreme Soviet of the USSR

Article 3. Every citizen of the USSR who has reached the age of 23 may be elected as a deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, regardless of race or nationality, sex, religion, educational qualification, settled position, social origin, property status or past activities.

In another variety of official business style - everyday business style, as already mentioned, official correspondence (business letter, commercial correspondence), official business papers (certificate, certificate, act, protocol), private business papers (statement, power of attorney, receipt, autobiography, invoice, etc.). All of them are characterized by well-known standardization, which facilitates their compilation and use and is designed to save language resources, to eliminate unjustified information redundancy. We give examples of some business papers.

Statement

I ask you to grant me a week's leave to go home for family reasons.

(signature)

Journalistic style.

In the journalistic style, the function of the impact of agitation and propaganda is realized, with which the purely informative function (news reporting) is combined. Publicistic works touch upon issues of a very wide range - any topical issues of our time that are of interest to society: political, economic, moral, philosophical, issues of culture, education, everyday life. The journalistic style is used in socio-political literature, periodicals (newspapers, magazines), political speeches, speeches at meetings, etc.

As part of the journalistic style, its newspaper and magazine variety has become widespread. The main features of the language of the newspaper include:

1) economy of language means, brevity of presentation with informative richness;

2) selection of language means with a focus on their intelligibility (newspaper is the most common type of mass media);

3) the presence of socio-political vocabulary and phraseology, rethinking the vocabulary of other styles (in particular, terminological vocabulary) for the purposes of journalism;

4) the use of speech stereotypes, clichés characteristic of this style;

5) genre diversity and the associated variety of stylistic use of language means: word polysemy, word-formation resources (author's neologisms), emotionally expressive vocabulary;

6) the combination of features of a journalistic style with features of other styles (scientific, official business, literary and artistic, colloquial), due to a variety of topics and genres;

7) the use of figurative and expressive means of the language, in particular the means of stylistic syntax (rhetorical questions and exclamations, construction parallelism, repetitions, inversion, etc.

A significant part of the vocabulary of the newspaper style is made up of general literary words and various terms (science, military affairs, art, sports): both of them in the appropriate context can be rethought and acquire a journalistic coloring.

For example: the arena of political struggle, the army of the unemployed, the struggle against colonialism, the military circles, newspaper magnates, the cause of peace,

Many journalistic genres (essay, feuilleton, pamphlet, polemical article) are characterized by the free use of all the resources of the national language, including its figurative and expressive means (epithets, metaphors, comparisons, various stylistic figures). imbued with the pathos of high civic feelings, and the strength of their impact is organically linked with the brightness and imagery of the language.An example of this style is the famous"Letter to Gogol" Belinsky, in which the author speaks with anger, passion, and heartache about the political delusions of the great writer. Below are excerpts from a journalistic article by A. N. Tolstoy as an example of this style« Moscow is threatened by the enemy».

The hour will come when we will move on to the decisive phase of the war - an offensive strike on the German front. But in order to proceed to this phase of the war, it is necessary now, and immediately, to stop the enemy.

Leningrad found in itself the greatness of the spirit. Leningrad severely, in an organized and firm manner took upon itself the monstrous blow of the German tank and rifle corps. Leningraders, Red Army soldiers, Baltic sailors pushed them back and brutally halted the offensive. Now here the German front, bleeding, slowly begins to back away ..

The peculiarity of the language of fiction is:

1) the unity of communicative and aesthetic functions,

2) multi-style,

3) widespread use of figurative and expressive means,

4) manifestation of the creative individuality of the author. To this we add that the language of fiction has a great influence on the development of the literary language.

Not all of these features are specific to the artistic style. As mentioned above, only the aesthetic function is fully related to it. As for other features, they are found to a greater or lesser extent in other styles. Thus, the figurative and expressive means of language are found in many genres of journalistic style or in popular science literature. The individual style of the author can be found both in the language of science and in the language of socio-political works. The literary language is not only the language of fiction, but also the language of science, the language of the periodical press, the language of government institutions, the language of the school, etc., its development is strongly influenced by colloquial speech.

Being only a part of the general literary language, the language of fiction at the same time goes beyond its limits: to create« local color», dialect words are used as a means of expression in fiction, the social environment is characterized by jargon, professional, colloquial words used in the text, etc. For stylistic purposes, archaisms are also used - words that have fallen out of the language asset, replaced modern synonyms. Their main purpose in fiction is to create the historical flavor of the era. They are also used for other purposes - they give speech a touch of solemnity, pathos, serve as a means of creating irony, satire, parody, color the statement in playful tones, but in these functions archaisms are used not only in fiction: they are also found in journalistic articles, newspaper feuilletons, in the epistolary genre, etc.

Often the artistic style is opposed to the scientific one. This opposition is based on different types of thinking - scientific (with the help of concepts) and artistic (with the help of images). Different forms of cognition and reflection of reality find their expression in the use of various linguistic means.

conversational style.

The colloquial style is opposed to book styles in general. He alone has the function of communication, he forms a system that has its own characteristics at all levels of the language structure: in phonetics (more precisely, in pronunciation and intonation), vocabulary, phraseology, word formation, morphology, syntax

The term " colloquial style» understood in two ways. On the one hand, it is used to indicate the degree of literary speech and is included in the series: high (bookish) style - medium (neutral) style - reduced (conversational) style. Such a subdivision is convenient for describing vocabulary and is used in the form of appropriate marks in dictionaries (words of a neutral style are given without a mark). On the other hand, the same term refers to one of the functional varieties of the literary language. To avoid the inconvenience associated with the ambiguity of the term, the term is often used in the second meaning.« colloquial speech». Colloquial speech is opposed to book speech as a whole, and not to its individual varieties, so if you use the term« colloquial style», then it must be borne in mind that it is filled with a different content than the terms that name the traditionally distinguished functional styles (scientific, official business, journalistic). Conversational speech is a special stylistically homogeneous, isolated functional system. It is characterized by special conditions of functioning, which include the lack of preliminary consideration of the utterance and the lack of preliminary selection of linguistic material associated with this, the immediacy of speech communication between its participants, the ease of the speech act associated with the lack of formality in relations between them and in the very nature of the utterance. An important role is played by the context of the situation (the environment of verbal communication) and the use of extralinguistic means (facial expressions, gestures, the reaction of the interlocutor). The purely linguistic features of colloquial speech include the use of non-lexical means (intonation - phrasal and emphatic (emotionally expressive) stress, pauses, speech rate, rhythm, etc.), the widespread use of everyday vocabulary and phraseology, emotionally expressive vocabulary ( including particles, interjections), different categories of introductory words, originality of syntax (elliptic and incomplete sentences of various types, word-addresses, words-sentences, repetitions of words, breaking sentences with plug-in constructions, weakening and breaking the forms of syntactic connection between parts of a statement, connecting constructions, the predominance of dialogue, etc.).

Colloquial speech is characterized by expressiveness not only in lexical terms, but also in terms of syntactic. As one study points out, a negative answer to a question“Will we succeed? » most often it is made out as follows:“Where can we go! "," Where can we go! "," What we can do there!», « Good job - let's do it!», « So we can do it for you!”, “Directly - in time! "," We already did it! » etc., and the answer is very rarely heard:« No, we won't make it».

Spoken language, in addition to its direct function as a means of communication, also performs other functions: in fiction, it is used to create a verbal portrait, for a realistic depiction of the life of a particular social environment, in the author's narrative it serves as a means of stylization, when confronted with elements of book speech, it can create a comic effect. . Let us dwell in more detail on certain aspects of colloquial speech.

Pronunciation.

Conversational style also appears in various classifications of pronunciation styles. Its peculiarity is, firstly, that it, like the high (bookish) style of pronunciation, is expressively colored, in contrast to the neutral style. This coloring of the colloquial style is explained by the fact that it is associated with the corresponding lexical layer (colloquial vocabulary): colloquial words are usually pronounced according to the norms of the colloquial pronunciation style. Secondly, the conversational pronunciation style.

Vocabulary.

Colloquial vocabulary is part of the vocabulary of oral speech, it is used in casual conversation and is characterized by various shades of expressive coloring. Spoken words belong to different parts of speech.

Phraseology

A significant part of the phraseological fund of the Russian language is provided by colloquial phraseology. It, like colloquial vocabulary, is stylistically very expressive and contains a variety of expressive and evaluative shades (ironic, dismissive, playful, etc.). It is also characterized by structural diversity (a different combination of nominal and verbal components). Combinations can serve as examples of colloquial phraseology: pitch hell, a week without a year, wind in the head, look at both, it's in the bag.

Word formation.

For many words of colloquial speech, their formation is characteristic with the help of certain affixes (in most cases - suffixes, less often - prefixes)

Syntax

Colloquial syntax is different. The above conditions for the implementation of colloquial speech (the unpreparedness of the utterance, the ease of speech communication, the influence of the situation) affect its syntactic structure with particular force. Depending on the content of the statement, the situation, the level of language development of the participants in the speech act, the syntactic structures used in colloquial speech vary significantly, they can acquire an individual character, but in general it seems possible to talk about some prevailing models and characteristic features of literary and colloquial syntax. These include:

1. The predominant use of the form of dialogue.

2. The predominance of simple sentences, among complex ones, compound and non-union are more often used.

3. Widespread use of interrogative and exclamatory sentences.

4. The use of sentence words (affirmative, negative, incentive, etc.)

5. Widespread use of incomplete sentences (in dialogue)

b. Breaks in speech caused by various reasons (search for the right word, excitement of the speaker, unexpected transition from one thought to another, etc.)

7. The use of introductory words and phrases of different meanings.

8. The use of insert structures that break the main sentence and introduce additional information, comments, clarifications, explanations, amendments, etc. into it.

9. The use of connecting constructions, which are an additional statement that arose after the main statement had already been made.

10. Widespread use of emotional and imperative interjections.

11. Lexical repetitions,

12. Various kinds of inversions in order to emphasize the semantic role of the word highlighted in the message.

13. Special forms of the predicate (the so-called complicated verbal predicate). These include:

a) repetition of the verb-predicate to indicate the duration of the action, for example: I drove the horse: food, food - no way out

6) repetition of the predicate with an intensifying particle so to denote an intense action, fully implemented.

c) the combination of the infinitive with the personal form of the same verb (often preceded by the negation of not) to emphasize the meaning of the verbal predicate.

d) a combination of two single-root verbs and a negation not between them to indicate the completeness, tension, duration of the action.

e) a combination of a verb with the meaning of state (sit, stand, lie down) or movement (go, walk) and another verb in the same grammatical form to indicate an action carried out by the subject in a particular state.

f) a combination of the verb to take and the same form of another verb (there is a union between them and, yes, yes and) to indicate the action as a result of the decision made by the subject, his personal desire.

g) combination of turnover only and does that (only knows that) with another verb in the same form to indicate a single and exclusive action.

h) a combination of a verb with a particle know (know to yourself) to indicate an action that is performed despite adverse conditions or obstacles.

14. There are a number of features in the construction of complex sentences in colloquial speech.

In colloquial speech, there are complex sentences, parts of which are connected by lexical and syntactic means: in the first part there are evaluative words well done, clever, fool, etc., and the second part serves to substantiate this assessment, for example: Well done for standing up (L. thick); Fool Petruha, what went for you (L. Tolst.).

Bibliography.

1. Grammar of the Russian language, v.2, part 1, M., 1954.

2. Russian colloquial speech. Saratov, 1970

3. Kostomarov V.G. Russian language on a newspaper page. M., 1971

A person who uses in his life never speaks in one manner: with friends he speaks in one way, during a scientific report - in a different way. In other words, he uses different styles of speech.

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General concept

Style is a fundamental element of speech, its design, a way of presenting thoughts, events, facts. If we turn to a strictly scientific definition, then the style of speech is a system of various linguistic means of expression and ways of presentation. This means that certain spheres of life are characterized by their own characteristics of conversation. For example, a person working in a factory will speak a little differently than an employee of a bank while communicating with a client. The style of the Russian language is very diverse, let's find out what text styles are and support the information with examples.

Kinds

When communicating with their friends, people use the so-called colloquial style of speech. It includes words, phrases and expressions that are typical for oral, and not for written speech.

People conduct a dialogue, transmit any information in an informal setting, therefore they use ordinary, slang, uncharacteristic words, for example, for a bank employee. But if everything is clear with oral speech, then what about the written one?

What is the difference between the text of the court verdict and the work of Pushkin? Everything that does not belong to oral speech, but is called a book style, in which include 4 more types of text.

Journalistic style

A lot of people call this style official.

Important! Journalistic style can be used not only in texts, but also in oral speech. For example, during a report of a TV channel from the scene, reporters and correspondents use precisely the journalistic style.

The main purpose of use is influence on the reader or listener, most often with the help of the media, to form a certain public opinion.

To better understand how to define a journalistic style, let's highlight its characteristic features:

• Using distinctive emotionality and imagery to create the right atmosphere.
• Speech filled with confidence, value judgments, assumptions, interest.
• To ensure that the incoming information does not look unreliable, all statements are substantiated, argued, supported by facts and evidence.
• Emotional words are used, set expressions and phraseological turns. Depending on the audience, dialect or slang words may be used.
• Use as many adjectives as possible, and .

For clarity, let's look at some examples of texts: "In a veterinary clinic on street x, an act of cruelty was recorded animal handling.

The signal was received this morning at 9:30 Moscow time. The police have already arrived at the scene, and a criminal case has already been opened against the criminals under the article on cruelty to animals. The defendants face up to 5 years in prison."

It is also worth knowing that journalistic style is quite often combined with scientific, because some of their features are very similar.

scientific style

Already from the name itself it is clear what the use of scientific style implies. Such a text will tell about any scientific events, phenomena, facts, evidence, theories, discoveries, and so on. Let's take a closer look at how to define text style.

Attention! The style will not be scientific when, for example, the media talk about something scientific: “Last night at the California State University of Science, a group of students conducted an experiment and discovered a new chemical element that had not been found anywhere before.” This passage is more related to journalism than to science.

characteristic features for scientific style will be:

• Scientific notes, notes, letters, processes and results of experiments.
• Term papers or dissertations for an academic degree.
• Various proofs of one or another statement. Scientific theories, hypotheses.
• Existence not only in writing, but also in oral speech, because any scientific reports, lectures and discussions will also refer to it as a scientific style.

Summing up, we understand that the scientific style is the result or report of any research activity. In order for the text to be more informative, it is provided with evidence, a description of the study, and a formal presentation of all the information. , annotations, reports - all this refers to this type.

Finally, let's look at text examples: “The force of inertia is a force, the appearance of which is not due to the action of any specific bodies. The need for their introduction is caused only by the fact that the coordinate systems with respect to which the movement of bodies is considered are not inertial, that is, they have acceleration relative to the Sun and stars.

How to determine the style of the text indicated above is clear to everyone. Here are scientific terms, and definitions of scientific phenomena, and statements proven by science.

Art style

The most beautiful, easy to read and common text style in Russian. The functions are very simple - the most detailed and beautiful transmission of emotions and thoughts from author to reader.

The main distinguishing feature of this style is the abundance of literary means of expressing thought. It affects the imagination, fantasy, feelings, makes the reader experience.

It is called the language of literature and art. Way of self-expression of the authors That's what art style is.

Let's take a look at its distinguishing features:

• Appears in poems, poems, plays, stories, novels.
• The abundance of literary devices - epithets, personifications, hyperbole, antithesis and others.
• Literary means of expression, which are used in this style, describe artistic images, convey the emotions, thoughts and mood of the writer.
• The ordering of the text is another characteristic feature. Division into chapters, actions, phenomena, prose, scenes, acts.

Important! The artistic style can borrow the features of journalistic and colloquial, as their use may lie in the creative intent of the author.

Examples of artistic style texts are absolutely any literary works.

Formal business style

In real, everyday life, this style is much more common than, for example, artistic. Instructions, safety precautions, official documents - all this refers to the official business style.

The main purpose of its use is the most detailed information. If a person signs an employment contract at a new job, then he will receive a huge number of documents, because they contain all the necessary information. The stylistic affiliation of the text in this case is determined very easily.

Features of the official business style of the text:

• Informative orientation, lack of verbal "water".
• No vague wording. Precise, clear, specific phrases.
• There may be difficulty in the perception and understanding of the text due to its administrative and legal orientation.
• Any emotionality, linguistic and literary means of expression in such texts are completely absent. Facts, conditions, reasonable hypotheses- that's what the official documents should contain.
• Speech stamps, language clichés, set expressions are regularly used.
• The proposals used in official business documents are in most cases complicated by various turnovers and are quite voluminous.

Let's take a look text examples: “I, Anna Ivanovna Petrova, a student of the 11th grade of the educational institution “X”, received fifteen copies of the explanatory dictionary of the Russian language in the library, and I undertake to return them within two weeks.”

“This document indicates that Ivanov Ivan Ivanovich, on October 12 at 12:32 Moscow time, borrowed 1,000 rubles from Igor Igor Igorevich, and undertook to return this money within one month.”

What are the styles of speech in Russian, lesson

Overview of speech styles in Russian

Conclusion

Thus, summing up all the above, we can determine by Distinguishing text styles in Russian, which will fall under our arm. An abundance of linguistic and literary means of expression? Definitely artistic.

Reporting from the media, the presence of value judgments? It's definitely journalistic style. Facts, hypotheses, evidence, complex terms are clear signs of a scientific text. Well, all official documents can be attributed to the official business text.

As already noted, the literary language can be used in any communication situation: in an official and informal setting, in the field of science, office work, in the media, in fiction, in everyday life. Naturally, such a variety of functions performed cannot but lead to the fact that several variants are gradually formed in the literary language, each of which is intended for communication in a certain area of ​​human activity.

In the modern Russian literary language, they usually distinguish five styles:

• official business (business),

  newspaper and journalistic (journalistic),

  art,

  colloquial.

Each of the styles has a number of specific speech characteristics, which are formed depending on the area in which communication takes place and what functions the language performs.

Scientific, official business and journalistic styles are similar in that they are designed to convey rather complex content and function in the field of official communication, mainly in writing. Therefore they are called book styles.

In particular, this is manifested in the stylistic stratification of Russian vocabulary. So, along with commonly used words, that is, words that are used by everyone and in any cases (for example: mother, earth, water, run), used in book styles book vocabulary, that is, one that looks alien in a casual conversation.

For example, in a friendly letter it is hardly appropriate to use terms, clerical words, etc.: On green spaces the first leaves appeared; We were walking in the forest and sunbathing by the pond.

All book styles are opposed to the colloquial style, which is used in informal, everyday, everyday communication, usually in unprepared oral speech. And here, along with common words, the use of colloquial vocabulary is frequent, that is, one that is inappropriate in book styles, but is inherent in informal everyday speech.

For example, in everyday life we ​​use the word potatoes, baked goods, and in a textbook on botany, biology, they are inappropriate precisely because of their colloquialism. Therefore, there will be used the terms potatoes, liver.

Stratification of vocabulary by use in certain styles ( commonly used vocabulary - bookstore and colloquial vocabulary) should not be confused with the stratification of vocabulary according to the presence or absence of an evaluation and emotionally expressive coloring in a word (although in some cases these characteristics overlap). Emotional means based on feeling, caused by emotions, feelings. Expressive - expressive, containing the expression of feelings, experiences (from the Latin expressio - "expression"). From this point of view, neutral vocabulary is contrasted with evaluative, emotionally expressive vocabulary.

Neutral vocabulary is words that are devoid of stylistic coloring. They can indicate emotions, express an assessment of phenomena ( joy, love, good, bad), but in this case, the expression of emotions or evaluation constitute the very meaning of the word, and are not superimposed on it.

A feature of emotional-evaluative and emotional-expressive vocabulary is that evaluation, emotional-expressive coloring "superimpose" on the lexical meaning of the word, but are not reduced to it. Such a word not only names this or that phenomenon, but also expresses the assessment, the attitude of the speaker to this object, phenomenon, sign, etc. This is easy to demonstrate by comparing neutral and emotionally expressive synonyms, that is, words that are close or identical in meaning:

eyes - eyes, balls; face - muzzle, face; son - son; a fool is a fool.

Emotionally expressive vocabulary is usually divided into high and low. High vocabulary is used in pathetic texts, in solemn acts of communication. Reduced- combines words of low social significance and, as a rule, containing elements of a sharp assessment. In addition to this general characteristic, expressively colored words can acquire various stylistic shades, as indicated by marks in dictionaries.

For example: ironically - democrat("rubber club" in colloquial speech); disapproving - rally; contemptuously - toady; playfully - newly minted; familiarly - not bad; vulgarly - grabber.

Emotionally expressive vocabulary requires an attentive attitude. Its inappropriate use can give speech a comical sound. This often manifests itself in student essays.

A special place in the system of styles is occupied by the language of fiction. Since literature reflects all spheres of life, it can use for aesthetic purposes, to create artistic images, the means of any styles of the literary language, and, if necessary, not only them, but also dialects, and jargons, and vernacular. The main function of the artistic style is aesthetic. And here everything is determined by specific tasks, a sense of proportion and the artistic taste of the writer.

Of course, the specificity of each style is manifested not only in vocabulary, but also in grammar, in the features of text construction, etc. But all these linguistic features are determined precisely by the functions that each style performs and by those areas of communication in which this style is used. This leads to the fact that each style has a certain dominant, that is, the organizing feature of this style.

Exercises for the topic “5.1. General characteristics of styles. Stylistic stratification of vocabulary. Emotionally expressive coloring of the word "