Internet biography. History of the Internet
So who invented the internet?
Well, the very first answer is obvious: one name is not here and cannot be. And here is a list of the names of those people who invented the Internet, I will give.
Who Invented the Internet? Creation idea.
The initial idea of creating a network in which it will be possible to communicate not by telephone or by means of television belongs to Leonard Kleinrock(Leonard Kleinrock). So, at the end of May 1961, his first work appeared under the title "Information flow in large communication networks." A year later, Joseph (J. C. R.) Carl Licklider becomes the first director of the first-ever Information Technology Division of the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency. Having taken office, he submits his vision of the galactic network for discussion to the first persons of the Pentagon.
APRANET- the network of the Office for Advanced Research Programs (a packet-switched network that appeared on paper in 1966 and organized at the very beginning of the 1970s). This network is the prototype of the Internet as we know it. Now the network does not exist - it was disbanded in February 1990. And then the emergence of a network that was designed to connect to a single global network of university and research computers was marked by the inclusion of two points of attachment to the network (nodes) of computers at the University of California at Los Angeles and the Stanford Research Institute.
The Internet itself, in the form in which it exists now, began to be developed in the late 1960s in the same United States. In 1968, at the Stanford Research Institute, Elmer Shapiro chaired the first meeting of the NWG Network Working Group. Its members were just beginning to discuss issues related to how computers would communicate with each other. And at the end of the year, Shapiro publishes a Study on the Design Parameters of Computer Networks. Building on this and other work, Thomas Merrill, Lawrence Roberts, Barry Wessler, and others are working together to create an integrated multiprotocol processor to adapt existing protocols to network requirements.
The work is in full swing, and, finally, on July 3, 1969, the University of California publishes a news release in the press, where the Internet is officially mentioned for the first time. Almost two months later, at the end of August, the first network switch and a piece of equipment for the integrated processor arrive at the University. And just a few days later, on September 2, the first data of information ran along the network wires from the university computer to the switch.
Who Invented the Internet? Work begins...
On the morning of October 29, 1969, the first Internet message was sent from a computer in Leonard Kleinrocker's laboratory. Clainrocker was trying to log in to the Stanford Institute computer from his own in California. The LOGIN command, however, failed. After entering two LO characters, the network from the Stanford side collapsed. The reason was soon found out, the network was corrected. Another authentication attempt was successful.
Two years later, in 1971, Ray Tomlinson sent the first email.
Working in 1973 and publishing the results in 1974, Vinton Cerf and Robert Kahn's RFC (the famous "up for discussion" series is from the IETF series of documents (standards, guidelines, working group reports, and etc.), defining the principles of the Internet), which is assigned the number 675. This is how the TCP protocol appeared. Thanks to this, the aforementioned deuce is considered by many users to be the fathers of the Internet. For many, the question of who invented the Internet is closed at this point ... In 1978, the protocol was finally formed in TCP / IP to support online traffic. It is still a priority in the network.
Who Invented the Internet? First commercial network.
The commercial network, or rather the commercial version of the ARPANET known as TELNET, was introduced to the general public in 1974 and is still considered the very first ISP.
Shortly before that, Robert Metcalfe was finishing work on his own brainchild - the Alto Aloha Network - a network where data was transmitted at the then inconceivable speed of 3M / s. Soon the founder of the network renames it to Ethernet.
Who Invented the Internet? First modem.
It came even later: Dennis Hayes introduced the 80-103A in 1977. These devices immediately became popular and indispensable devices for network users. And in 1984, the domain name system was introduced to the public. First domain name symbolics.com registered to a computer company in Massachusetts in March 1985.
Who Invented the Internet? Almost everything is ready...
1990 Tim Berners-Lee develops a hypertext scanning language. HTML still carries the lion's share of web information to this day. A year later, he introduces users to WWW - the famous worldwide network. It is she who is considered the Internet by the vast majority of people. Yes, the Internet has at its origins hundreds of names of very, very literate people, but without the WWW, the Internet, as we all know it, would definitely not exist.
Who Invented the Internet? The first graphical browser.
Mosaic - aka Mosaic - the first popular browser on the World Wide Web. Designed and released on April 22, 1993. Gradually merging into work, a competitor called Netscape joined him a year later. However, Mosaic is considered to be the prototype of all modern and popular "brands" of Internet browsers (IE, Chrome, Mozilla).
Pages rendered on bare HTML are very boring and unproductive. So it's time for the JAVA programming language (Java or Java) to come into play. James Gosling from the now living company supervised the work on its creation. Sun Microsystems. Java was first introduced to users in 1995 and today continues to occupy a leading position among the programming languages involved in the development of website pages.
In the same 1995, Brendan Eich developed Javascript - a system for executing scripts on a user's computer in a browser installed on this computer. Now the creator of the web page has the opportunity to make changes to the structure of the site or page using code. It was originally called Livescript, but it was decided to work in the two named environments in parallel. The names were combined under a common root.
Now the global network is finally formed.
The Internet has become an indispensable part of our lives. In just 5 years, the Internet, or as we also call it, the World Wide Web or the Global Network has become popular among millions of people. Now many of us cannot imagine life without this brilliant invention. Have you ever thought about who we are grateful for such an interesting and useful thing? Who Invented the Internet? Who is the creator of the Global Network? And why was the Internet invented in the first place?
Here's how it all started...In 1957, the US Department of Defense first thought about the reliable transmission of information. It was necessary to create such a system for transmitting messages that even in the event of a nuclear war, this system did not fail. The US Defense Research Projects Agency came up with the idea of using computers as sources for receiving and transmitting information. And for this it was necessary to develop a computer network. Four US universities were commissioned to implement the idea: the University of California at Los Angeles, the University of Utah, the University of Santa Barbara and the Stanford Research Center.
And in 1969, a talented group of scientists created a computer network called ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network), which united these 4 universities.
By 1973, the ARPANET had become international. Organizations from Norway and Great Britain connected to the network using a transatlantic telephone cable. By the end of the 70s, they began to actively work on the standardization of data protocols, which were successfully standardized in 1982-1983.
John Postel took an active part in the development of network protocols. Since Jon Postel is the author of many network protocols that are still in use today: IP, ICMP, TCP, FTP, DNS, many people call him the man who created the Internet or the father of the Internet.
By early 1983, after the ARPANET switched to the newly created TCP / IP network interconnection protocol, the name that we now successfully use, “Internet”, was assigned to it.
All this time the computer network was available to a limited number of people. And only in 1991, after the standardization of the WWW (World Wide Web) pages, the World Wide Web becomes a public invention of the United States.
So in what year was the Internet created?
As you understand, in what year the Internet was invented cannot be answered unambiguously. Because the very concept of "Internet" and our modern World Wide Web appeared much later than the very idea of \u200b\u200bcreation and its predecessor, the ARPANET. But these questions can be combined with the following question: who and when invented and created the first Internet? In 1957, the idea came to the mind of specialists from DARPA (US Defense Research Projects Agency) and 12 years later, a group of talented university scientists created the first computer network ARPANET. And in what year our modern Internet was created, you can determine for yourself - in 
1983, when the very concept of "Internet" appeared, or in 1991, when the network became public domain.
In conclusion, we can say that it is impossible to single out one single person from the circle of people who worked on the creation of the World Wide Web and invented the Internet. Mankind was moving towards this discovery gradually, even Nikola Tesla in 1908, speaking about the idea of using electrical information communication, predicted the emergence of the Global Network: “When the project is completed, a businessman in New York will be able to dictate instructions, and they will immediately appear in his office in London…. In the same way, any image, symbol, drawing, text can be transferred from one place to another ... And most importantly, all this will be transmitted wirelessly ... "
The Internet has become so tightly integrated into the life of a modern person that it is sometimes even difficult to imagine that it could not exist. It's even harder to imagine how we could ever get by without the Internet today. Indeed, thanks to this invention, any boundaries and distances practically ceased to exist. Everything on the web is at arm's length. This is truly a worldwide phenomenon. Few people think about it or attach importance to it, but the history of the creation and development of this means of communication is quite interesting. And yet, who invented the Internet? What sequence of events led to his appearance that gave rise to such an incredible rise in popularity?
At the beginning
If you try to look at the very origins, the history of the Internet goes back to the very first computer networks that appeared in 1956. Naturally, almost every invention is preceded by a certain need. Even then, there was a need to combine computing technology in order to provide simplified data exchange and increase productivity.
In 1957, the US Department of Defense decided to start developing reliable information and communication systems in case there was any danger from the outside. In DARPA (US Agency for Advanced Research and Development of Defense) it was proposed to use computer networks in this capacity. All this was a great start of the whole information sphere. Of course, the Internet in the form in which we know it will appear much later.
The prototype of the Internet - ARPANET
It cannot be said that the creation of the Internet took place overnight; rather, it was created in stages. The design and development of the network was entrusted to the four largest scientific institutions. These are California State Universities in Santa Barbara and Los Angeles, the University of Utah and the Stanford Research Center. In 1969, they were united among themselves in a network called ARPANET.
The development was funded by the US Department of Defense. Subsequently, other research centers and scientific institutions joined the network. Many expressed a desire to take part in the work on building and improving the technology. The installation of the first server took place on September 2, 1969. A computer called the Honeywell DP-516 had an insignificant, by today's standards, amount of RAM - 24 kilobytes.
By the way, there is another person who can be considered the forefather of the Network. This is Joseph Licklider. He was one of the first active promoters of global networking. If you ask yourself who invented the Internet, then part of the credit definitely belongs to him. He published his ideas, very close in meaning to the Internet that we see now, back in 1960 in the article “Man-Computer Symbiosis”.
Birthday
We have come to the main issue. In what year was the Internet invented? So, on October 29, 1969, a momentous event occurred. Charlie Kline, who was in Los Angeles, was trying to establish a remote connection to a computer in Stanford, located at a distance of 640 kilometers. There, the reception of the transmitted characters was controlled by Bill Duvall, confirming the success by phone. It was planned to send the LOGIN command, but on the first attempt only two characters were sent - LO, after which the Network went down. Functioning resumed quickly, and by about 10:30 p.m., the transfer had been successfully completed. We can say that from this date the Internet takes its actual beginning.
Further development
When the performance of the new technology was experimentally verified, the systematic development of related software began. 1971 is the year of birth of the first mail client. Of course, it was far from the software that is available now, but it quickly gained popularity.
Already in 1973, the Network began to acquire the image of an international one, since organizations from another continent, namely Europe, were attached. The first countries were Great Britain and Norway. The connection was made through the transatlantic telephone trunk.
In general, in the 1970s, the main services that were available and used on the Internet were e-mail, news, bulletin boards. Even then, even mailing lists appeared, although there was no spam then, everything was just on business. Spam appeared a little later.
Network Engineering
To make using the Internet as simple and intuitive as it is now, there was still a lot of work to be done. In particular, at that time there was no interaction with other computer networks that were built according to other standards. The creators, engineers and programmers faced a difficult and interesting task: it was necessary to develop a protocol that would standardize and make it possible for diverse networks to work together.
Jon Postel played a huge role in resolving this issue. It was he who came up with the concept of TCP / IP (Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol), which replaced the previously used NCP. It is with the help of TCP / IP that the association (or merging, overlaying) of networks occurs. The protocol was adopted in 1983 (later, however, it was repeatedly subjected to changes and improvements). So among the names of those who invented the Internet or made a significant contribution to it, his name can definitely stand.
At the same time, the ARPANET was increasingly referred to as the "Internet". By the way, this name itself is an abbreviation for INTERconnected NETworks, which means “interconnected networks”.
And in 1984, they completed the development and implemented the domain name system. The scientific name is Domain Name Server, DNS. Thanks to this, you now write website addresses in letters. If there were no DNS, I would have to write sets of numbers - IP addresses.
Well-known chats - real-time communication - work on IRC (Internet Relay Chat) technology, which was created in 1988.
Another predecessor
In fact, the history of the Internet is very rich in many faces, factors, backgrounds and coincidences. It's easy to write an entire book. But we will focus on the most basic events. In 1984, the US National Science Foundation launched a large inter-university network - NFCnet, which became a serious competitor for ARPANET. It connected several small networks, had more bandwidth, and in the first year about 10,000 computers connected to it.
The key point was that NFCnet used the principle of "core networks", which provides high stability, speed and reliability. This feature was a major breakthrough, outlining the contours of the technology that we have today.
However, the core networks did not become the final stage of development. In 1993, they were replaced by even more advanced NAPs, or, more simply, access points. This opened up the possibility of interoperability between commercial networks, which further expanded the boundaries of the use of the Internet.
The technical background is, perhaps, a symbiosis of ARPANET and NFCnet.
World Wide Web, or the well-known WWW
Few people know, but the European Council for Nuclear Research (CERN, the one that scared us with the launch of the Large Hadron Collider) played a big role in making the Internet so popular with ordinary users. More specifically, the British scientist Tim Berners-Lee, who worked there. It was he who came up with the concept that later became the World Wide Web.
Over the course of two years, he developed HTTP, the URI system, and HTML. The latter is a programming language using hypertext markup. To make it clear how huge this contribution is, it is worth saying that almost all sites are written in HTML (all other options appeared much later). With HTTP technology, users access the vast majority of Internet resources, and URLs (a subtype of URI) are the names that we see in the address bar of a web browser.
So, what we constantly use when browsing sites is just the Web. And the Internet is a network through which information and servers are accessed. Nowadays, the Internet is identified directly with the Web, although this is not the same thing.
Some more facts
In 1990, the service and operation of the ARPANET network was terminated due to the need for it having disappeared. We can say that the final transition to the Internet has taken place. At the same time, the first connection to the network was made using a telephone line.
The World Wide Web went public in 1991. And the very first web browser called NCSA Mosaic was developed by Mark Anderssen in 1993. Perhaps it was Mosaic, together with HTTP, that ensured such a rapid spread of the Internet and its incredible popularity. The first is due to a clear and thoughtful user interface, and the second is due to the fact that it provided all the necessary communications and made it possible to develop content. Now it was really the Internet information network.
Later, providers began to provide data exchange, instead of university and other supercomputers. The World Wide Web Consortium, W3C, was organized. And already in 1995, WWW overtook all other protocols in terms of the amount of information transmitted.
Rapid growth
In the 1990s, the Internet united almost all disparate networks and grew significantly in all respects. These are hardware and software, the number of sites and other information, access speed and stability. But the main growth is the number of users. For 5 years of existence, the audience has already amounted to more than 50 million users. For comparison, it took television 13 years to collect the same number. Today, more than two billion people are connected to the network, and this figure is growing steadily.
A wide variety of services have emerged, such as video streaming, cloud storage, social networks, forums, blogs, and more. Data transfer occurs at high speeds and in gigantic volumes. Hundreds of petabytes of information pass through the network every day. In general, it is now difficult to imagine the life of a modern person without the World Wide Web. Now access can be obtained via satellite, mobile communications, cable and fiber optic backbones, from almost anywhere on Earth. The Internet has become an integral part of our existence.
Conclusion
There are too many key figures in the history of the creation and development of global networks to unambiguously answer the question of who invented the Internet. This did not happen at once, but many talented specialists worked on it.
The advent of the Internet is not a whim or an experiment, it was due to many factors that made it simply inevitable. One can only give credit to all the above-mentioned people for the fact that we have such an indispensable thing as the Internet at our disposal.
In less than 20 years of the existence of the Internet - the World Wide Web, more than 966 million sites have appeared (data for 2017). All five continents are connected to the web. Users from America and Europe exchange information in real time with Australians and South Africans.
To show the global coverage of the free information web, just look at the statistics of the distribution of sites by continent.
How and when the Internet appeared, what technologies made this miracle of the twentieth century possible, who created the WWW and when - in this article.
The history of the creation of technologies for the Internet
The history of the world wide web was entirely formed in the second half of the 20th century. This is explained by the relative novelty of the technologies underlying it. The first networks connected computers long before the widespread introduction of personal computers into our lives, in 1956.
According to a number of researchers, the creation of a LAN was preceded by a pragmatic idea to control computers at a distance. The computers were big and got very hot. The halls where they worked had to be cooled, and the presence of people in them was undesirable. Remote control made it possible to place specialists in another office.
LANs of that time rarely went outside the building and had the character of local ones. Nevertheless, it was they who were chosen by the United States military department as an alternative and promising means of reliable communication in case of emergencies and military invasion.
Creation of distributed networks, ARPANET
In 1957, American intelligence found out about Soviet missiles installed in Cuba, which turned a nuclear war from hypothetical into a very real one. The arguments of the military in favor of creating computer networks:
- During a nuclear war, use for long-distance communication in the longwave range will become impossible.
- Any centralized communication systems can be disabled by damage to the central nodes.
- Distributed decentralized networks work even if individual segments are destroyed.
Already in 1957, the task set and financed by the military was taken up by employees of DARPA, an American agency in whose hands promising developments of a defense nature were concentrated. The project was difficult, so four leading higher educational institutions of the country were involved in it. These are two Californian universities: Santa Barbara and Los Angeles, Utah and Stanford.
The figure shows a hand-drawn ARPANET diagram with these nodes labeled and computer names on rectangular callouts.
In the late 60s, the network finally moved from the design stage to actual operation. The first ARPANET server, the working title of the project, was launched in September 1969. They became the Honeywell DP-516 computer. To estimate its power, it is enough to indicate the amount of RAM, which is 24 kilobytes. But by the standards of the time, that was enough.
global connection
Of course, scientific schools saw in the development of a single network and advantages for themselves. A new invention opens up the possibility of providing communication between research teams and individual scientists. All new participants joined the project, funded by the US Department of Defense.
The team was relatively small, less than 150 people. Half of ARPA's staff held a Ph.D. It is they who own the global approach to development.
Thus, a number of Internet historians believe that we owe the emergence of the concept of globality to the author of the Galactic Network article, J. Licklider. This work analyzes the prerequisites for the creation of galactic networks covering millions of people. Licklider took charge of the research program on October 4, 1962. Without this researcher, ARPANET could have remained a closed phenomenon to the world, and the Internet would have appeared much later.
Packages and Protocols
The technology and protocol for transmitting information became a key issue for the ARPA project. At this stage, the involvement of specialist Leonard Kleinorok was required. In his publication, dated 1961, communication protocols based on packet technology were discussed in detail.
Since the bandwidth of the line is limited, it is difficult to transfer the entire file. Initially, telephone cables were used throughout the country. Any interference and gaps led to the need to retransmit data. Claynork suggested splitting the file into smaller packages.
The sender sends them one at a time, and the recipient carefully folds them onto the drive and then collects the entire file. The theory was proven by a practical communication session between Massachusetts and California. the data was followed by low-speed telephone lines with a length of about 5,000 km.
Perhaps this was the first global information network, since these cities are located in different time zones. Researchers have proven that the time difference does not matter for communication. But the speed and reliability provided by telephone wires were found to be unsatisfactory. To ensure reliable and high-speed information exchange, it was necessary to create separate lines.
Open network and Internet name
Most researchers of the history of the World Wide Web believe that its modern name “Internet” originates from the French project Cyclades (Cyclades). Work on its launch took place in the 1970s of the last century. The designers of Cyclades prioritized connecting to other similar networks, the Inter-net.
The figure shows the initial design of the Cyclade, which united five French cities. Lines with a bandwidth of 48 kb are highlighted in bold, and lines with a bandwidth of 4-8 kb are thin. Used 8 different operating systems interacting with each other.
The French did not have such powerful funding as the ARPA group, so instead of one expensive system, they decided to build a global one from local segments interacting with each other. This model suited the military, commercial structures, educational institutions and individuals. Access to the Cyclades could have been easier and cheaper.
French engineers have greatly improved the protocol to enable fast data transfer using connected computers as transmitters. This allowed to increase the throughput and safety of information. In the new protocol, the file was not opened on intermediate computers, but was only forwarded on unchanged. The transfer problem was solved in hardware.
The key engineering decision was the adoption of a communication standard between open information systems. It was developed by ISO, the International Standards Agency. This document defined the principles and levels of interaction.
Uniform standards made it possible to exclude routers and powerful central servers. Data could now be sent directly from user to user. In addition, the levels of interaction were determined, which guaranteed the security of using the network for departments, including the military.
How did the internet come about
The concept of the Internet was first used in the 1970s. This name was coined for the TCP/IP protocol, a single standard for packet file exchange that all operating systems must understand. A kind of international computer language.
Strictly speaking, the TCP protocol itself was invented back in the 1970s. In 1978, the developers decided to divide its description into two functional areas. The function of TCP is to parse at the point of origin, and then reassemble the packets of the file at the destination. IP controlled transmission.
The standard turned out to be so successful that the developers of ARPANET transferred their offspring to TCP / IP. This event took place on January 1, 1983. Another alternative birthday internet.
The IP address required to access the server with web pages was not very convenient for users. Therefore, in 1984, the concept of domains was introduced. They were indicated in the format familiar to the modern user with .com and other combinations corresponding to the countries. It is from the domain that the concept of dotcom is formed - dot (dot) and com (com).
In 1988, it was possible to overcome the limitation of information transfer in a delayed mode. Prior to this, the file could only be sent by email. Now read the document in real time.
1989 can be considered a key year in the history of the emergence of the Internet. Scientists from the UK have proposed turning the network between countries into a worldwide one. To do this, standards were unified, called HTTP and URL to specify the name of the page or file. Also, HTML is proposed - a text description language with hyperlinks, which has been expanded many times in subsequent years.
Since 1990, anyone could connect to the World Wide Web through a telephone line using a modem. Another thing is that this access was paid and not everyone could afford it.
Inventors of the Internet
If American researchers made the hardware part of the Internet possible, then European researchers worked harder on the standards of hypertext and the HTTP protocol. English scientist Tim Berners-Lee laid the foundations of the Internet when he invented the URL, HTTP, and a number of other Internet standards.
He also developed the concept of WWW - a global web consisting of a huge number of interconnected documents, the transition between which is possible with one click on a hyperlink.
Also among the people who invented and essentially invented the Internet, researchers include Berners-Lee's colleague, the Belgian scientist Robert Caio. He also worked at CERN on a data processing project.
The initial task was to systematize the knowledge accumulated by CERN - the leading European research center. But the idea, conceived and implemented by Tim Berners-Lee, easily scaled to any number of documents and arbitrary types of information.
Without the inventions of European scientists, which make it possible to organize access, communication between data from different sites and, most importantly, quickly edit information on them, global networks would not be so widely used. Only specialists could use them.
internet birthday
Some researchers believe that the history of the World Wide Web should be counted from the date October 26, 1969. On this day, an event took place, the true value of which only specialists could appreciate. And ordinary students Charlie Kline and Bill Duvall did it. In the photo they were taken on the 40th anniversary of the event.
A remote connection was established between Stanford and Los Angeles. With the modern development of technology, 640 kilometers separating the cities, the distance is short. But for that time it was a breakthrough that proved the possibility of reaching a global level of coverage of communications between people.
In fairness, it should be noted that the transfer was carried out only by 40%. Of the word LOGIN planned for broadcast, the first two letters were transmitted. The connection was unstable. Charlie Kline and Bill Duvall tried again later that day. The LOGIN word was finally transmitted at 10:30 pm. Note that the connected computers were part of the ARPANET.
The next three years were dedicated to the intensive development of network software and the improvement of transmission technology. So, in 1971, an email client was launched, which became the prototype of modern e-mail. A bulletin board and news publication was developed.
The next stage of development is the transmission of a digital signal across the ocean. In 1973, using a telephone cable laid along the bottom of the Atlantic Ocean, researchers from the United States contacted the UK and Norway over the network.
Equally, September 30, 1993 can be considered the birthday of the Internet. On that day, CERN's lawyers settled all the formalities and made it possible to open access to the World Wide Web to a wide mass of users who were not able to enter the network of the research laboratory. And already in 1994 WWW appeared in schools and other educational institutions.
Thus, the CERN research team created the Internet - the world's public library of knowledge. Therefore, September 30, 1993 has more right to be called the birthday of the network than the events in 1969. The question “How old is the Internet?”, as the library of all knowledge in the world, is most likely worth answering, counting from this later date.
Internet Day in different countries
In the US and Europe, the celebration is held on April 4th. There are two versions of this date. The first is the similarity of writing 4.04 with a 404 error about the absence of the desired page on the web. The second is religious. Isidore of Seville, a saint canonized by the Catholic Church, is considered to be the patron of the worldwide web. April 4 is the day of his ascension.
Interestingly, the candidacy of Isidore of Seville has been confirmed by the Vatican since 2000. The church motivated its decision by the fact that the saint used cross-references in his writings - a distant prototype of modern hyperlinks.
In Russia, the day of the Internet is often called April 7th. On this day in 1994, the domain.ru was allocated for Russian sites, instead of the domain of the Soviet Union, which had lost its relevance.su.
Similar to Russia, a number of other countries also consider the birthday of the Internet the moment of the appearance of their national domains. For example, in Uzbekistan it is April 29th, while WWW users in Ukraine celebrate on December 14th.
History of Internet technologies and services
Postal services
E-mail has accompanied the Internet throughout its history. As noted above, the first client to read and send mail over the world wide web was developed in 1971.
Some researchers refer back to 1965, to the Mail program written by Noel Morris and Tom Van Valek. But this application ran strictly on one CTSS operating system. Installed it on the IBM 7090/7094. Forwarding a message was possible to a computer connected via a local network and running on the same system.
Most of the concepts were inherited from the field of paper correspondence processing. A letter, an attachment, an envelope - all these words are from the past. But email is much faster and easier to use. You can read it from any device. But at first, users were strictly tied to their provider in order to have access to their mail account. The letters themselves were stored on the provider's server.
hotmail. The history of email on the Internet often dates back to July 4, 1996. On this day, the Hotmail service began commercial operation. Revolutionary consisted in freedom from the provider. The user could check his email from any device connected to the web.
Gmail. The history of this mail service began in the summer of 2001. At the same time, the corporation was in no hurry to open access to it to a wide range of users. In beta, it became possible to connect to GMail only in April 2004. The key advantage of Google mail was the incredible space for letters at that time. Each user was allocated 1 GB. Competitors provided at most 10 MB. Therefore, Gmail immediately looked like a leader on the Internet and occupies the first position in popularity at the moment.
Mail.ru and Yandex Mail. Mail.ru mail service has been operating since 1998. Perhaps this is the oldest such resource in Runet. Yandex joined the race of mailers later. The service appeared in the Russian segment of the Internet in June 2000. Notable for competent implementation of spam identification and anti-virus processing of attachments directly on the Yandex server.
Search engines
The Internet from the very beginning did not have a convenient search. To find something useful, it was necessary to find out the address of the site, type it in the browser line and then follow the links in the form of underlined letters for a long time.
YAHOO. The first search engine was YAHOO. Its two founders wanted to learn more about basketball teams. David Filo and Jerry Yang were left without their supervisor for a long period and got a lot of free time.
In January 1994, they found a solution to indexing a large amount of information and opened the world to the "Guidebook", which at this stage of the development of the Internet was a breakthrough in navigation. It was a site directory.
From that moment on, web search developed rapidly, as it attracted financial investments from advertisers. They were happy to place paid ads on search engines, which receive a huge number of visitors daily.
Google. The revolutionary invention of Google was the combination of the natural way for people to search for a phrase and link rating. A simple rule for determining the best pages is this: if there is a link from site A to site B, then page B counts a point. Now it's called the citation index, TIC.
At the moment, no user will be able to navigate the more than 150 million sites on the Internet. The search engine string is now displayed in the address page of most browsers.
Yandex. For Russian users in Runet - the Russian-speaking sector of the Internet, the search began with Rambler. This Russian project started in 1996, just three years later than the first American search engines. Yandex appeared on the Internet a year later, in 1997, but at the moment it is consistently in the top 10 world search services. In the Russian sector of the Internet, it is securely in first place.
Browsers
world wide web. The race for the right to be called the best user guide on the Internet began in the 90s of the last century. The first of these programs was simply called WorldWideWeb. As the name implies, this is WWW, a combination of letters that is often used to refer to the Internet. The browser was renamed Nexus, and then it gave way to more advanced competitors.
Mosaic. Few Russian users know about this web surfing tool, but it was the first to offer a graphical interface. There is evidence that both popular browsers of the 90s: Netscape navigator and IE borrowed the code of this open source project at an early stage of development.
Netscape Navigator is the first browser with inline search. It appeared in 1994 and lasted until December 28, 2007. For most Russian users, it was with him that acquaintance with the Internet began.
Google Chrome, without which it is difficult to imagine the Internet today, appeared only in 2008. Its source code is open and the Chromium engine is used in most modern web browsers, including the latest versions of Opera and Yandex.
History of the Internet in Russia
The graph of the development of the World Wide Web in the Russian-speaking space from the moment when the Internet was created and invented in the world is well demonstrated by the diagram.
On the graph, the x-axis is the years since 1990, and the y-axis is the millions of addresses issued to users and sites.
It is a mistake to assume that American researchers are decades ahead of their Soviet and Russian counterparts. The first local networks in the USSR were created in the military sphere in the 1950s. And in 1972, our civilian specialists managed to solve the problem of the scale of the whole country. A network for registering the sale of Express tickets has been implemented, the services of which we now use when buying train tickets via the Internet.
There were also philosophers in Russia who formulated the foundations for the functioning of global world networks. Odoevsky has a mention of such a system in his fantastic book of the year 4338. She saw the light in 1837.
Key stages of the emergence of the Internet in Russia.
1974 The KOI-8 encoding was developed, which included Cyrillic and Latin letters. This made it possible to create a standard for texts in mixed languages. KOI-8 is fixed in GOST. In the same year, Academician Sakharov predicts in the next half century the creation of a worldwide network - a world library of knowledge.
1982 Anatoly Kolesov conducts world conferences using computers using telephone lines. He was given a login to enter the server of the University of Stockholm.
1988 Kolesov was invited to the Central Television show to talk about this new technology.
1990 Glasnet, with the help of American colleagues, organizes the integration of the USSR into the Internet. Access to the network appears in several educational institutions in our country. In the summer of the same year, the Demos company opens an e-mail service in the USSR.
by 1991, the post office was organized in all major cities of the Union.
Since 1993, the history of the Internet in Russia has already kept pace with world experience. Providers appeared to access the network through the telephone network using modems. Ordinary people connected to the WWW, not just selected scientific organizations.
What is included in Runet
Thus, in Ukraine at the end of 2003, 82% of sites worked in Russian and united the audience of all countries of the post-Soviet space. In total, there were 15 million resources in Runet as of 2009.
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Good afternoon friends. Now most of the houses in our country have computers. We are so used to them that they become an integral part of the house. Many people without the Internet do not see the meaning of their existence.
People are already accustomed to, if something is unknown, you need to look on the Internet. How to make a veranda - Look it up on the internet. What will the weather be like soon? Also, the internet will tell you easily.
When did the Internet appear, and in what year? Most users find it difficult to answer about this, despite the fact that it has become so firmly established in our lives. But, let's then, let's try to deal with this issue?
So, what is the Internet, or global network? I would call it a community of computers connected to each other through special cables or using wave connections. Computers can range from small in size, like Pocket PCs, to huge in size, with a whole lot of knowledge, processing quite a lot of information.
The history of the Internet is quite interesting. But what is she? When did the world wide web appear? The story of the appearance of the global network begins with the first computer. I already wrote an article - ? But, about the first appearance of the Internet, I have not yet mentioned.
When did the Internet appear
The prerequisites for the emergence of the worldwide network originate in the 50s of the last century. We can say that the Internet began to emerge with the beginning of the Cold War. In the 1950s, the USSR, in opposition to the United States, began to create its own intercontinental missiles.
These missiles could deliver a nuclear charge to the territory of America. This made the Americans very worried. They began to think about lightning-fast data transmission devices if a war broke out.
At that time, the ARPA agency was responsible for creating new technologies for the US Army. It also gave the idea to the US government to use networked computers for this. The nodes of this network were located in special rooms that would not fail if one or more of them were destroyed. Of course, all this was controlled by the Pentagon.
4 companies were commissioned to create such a network: - The University of Utah, the University of Los Angeles, the California and Stanford Research Center.
The American Department of Defense followed these studies and also dealt with their finances. The basis for the emergence of the Internet was the technology that was created by US engineer Leonard Clayton in 1961.
Its essence is that information flows were divided into packets (sequence) through a special network, and their chain can be transmitted through the network. At the same time, there are alternate routes between the 2 nodes. If one refuses, the information will go to another.
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What year did the Internet appear
Tests have begun. One of the first passed on October 29, 1969. Two PCs located 640 km apart were connected to each other. Moreover, the first computer was at Stanford University, and the second, at California. Communication cables were rented from the telephone company.
creators of the ARPANET
The connection speed was 56 Kbps. The essence of the experiment: - one of the employees of Charlie Kline from Los Angeles sent the word LOGIN. The other, Bill Duvall of Stanford, was supposed to see it on his screen and relay it over the phone.
At nine in the evening they made their first attempt, but Charlie Kline managed to send only 3 LOG signs. Half past eleven, the experiment was repeated once more. And he succeeded! Bill Duval saw the word LOGIN perfectly.
To the question - when the Internet appeared, you can answer 10/29/69! It's like his birthday! This network was called ARPANET. By the end of 1969, all these universities were combined into one network.
Hence, in connection with the development of the packet switching network, a fast and high-quality digital communication was created, based not on telephone lines. ARPANET was not only the ancestor of codes and files for the military, but also became something of a springboard for other networks.
But the history of the global network continued, and in 1971 a certain Ray Tomlinson created e-mail and wrote a program thanks to which people could write letters to each other on the Internet. Tomlinson also created the @ (dog) icon. This sign is still part of any email address.
Interesting fact! The @ sign is called differently in different countries - the Greeks call it a little duck, the Germans - a hanging monkey, the Danes - an appendage of an Elephant, and so on.
The first international connection took place in 1972. Computers from Norway and Great Britain were connected. In the same year, a satellite connection was launched with a university in Hawaii. The number of hosts in 1977 became 100.
Internet protocol TCP/IP
The next major event happened in 1983. In this year, ARPANET changed the transmission of information from NCP to TCP / IP. This protocol for transmitting and receiving information is still used today.
TCP - deals with the transformation of messages into a stream of information on the side that transmits data. Then he also collects packets back into messages, only on the side that receives.
IP - deals with the management of packet addresses. IP sends them in the right directions between different nodes of the global network and allows the association of various networks.
When the IP (Internet Protocol) protocol appeared, the name internet acquired the worldwide status of a huge association of many computers for internet communication.
Since the mid-eighties, the NSFNET network began its creation, which united a huge number of PCs located in different universities in America. Along with this, other networks began to be created, such as CSNET, BITNET and so on. Around the mid-nineties, the ARPANET network was eliminated, while the servers of this network were connected to other networks.
When did the Internet appear in Russia
In the Russian Federation, the Kurchatov Institute (Institute of Atomic Energy) was the first of the institutes to be connected to the global network in the early eighties. Also, in the nineties, a UNIX network was created - RELCOM. This network was connected DEMOS and IAE.
DEMOS was created at the end of the winter of 1989 with the aim of developing software and creating new local networks of computers. This network has been connected to the European UNIX EUnet since August of the same year.
It is the first commercial company in the Soviet Union to establish data exchange with Western networks.
When did the abbreviation WWW appear?
WWW stands for World Wide Web, which means World Wide Web. This is a very important stage in the creation of the Internet. It was created in 1991. Its basis is the use of hypertext.
Hypertext is a text containing a link to another fragment of this text (Web - page) of the same document or to another document. When a person clicks on such a link, the browser or other program takes the user to the piece of text to which it directs him.
Who Invented the World Wide Web
It was invented by Briton Tim Berners-Lee and Robert Cayo. In history, it was Tim who made the first server. He also created the first browser. Tim used hypertext links to better navigate the web.
Who created the first website
I think you have already guessed that the first site was created by the same Tim Berners-Lee. He created it in the ninetieth year. The site had the address http://info.cern.ch/ .
What did the first browser look like?
The creation of the WWW service and browsers that can display Web pages on a PC has led to a real boom in the global network. The GUI browser appeared in 1993. It was the first browser of its kind and was called NCSA Mosaic.
All these discoveries and inventions, especially the WWW, created the conditions for connecting the mass user to the Internet. Nowadays, everyone can travel through the expanses of the world wide web. The number of people using the Internet is increasing exponentially.
When the Internet appeared, in what year, you now know. I wish you success!
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