Manufactured products:
iodine, iodine-containing products, iodine GPC, iodine for the production of highly pure salts, pure crystalline iodine, crystalline pure iodine, instant fine-crystalline iodine VFS, fine-crystalline instant technical iodine, iodine OSCh 20-3, iodine OSCh 20-4, iodine FK, iodine Ch , potassium iodide HCh, potassium iodide ChDA, potassium iodide ChDA, potassium iodide GPC, sodium iodide OSCH, sodium iodide OSCH, alcohol iodine solution 5%, medicinal products, potassium-lithium electrolyte

About the enterprise:

The history of Troitsky Iodine Plant JSC began in 1961, when the Krasnodarneftesintez association built a pilot plant for processing thermal iodine-bromine brines and extracting iodine from them. In 1964, the installation, together with the field, was transferred to the jurisdiction of the USSR Ministry of Chemical Industry and the enterprise was given the status of a plant. Today, the joint-stock company, located on several production sites, includes the mining allotment of the Slavyansko-Troitsky deposit of iodine-containing groundwater, which is the main raw material in the production of iodine. The West Kuban trough, in the central part of which the Troitsky section of the Slavyansko-Troitsky deposit of iodine-containing waters is located, in hydrogeological terms, is an independent artesian basin.

The plant produces reagents, drugs, substances for the preparation of medicines, veterinary drugs, drugs for the chemical, medical, food, electronics and agriculture industries.

The company is developing steadily, regularly mastering new types of products. In 2000, the production of potassium iodic reactive qualifications and potassium iodate, a pharmacopoeial iodine-containing product used for salt iodization, was launched here; in 2003 - the medical preparation "Yodopyron", used as a bactericidal agent for thermal and chemical burns of I-II degrees; in 2005 - production of potassium iodide used in the production of chemical fiber.

The Troitsk Iodine Plant has a certified laboratory that provides control of incoming raw materials, step-by-step technological control, and quality control of products. Environmental monitoring is constantly carried out to determine emissions into the atmosphere, as well as to determine the quality of discharged water and the iodine content in industrial waste.

In 2004, the enterprise was headed by M.V. Kravchuk. From the first days of his work as General Director, Mikhail Vitalievich directed his attention to increasing production efficiency, developing and implementing new technologies, expanding the range of products, improving their quality and reducing costs. Today, top-level specialists work under his leadership: two have the title of Honorary Chemist, seven have been awarded diplomas of the Ministry of Industry, Science and Technology of the Russian Federation. A number of employees were awarded medals and certificates of honor from the Administration of the Krasnodar Territory.

In the coming years, the management of the plant plans to reconstruct the mineral resource base, increase the existing production capacity and introduce block-modular plants for the production of highly pure substances.

It is also planned to reconstruct the power supply system of the plant. The acquisition of a modular gas generator set will allow the use of associated gas supplied with iodine-bromine water, not only to generate electricity, but also to obtain a significant amount of thermal energy, which will be used for technological and domestic needs.

Troitsk Iodine Plant JSC is developing dynamically in a market economy and successfully withstands competition in the world market. Its products consistently receive high marks at specialized all-Russian competitions and exhibitions. In 1997, at the annual meeting of the Club of Trade Leaders, the enterprise was awarded the international prize "For the quality of partnerships"; according to the results of the work of 2000, the plant received a diploma of the All-Russian competition "1000 best enterprises and organizations of the XXI century"; in 2001 he was awarded a diploma "For active participation in the First All-Russian Exhibition" Russian Manufacturers and Supply of the Armed Forces ". According to the results of the competition "100 Best Goods of Russia" in 2002, iodine of pharmacopoeial qualification (substance), produced by the enterprise, received a diploma and the sign "Declaration of Quality", and according to the results of the regional competition "High-quality goods of the Kuban" in 2003, two types of products became winners at once, produced by the plant - iodine brand "Ch" and the drug "Yodopyron".

Everyone has ever used an alcohol solution of iodine, some are familiar with it from chemistry lessons. Someone faced a lack of iodine in the body, and someone confuses it with brilliant green. In this article, we have collected answers to the most frequently asked questions about iodine, we hope it will be useful!

When and by whom was iodine discovered

Like many chemical elements, iodine was discovered by accident in 1811 by the Frenchman Bernard Courtois while obtaining saltpeter from seaweed. As a chemical element, the substance was named "iodine" two years later, and officially entered into the periodic table in 1871.

Where and how is iodine obtained?

In its pure form (free form), iodine is extremely rare - mainly in Japan and Chile. The main production is made from seaweed (5 kg is obtained from 1 ton of dry kelp), sea water (up to 30 mg per ton of water) or from oil drilling waters (up to 70 mg per ton of water). There is a method for obtaining technical iodine from saltpeter and ash production waste, but the content of the substance in the source materials is not more than 0.4%.

The method of obtaining iodine has two directions.

1. Seaweed ash is mixed with concentrated sulfuric acid and heated. After evaporation of the moisture, iodine is obtained.
2. Iodine in liquids (sea or lake salt water, petroleum water) is bound with starch, or silver and copper salts, or kerosene (an outdated method, as it is expensive) into insoluble compounds, and then the water is evaporated. Later they began to use the coal method for extracting iodine.

How iodine affects the human body

Iodine and its derivatives are part of the hormones that affect the metabolism of the human body, its growth and development, so the average person needs to consume up to 0.15 mg of iodine daily. Lack of iodine or its deficiency in the diet leads to thyroid diseases and the development of endemic goiter, hypothyroidism and cretinism.

An indicator of iodine deficiency in the body is fatigue and depressed mood, headache and the so-called "natural laziness", irritability and nervousness, weakening of memory and intelligence. There is arrhythmia, high blood pressure and a drop in the level of hemoglobin in the blood. Very toxic - 3 g of the substance is a lethal dose for any living organism.

In large quantities causes damage to the cardiovascular system, kidneys and pulmonary edema; there is a cough and a runny nose, lacrimation and pain in the eyes (if it gets on the mucous membrane); general weakness and fever, vomiting and diarrhea, increased heart rate and pain in the heart.

How to replenish iodine in the body?

1. The main source of natural iodine is seafood, but extracted as far as possible from the coast: in the coastal strips, iodine is washed out of the soil, and its content in products is negligible. Eat seafood - this can restore the content of the substance in the body to a certain extent.
2. You can artificially add iodine to table salt, eat foods containing this trace element - sunflower oil, food additives.
3. Pharmacies sell tablets with a high content of iodine - relatively harmless drugs (for example, iodine-active, antistrumine).
4. A lot of iodine is found in persimmons and walnuts.

Where is iodine found?

Iodine is present almost everywhere. The highest content of iodine is in products of marine origin, in sea water itself and in salty lake water.
In free form - as a mineral - iodine is present in the thermal springs of volcanoes and natural iodides (lautarite, iodobromite, embolite, myersite). It is found in oil drilling waters, sodium nitrate solutions, saltpeter and potash liquors.

What foods contain iodine

In seafood: fish (cod and halibut) and fish oil, crustaceans and mollusks (scallops, crabs, shrimp, squid, oysters, mussels), seaweed. This is followed by dairy products and chicken eggs, feijoa and persimmon, sweet peppers, walnut peel and kernels, black grapes, cereals (buckwheat, corn, wheat, millet), river fish and red beans. Iodine is found in orange and red juices.

There is even less iodine in soy products (milk, sauce, tofu), onions, garlic, beets, potatoes, carrots, beans, strawberries (about 40-100 times less than in seaweed), but it is.

What foods do not contain iodine

Iodine is not found in baked goods (homemade) using regular iodine-free salt, peeled potatoes, unsalted vegetables (raw and frozen), peanuts, almonds, and egg whites. There is practically no iodine in cereals, poor in natural salts; pasta, cocoa powder, white raisins and dark chocolate. This applies to vegetable oils, including soybean.

Almost all known seasonings in dried form (black pepper, herbs) also do not have iodine-containing components - iodine quickly decomposes (volatilizes) in the open air, which is why iodized salt is usable for only 2 months (if the pack is open).

Carbonated drinks - Coca Cola and its derivatives, wine, black coffee, beer, lemonade - all this also does not contain iodine.

Linen fabrics:

Option 1. Cover the stain with baking soda, pour vinegar on top and leave for 12 hours, and then wash in warm clean water.

Option 2. Dissolve a teaspoon of ammonia in 0.5 liters of water, and wipe the stain with the resulting solution. Next, wash in warm soapy water.

Option 3. A thick gruel is made from starch in water, applied to the stain and the stain is expected to turn blue. If necessary, repeat again, and wash the product in warm soapy water.

Option 4. Rub the stain with raw potatoes and wash the item in warm soapy water.

Option 5. You can wipe the stain with liquid ascorbic acid (or dissolve the tablet in water), and then wash it in soap and water.

Woolen, cotton and silk fabrics:
The stain should be wiped with a hyposulfite solution (a teaspoon per glass of water) and washed in warm water. You can wipe the stain with ammonia and wash in the usual way.

How to wash iodine from the skin

There are several options:

1. Olive oil or a fat cream is applied to the skin, which will absorb iodine. After an hour, the iodine is washed off with a body sponge and soap.
2. They take a bath with sea salt, and at the end they use a washcloth and baby (household - in extreme cases) soap.
3. You can use a scrub instead of a washcloth for delicate skin, and massage the spot with a stain. After that, you can lubricate the skin with a nourishing cream or milk.
4. You can apply cotton wool with alcohol, moonshine or vodka for 5 minutes to the stain, and then rub it. The procedure can be repeated several times.
5. Removes iodine stains by hand washing things or a regular bath with powder or lemon juice.

How to gargle with iodine

The method is quite simple - you need to add a few drops of iodine to a glass of warm water until a light brown solution is obtained. But the effect will be better and stronger if you add a teaspoon of soda and table salt to the water. The method has proven itself in the treatment of purulent tonsillitis and chronic tonsillitis. The procedure can be repeated 3-4 times a day (with purulent tonsillitis - every 4 hours) for 4 days.

An alcoholic solution of iodine cannot be used to lubricate the throat with angina, such as Iodinol. Otherwise, you will simply burn the mucous membrane.

How to make an iodine grid, how often can you make an iodine grid

You need to take a thin stick with cotton wool, moisten it in a 5% alcohol solution of iodine and draw on the skin intersecting horizontal and vertical stripes in the form of a plate with 1x1cm squares. This is the ideal geometry for the uniform distribution of iodine: it is absorbed quickly and efficiently.

It can be done within a week only two or three times for any diseases.

At what age can you smear with iodine

Doctors do not recommend smearing skin with iodine even in adolescence - iodine burns the skin. But the iodine grid (once) can be done from the age of five. But there is a more "advanced" and safer version of iodine that can be used and.

Why is iodine in the periodic table, but no brilliant green?

Because brilliant green is a synthetic antiseptic, an aniline dye. The periodic table includes only chemical elements and compounds that exist in nature in their pure form.

Because this salt helps to restore balance in case of iodine deficiency in the human body, it is the prevention of iodine deficiency diseases in children, pregnant and lactating women, adolescents. Salt with iodine helps to prevent the absorption of radioactive components of iodine by the thyroid gland and is a protection against radiation, inflammation and diseases.

How is iodized salt made?

Iodine is added in a certain concentration to sea or lake salt water, mixed with water and only then evaporated.

Iodine was discovered in 1811 by a Parisian saltpeter manufacturer named Courtois in soda prepared from the ashes of coastal plants. In 1813, Gay-Lussac investigated a new substance and gave it a name for the violet color of the vapor - iodine. It is derived from the Greek word - dark blue, violet. Then, when its resemblance to chlorine was established, Davy suggested calling the element iodine (similar to chlorine); this name is accepted in England and the USA until now.

Receipt:

The main source of iodine in the USSR is underground drilling water, which contains up to 10-50 mg/l of iodine. Iodine compounds are also found in sea water, but in such small quantities that their direct isolation from water is very difficult. However, there are some algae that accumulate iodine in their tissues. The ash of these algae serves as a raw material for the production of iodine. Iodine is also found in the form of potassium salts - iodate KIO 3 and periodate KIO 4, accompanying deposits of sodium nitrate (nitrate) in Chile and Bolivia.
Iodine can be obtained similarly to chlorine by the oxidation of HI with various oxidizing agents. In industry, it is usually obtained from iodides by treating their solutions with chlorine. Thus, the production of iodine is based on the oxidation of its ions, and chlorine is used as an oxidizing agent.

Physical properties:

Iodine at room temperature is dark purple crystals with a faint luster. When heated under atmospheric pressure, it sublimates (sublimates), turning into a violet vapor; when cooled, iodine vapor crystallizes, bypassing the liquid state. This is used in practice to purify iodine from non-volatile impurities. Slightly soluble in water, good in many organic solvents.

Chemical properties:

Free iodine exhibits extremely high chemical activity. It interacts with almost all simple substances. The reactions of the combination of iodine with metals proceed especially quickly and with the release of a large amount of heat.
It reacts with hydrogen only when heated sufficiently and not completely, since the reverse reaction begins to take place - the decomposition of hydrogen iodine:
H 2 + I 2 \u003d 2HI - 53.1 kJ
It dissolves in iodide solutions, forming unstable complexes. It disproportionates with alkalis, forming iodides and hypoiodites. Nitric acid is oxidized to iodic acid.
If hydrogen sulfide water (an aqueous solution of H 2 S) is added to a yellowish aqueous solution of iodine, then the liquid becomes discolored and becomes cloudy from the released sulfur:
H 2 S + I 2 \u003d S + 2HI

In compounds, it exhibits oxidation states -1, +1, +3, +5, +7.

The most important connections:

Hydrogen iodide, gas, very similar in its properties to hydrogen chloride, but differs in more pronounced reducing properties. Very well soluble in water (425:1), a concentrated solution of hydrogen iodide smokes due to the release of HI, which forms a mist with water vapor.
In aqueous solution, it is one of the strongest acids.
Already at room temperature, hydrogen iodide is gradually oxidized by atmospheric oxygen, and under the action of light the reaction is greatly accelerated:
4HI + O 2 \u003d 2I 2 + 2H 2 O
The reducing properties of hydrogen iodine are noticeably manifested when interacting with concentrated sulfuric acid, which is then reduced to free sulfur or even to H 2 S. Therefore, HI cannot be obtained by the action of sulfuric acid on iodides. Usually, hydrogen iodine is obtained by the action of water on compounds of iodine with phosphorus - PI 3 . The latter undergoes complete hydrolysis, forming phosphorous acid and hydrogen iodide:
PI 3 + ZN 2 O \u003d H 3 RO 3 + 3HI
A solution of hydrogen iodine (up to 50% concentration) can also be obtained by passing H 2 S into an aqueous suspension of iodine.
iodides, hydroiodic acid salts. Potassium iodide is used in medicine - in particular, in diseases of the endocrine system, photoreagents.
Iodous acid - HOI is an amphoteric compound, in which basic properties somewhat predominate over acidic ones. Can be prepared in solution by reacting iodine with water
I 2 + H 2 O \u003d HI + HOI
Iodonic acid - HIO 3 can be obtained by oxidizing iodine water with chlorine:
I 2 + 5Cl 2 + 6H 2 O \u003d 2HIO 3 + 10HCl
Colorless crystals, quite stable at room temperature. Strong acid, vigorous oxidizing agent. Salts - iodates, strong oxidizing agents in an acidic environment.
Iodine(V) oxide, iodic anhydride, can be obtained by gently heating HIO 3 to 200°C, powder. When heated above 300 ° C, it decomposes into iodine and oxygen, exhibits oxidizing properties, in particular, it is used to absorb CO in the analysis:
5CO + I 2 O 5 \u003d I 2 + 5CO 2
Iodic acid - HIO 4 and its salts (periodates) are well studied. The acid itself can be obtained by the action of HclO 4 on iodine: 2HIO 4 + I 2 \u003d 2HIO 4 + Cl 2
or by electrolysis of a solution of HIO 3: HIO 3 + H 2 O \u003d H 2 (cathode) + HIO 4 (anode)
From the solution, periodic acid is released in the form of colorless crystals having the composition HIO 4 2H 2 O. This hydrate should be considered as a pentabasic acid H5IO6(orthoidic), since in it all five hydrogen atoms can be replaced by metals to form salts (for example, Ag 5 IO 6). Periodic acid is a weak but stronger oxidizing agent than HClO 4 .
Iodine (VII) oxide I 2 O 7 was not obtained.
Iodine fluorides, IF 5 , IF 7- liquids, hydrolyzed by water, fluorinating agents.
Iodine chlorides, ICl, ICl 3- crist. substances that dissolve in chloride solutions with the formation of complexes - and -, iodinating agents.

Application:

Iodine is widely used in the chemical industry (iodide refining of Zr and Ti), for the synthesis of semiconductor materials.
Iodine and its compounds are used in analytical chemistry (iodometry) in medicine in the form of the so-called iodine tincture (10% solution of iodine in ethyl alcohol), an antiseptic and hemostatic agent. Iodine compounds for the prevention (iodization of products) and treatment of thyroid diseases, radioactive isotopes are also used there 125I, 131I, 132I.
World production (without the USSR) - about 10 thousand tons / year (1976).
MPC is about 1 mg/m 3 .

See also:
P.A. Wallet. Omnipresent iodine. "Chemistry" (appendix to the newspaper "September 1st"), No. 20, 2005

The tense atmosphere of pre-war Europe smelled of gunpowder. It is symbolic that the first shots of the world war were ready to thunder under the windows of the hospital headed by Grossich. However, from Fiume to Sarajevo is within easy reach.

“In the summer of 1910, a squadron of Russian ships under the command of Rear Admiral N. S. Mankovsky was sent on a friendly visit to Montenegro, and on the way went to the port of Fiume, which at that time belonged to Austria-Hungary. There was an Austrian fortress in the port and an Austrian squadron was stationed. At the entrance to the harbor, Russian ships, as expected, saluted. However, the Austrians did not respond. Mankovsky asked the shore: “Why don’t you answer the salute?” From there they prosemaphored: “Now the time is late, in the morning the fortress will answer you. And the squadron at 4 o'clock in the morning goes to sea for maneuvers and will not salute.

Then Mankovsky sends ashore: "Until the due salute is given to the Russian flag, I will not release the squadron from the port."

Late at night, the Austrian squadron began to breed pairs, preparing to go to sea. On the Russian ships they played a combat alarm and uncovered the guns. The Austrians froze. So they stayed until the morning. Here Mankovsky reports to the shore: "After raising the flag, I open fire."

And now, on the Russian ships, the teams are lined up for the solemn morning ceremony, they begin to raise the flag. Thunder rolls over the harbor, then another and another - this is an Austrian fortress and a squadron saluting the Russian flag. On the pier, a military band plays "God Save the Tsar." Then the Austrian anthem was played on the Tsesarevich, the incident was over. Here is an instructive episode of our history, which every patriot of Russia should know and remember” (www.rds.org.ru).

In Europe, there was also a smell of iodine - scientists realized that in the midst of a "traumatic epidemic" it would need a lot. The tincture will have to be saved, which means diluted. The effectiveness of tinctura iodi light variants was tested in advance:

“In a meeting of the French Society of Military Medicine, Thibaut pointed out the strong antiseptic properties of one tincture diluted with an equal part of methyl alcohol. It has antiseptic properties, at least equal to the action of an undiluted iodine tincture, which achieves significant savings in the latter without any damage to the therapeutic effect " (Medical Newspaper, 1913, No. 8).

“Disinfection of wounds, their circumference and surgical field with one tincture is currently widely used by surgeons and with good results. However, this excellent antiseptic method can cause severe skin irritation and stains the tissues in a dark brown color, making them difficult to see.

To eliminate these shortcomings, G. Crucilla (Gaz. degli Ospedali, February 27, 1913), an assistant at the surgical clinic in Florence, recommends a modification of the classical Grossich method. He made sure that a solution of 6 parts of iodine in 100 parts of alcohol (95 °) has an antiseptic effect that is in no way inferior to that of an official iodine tincture, does not cause skin irritation and only slightly stains the tissues, so that their examination during the operation is not difficult. In the surgical clinic prof. Marchetti disinfection with 0.6% alcohol solution of iodine has been applied with complete success already in 329 major operations.

Western rationalism is alien to the broad Russian soul. The writers portrayed the matter as if there were so many tinctures in the army that it was used not only for its intended purpose, but also as a melee weapon - whole cans:

“At the first gunshots, Varya ran to Zaliternaya with dressings and iodine. Having run halfway, she suddenly found herself in front of a Japanese looking around. He did not immediately realize whether he needed to stab this fleeing Russian. Taking advantage of this moment, Varya threw a jar of iodine in his face. The Japanese howled from the sharp pain in his eyes, trying to wipe off the caustic liquid. The girl, meanwhile, managed to disappear around the corner. On the battery, she immediately began to bandage the numerous wounded.

However, reading the Manchu reports of military surgeons, you see: in 1904-1905. they used sublimate gauze, occasionally imported iodoform (powder) and alcohol. It was Japan that was already moving forward in the first ranks of the world's iodine producers. And Russia, traditionally saving on the development of technology, in 1914 did not have its own iodine industry. When the war began, iodine imports dropped to almost nothing - the Allies were in a hurry to provide them with their own armies, and the neutrals inflated prices to heaven:

“Before the revolution, iodine was imported to Russia. The capitalist countries (Italy, France, Japan, etc.) were iodine monopolists, therefore, when the First World War began, Russia found itself in a difficult situation.

“It is superfluous to talk about the importance of iodine for health care; it is especially intensified during the war - to serve the needs of the army. The imperialist war of 1914 for the first time put forward in Russia the problem of organizing its own iodine production.

How did Russian science and business respond to the challenge? The falsifiers, who collected the first cream from the market, were the first to launch their “import substitution programs”:

“The depletion of stocks of medicines and the rapid growth of prices did not take long to affect them: counterfeit products appeared on the markets, which, thanks to their resemblance to real medicines, easily find buyers, especially considering their cheapness. An analysis of the falsifications now being distributed has established, for example, that iodine contains manganese " (Life of a Pharmacist, 1914, No. 9).

The allies occasionally helped, but the imported iodine usually ended up in large cities, very far from the front line:

“Kiev pharmacists note a decrease in the acute need for drugs that was experienced about 1-2 months ago, since large transports of iodine, potassium iodide and fish oil were delivered from England, Sweden and Japan” (Ibid., 1915, No. 1).

There was not enough iodine in hospitals, and scientists proposed to extract it from ... used dressings:

“Member of the Main Directorate of the Red Cross B.K. Ordin reported that the senior doctor of the St. Elizabeth, deployed in Riga, prof. Bereznyakovsky presented his thoughts on the possibility of obtaining a significant amount of iodine by extracting it from used gauze and tampons. The proposal was recognized as quite feasible and worthy of application, since in this way up to 1/3 of an iodine will be extracted. It is considered useful to bring this to the attention of all hospitals " (Medical Contemporary, 1915, No. 26).

“Allow me, through your esteemed newspaper, to apply on behalf of the department of the chemical laboratory of the Dokuchaev Soil Committee for the extraction of iodine from used tampons and sticks to the heads of the infirmaries of Petrograd with a humble request - to issue an order for the collection of objects that have been in contact with iodine at the medical sites they are in charge of. , to banks, and after filling the latter, notify the laboratory about this by calling 411-00, calling one of the signatories of this letter. The extracted iodine is provided free of charge for the needs of infirmaries. K. Nikiforov, A. Pankov and N. Stoletov "(R'ch, 11/11/1915).

Gauze and cotton wool were also reused; Against the background of a total shortage, even the useful developments of logistics chemists looked like inappropriate fantasies:

“In the last book of the Scientific Notes of Kazan University (April 1915) prof. F. M. Flavitsky describes the preparation of “one cotton wool”, which, one must think, will have to find wide application in the difficult time experienced by the Motherland. "Purulent infection of wounds," writes Prof. Flavitsky, - “can be prevented by lubricating them with one tincture. For ease of use, it is sealed in glass vials, and in this form, one tincture is supplied with individual packages for the military. But in view of the fragility of glass, it is more convenient to have a supply of iodine in the form of solid substances that release iodine only when they are wetted with water or blood.

With this goal, I propose to prepare one cotton wool by dusting absorbent cotton wool with iodine salt and blue vitriol, taking them in the form of a fine powder. When wetting one cotton wool, iodine is released. True, the mixture extracts only half of the iodine from potassium iodide, but at the same time, conveniences are gained in the simplicity of preparation and handling of one preparation. As for the preservation of one cotton wool, before use it must be protected from wetting it with water, as well as from sweat, like incendiary matches.

“Iodoform ointments, so inconvenient due to their smell, can be replaced with iodine ointments prepared not directly from iodine (very irritating), but from coal powder, previously mixed with iodine, which, as you know, is absorbed (“attached”) by coal. Such ointments do not have an irritating effect " (Medical Newspaper, 1915, No. 8).

Instead of dressing materials, there were plenty of priests who consoled and then buried the wounded. Pavel Florensky (1882-1937) also went to war. According to some information, the young professor of the Theological Academy served in a military hospital; about. Alexander Men wrote that the author of the fundamental work The Pillar and Ground of the Truth (1914), who was ordained in 1911, was a regimental priest:

“Father Pavel was a complex and contradictory person. He graduated from Moscow University as a brilliant mathematician, he was left at the department. Mathematics was for him a kind of basis of the universe; he came to the idea that all visible nature can be reduced to some invisible reference points.

In Sergiev Posad, he became a teacher of the history of philosophy. I believe that his teachers could not fail to notice the originality of his thought and were afraid that if he began to teach theology, he would contribute too much of his own ”(www.krotov.org).

The grandson of the chief surgeon of the Grozny military hospital listed five generations of priests in his genealogy, starting with the Pole Florinsky, abandoned by the Time of Troubles in the vicinity of Kostroma during the time of I. Susanin. On the other hand, Pavel Alexandrovich's father was a well-known railway engineer, a real state councilor (that is, a civil general), and his son turned out to be a talented physicist and engineer. Finally, the mother belonged to the most ancient family of the Saparovs, dating back to the first Armenian kings (magazines.russ.ru).

A person with such roots and "support points" could not but bring "too much of his own" into everything he did. This is not to the liking of any bosses, ecclesiastical or Soviet.

The authorities need more other scientists, who, with the most acute iodine deficiency caused by its miscalculations, proved that it is unnecessary and even harmful for military surgeons. But practitioners did not want to give up their favorite tincture, which was reflected in the controversy in the press:

“In the field infirmary, we did not wash the wounds, limiting ourselves to lubricating both the wound itself and its circumference with iodine. Authoritative military field surgeons, as, for example, prof. VG Tsege von Manteuffel - in view of the harmful effect of iodine on cellular protoplasm. This view does not seem correct to me. Of course, pouring iodine into a wound with deep passages, emitting a putrid odor, is not advisable. Here, vigorous surgical intervention is shown, but I recognize the lubrication of superficial wounds with iodine as rational from the point of view of scientific therapy due to the strong bactericidal effect of iodine and the leukocytosis it causes ”(Russian Doctor, 1915, No. 26).

Manteuffel justified himself:

“We recommended the use of iodine not to pour it into the wound, but only to lubricate the skin of the surrounding parts. If you pour iodine into a wound, you will get superficial necrosis. After a short time, due to the combination of bulk substances with iodine, this area no longer contains enough of it to destroy bacteria. Dead tissue, on the other hand, provides a good breeding ground for them, and swelling and blockage of the hole prevent drainage. (Russian Doctor, 1915, No. 33).

Military doctors of all countries finally preferred iodine tincture, which was recorded even by the then "marketing studies":

“Recent fanatics of pure asepsis must, no doubt, lay down their arms before those who from the very beginning until the last time defended the sacred banner of antisepsis. Some well-known shortcomings of skin disinfection with one tincture (erythema, blisters, etc.) caused the appearance of a number of other methods of its disinfection. Not less than the Filonchikov-Grossich method, as far as one can judge from the questionnaires produced, still remains dominant among both domestic and foreign surgeons.

So, the country needed its own iodine. Taking advantage of the easing of prohibitions forced by the war, with which the authorities strangled the development of the chemical and pharmaceutical industry, scientists and businessmen who gathered at the Moscow Military Industrial Committee laid the foundations of a new industry for many years to come, choosing the right directions of search. Indeed, Chilean saltpeter (it produced 800 tons of iodine per year out of 1100 tons of the world market) was obviously not in Russia. But there were seas and algae (150 tons of world sales of iodine), there were also mineral springs (also 150 tons). Expeditions were sent to them:

“In Moscow, a meeting of the new Committee for the organization of the production of medicines took place. The committee starts looking for places in Russia where it would be possible to produce iodine. With this goal, he is recently sending a scientific expedition led by S. N. Naumov and N. I. Kusanov to the White Sea, to the Solovetsky Monastery, where algae are found in abundance, which, when burned into ashes, give a lot of iodine salts. The committee allotted 500 rubles for sending the expedition. Without waiting for the results of the study of algae, the committee will begin to survey salt marshes near the Sea of ​​\u200b\u200bAzov, which are also very rich in iodine salts. (Life of a Pharmacist, 1914, No. 6-7).

In most cases, the practical output was negligible:

“In 1915, the pharmacological industry section of the Moscow Military Industrial Committee carried out a study of iodine-containing algae from Murman and the White Sea, as well as the Pacific Ocean, the Caspian, Azov, Black and Baltic Seas. Attempts were made to organize the production of iodine in Vladivostok from algae and from brine and mud from hills and salt lakes, but these experiments did not lead to positive results. In 1915 prof. Pisarzhevsky created the Yekaterinoslav iodine experimental station, which worked until 1917 and produced 165 g of crystalline iodine.

But under the Bolsheviks, the future academician L. V. Pisarzhevsky (1847-1938) created the Institute of Physical Chemistry of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine in Dnepropetrovsk. Another future academician, S. V. Zernov (1871-1945), who headed the Sevastopol Biological Station, discovered in the Karkinit Bay of the Black Sea the famous natural plantation of iodine-containing algae - red phyllophora - with an area of ​​about 11 thousand km2. The reserves of the "Zernov's phyllophora field" - continuous thickets at depths of 20-60 m - were estimated by him at 10 million tons.

But in fact, enthusiasts of the "algae" direction usually limited themselves to the hype in the press and the repetition of Courtois's experiments of a century ago:

“Organized on a grand scale, the extraction of algae in the Black Sea with the aim of extracting iodine shows that the future belongs to the manufacture of medicines in the Crimea. Local scientists, hand in hand with capitalists and entrepreneurs, are making every effort to create a grandiose production of medicines in the Crimean region so that the pharmaceutical market in Russia is freed from dependence on foreign countries " (Medical Contemporary, August 1915).

“The department of industry of the Ministry of Trade and Industry received a message that successful experiments were made in Vladivostok in extracting iodine from seaweed” (R'ch, 09/04/1915).

“In Vladivostok, iodine, extracted by engineer Savinsky from seaweed, appeared on sale. Samples of this iodine were sent to Petrograd. It is planned to organize the production of iodine on a wide scale" (Russian Doctor, 1915, No. 34).

At the end of 1915, the "clinical exhibition" Ensuring the independence of Russia from abroad in the field of practical medicine "dispassionately recorded:

“There are still no sales iod of Russian production; although attempts to extract it have already been made, and, moreover, on a significant scale. Algae sent from Vladivostok and Tuapse, which can serve as a source of obtaining iodine, contained in them in a fair amount, are brought to the exhibition. Due to the lack of a large stock of domestic iodine, we still do not have various iodine preparations (iodipine, iodival, iodostarin, etc.) " (Russian Doctor, 1915, No. 48).

The case reached the present production only in one place, where state funds were invested in it:

“The most successful experiments were on obtaining iodine from the algae of the White Sea, as a result of which in 1916 a plant for processing iodine was built in Arkhangelsk at the expense of the Office of the Supreme Head of the Evacuation and Sanitary Part. It was designed to process 2000 tons of algae ash per year, containing an average of 0.4% iodine. Ash harvesting was organized on Zhizhgine Island in the White Sea; it was supposed to produce annually 8 tons of iodine and 500 tons of potassium salts.

“In Arkhangelsk on August 23, the laying of a plant for the extraction of iodine took place. It is planned to extract up to 300 pounds of pure iodine annually. The factory will be run by Prof. Tishchenko" (Russian Doctor, 1916, No. 36).

However, professors rarely turn out to be good managers:

“But the initial calculations did not materialize. In 1916, it was not 2000 tons of ash, as planned, but only 8 tons; in 1917 - 30 tons, since 1918, harvesting has ceased altogether.

Another envoy of the Moscow Military-Industrial Committee went in search of iodine towards his homeland - to those places where in 1847 N. I. Pirogov tested iodine tincture on the wounded by Chechen bullets. As if in a sign that it will take a long time to fight here, a promising source of raw materials for tincture was found nearby:

“During the World War, surveys of the waters of the Kuban region and the Kerch Peninsula were carried out, where mud containing iodine flows from the hills. In 1916 prof. G. G. Urazov examined the waters of the Absheron Peninsula near Baku and found that the water of the collection ditches coming from the oil fields of Sarukhansky, Balakhna and Ramaninsky contains significant amounts of iodine carried into the Caspian Sea. According to prof. Urazov, there are over 200 tons of iodine in Lake Boyukshor alone, where the waters of oil wells flow down.”

Chemist Georgy Urazov (1884-1957), another future Soviet academician (1946), was born in Chechnya, in the village of Shatoy, known today for its battles and terrorist attacks. But he only found iodine, and then started looking for other minerals in the salt deposits of the Caspian Sea and the Kara-Bogaz-Gol Bay. A completely different person was destined to bring things to industrial production - a native of the town of Miloslavichi, far from the Caucasus (the same Mogilev province where Filonchikov was born):

“Onisim Yulievich Magidson (1890-1971) graduated from Moscow University in 1913, after which he became an assistant in the Department of Organic Chemistry at the People's University. Shanyavsky, where he taught for six years, and since 1916 he has been actively involved in the creation of the domestic chemical and pharmaceutical industry.”

According to the press, the chemists of this curious educational institution, actually controlled by the most influential Moscow oligarchs, who were in opposition to the tsarist government, took up pharmacy even earlier:

“The Academic Council of the City People’s University named after A. L. Shanyavsky in Moscow decided to use the laboratories and offices of the University for the preparation of pharmaceutical preparations necessary for the Moscow City Self-Government and the All-Russian Zemstvo Union to provide assistance to the wounded and sick soldiers, moreover, for the costs associated with the organization of this work , decided to make deductions of 3% of the salaries received by teachers " (Russian Vdomosti, August 20, 1914).

It is appropriate to note that involvement in the University. Shanyavsky was a sign of liberal radicalism and leftism. The private university that opened in Moscow in 1908 was replenished with opposing professors and associate professors who defiantly ignored the decisions of the Ministry of Public Education. The university accepted everyone who wanted to attend without restrictions on educational qualifications, national, religious and political grounds, but did not issue a "state-issued diploma"; in other words, they studied there not for the sake of a diploma, but for the sake of knowledge. In 1912, over 3,600 students studied in this truly alternative to government universities, which was subordinate to the Moscow City Duma, and in 1917 - about 7 thousand; it is interesting that even then his students evaluated their teachers in the questionnaires, had the freedom to choose courses, etc.

Special educational buildings and laboratories were built for the university; it was also a scientific center. The university began to be created with the money of a brilliant aristocratic guardsman, and then a Siberian millionaire gold miner through the efforts of his widow, book publisher M.V. Sabashnikov and other Moscow liberal capitalists:

“Major-General Alfons Leonovich Shanyavsky (1837-1905) has an interesting and unusual fate: for 9 years he was taken from the Shanyava family estate in the Polish Sedlec province to a recruiting recruitment and sent to the cadet corps. All military educational institutions where Shanyavsky studied, he graduated with a gold medal and "first in the list." Released as an officer in the Guards, the first to graduate from the Academy of the General Staff, he leaves St. Petersburg for Eastern Siberia, in the newly annexed Amur Territory; there he meets his future wife Lidia Alekseevna, who became his devoted friend, employee, and then, when he became seriously ill, also a nurse.

Having retired at the age of 38 with the rank of general, Shanyavsky becomes a gold miner and makes capital. This gave him the opportunity to start realizing his old dream - the creation in Russia of a new type of higher free school.

While still in Siberia, Shanyavsky donated 30,000 rubles to a gymnasium in Blagoveshchensk, 1,000 acres of land to an agricultural school, and, having left there, donated 300,000 rubles to the St. Petersburg Women's Medical Institute. In 1901, Shanyavsky fell seriously ill - he had an aortic aneurysm. Realizing that there was very little left to live, he decided to properly dispose of his fortune. His dream was to organize a free university, independent of the authorities, in which everyone could enter, regardless of nationality, religious beliefs or level of education. After consulting with experts, he decides to donate large sums of money to the future university in Moscow, and on October 3, 1905, he signs his will. This idea was defended in the Duma by P. Milyukov, in the State Council by M. Kovalevsky, and approved by the chairman of the Council of Ministers, P. A. Stolypin.

A. L. Shanyavsky died on November 7 of the same year - on the day of registration of a notarial deed for the transfer of ownership to the city of a house on the Arbat, the income from which was intended for the maintenance of the university. According to his will, the university was to open exactly three years after the signing of the will.

In the early years, the university huddled in different buildings - in the Polytechnic Museum, the Mazing real school, in the Golitsyn house on Volkhonka, in the Alexander Commercial School and in other premises, until, finally, its own house rose on Miusskaya Square. This became possible thanks to a generous gift (225,000 rubles) received in 1910 on the condition that it go to the construction of a university building, necessarily with a chemical laboratory attached to it. This gift was given by an "unknown person", but many knew that it was Lidia Alekseevna, who preferred not to advertise her good deeds.

It must be assumed that while others were fighting, young Magidson worked in this laboratory, built at the expense of many future members of the Moscow Military Industrial Committee and active figures in the bourgeois revolution of 1917 (A. I. Konovalov, N. I. Guchkov, S. N. Tretyakov, P. P. Ryabushinsky and others). By the way, Shanyavsky's biographers also imply that either he or (more likely) his parents were repressed for participating in the Polish separatist movement.

The Black Hundred newspapers, not without reason, wrote about the university that it was “created with Judeo-Masonic money in a house owned by a suspicious Pole”, that “either non-Russians or Russians who renounce their native nationality and give a subscription to it can be accepted there” etc. (Kremlin, March 1912).

In any case, it was many prominent members of the Moscow Military-Industrial Committee, who had long been hostile to the royal family, who in February 1917 forced Nicholas II to abdicate, after which they entered the Provisional Government. Almost all of these owners of factories, banks, and influential newspapers came from Old Believer families who had reason to hate the official, state church. Needless to say, that as a tool to achieve their goals, Onesim Magidson was suitable in all respects!

However, it turned out differently: after the wars and revolutions, the oligarchs ended up in exile, and their modest henchman successfully continued his career already under the Bolsheviks, rising to the rank of chief pharmacist-syntheticist of the USSR, laureate of the Stalin Prize in 1941. And the first step in this ascent was iodine extracted by Magidson for the dictatorship of the proletariat.

Literature

1. Stepanov A. Port Arthur. - M .: OGIZ, 1947. - 616 p.
2. Senov P. L. Textbook of Pharmaceutical Chemistry.— M.: Medgiz, 1960.— 460 p.
3. Bychkov I. Iodine problem in the USSR // Bulletin of the People's Commissariat of Health of the RSFSR.— 1927.— No. 12.— P. 19-22.
4. Golyanitsky I. A. On the question of varnishing the skin as a way to treat gunshot and other wartime wounds // Russian Doctor. - 1915. - No. 4. - P. 88-90.
5. In memory of O. Yu.

To be continued

Page 1

In industry, the use of iodine is still insignificant in volume, but very promising. Thus, the production of high-purity metals is based on the thermal decomposition of iodides.

More recently, iodine has been used in the production of incandescent lamps operating on the iodine - tungsten cycle. Iodine combines with particles of tungsten evaporated from the lamp coil, forming a WI2 compound, which decomposes when it gets on the heated coil. At the same time, tungsten returns to the spiral again, and Iodine again combines with the evaporated tungsten. Iodine, as it were, takes care of the preservation of the tungsten spiral and thereby significantly increases the operating time of the lamp.

Also, 0.6% iodine added to hydrocarbon oils reduces friction many times over in stainless steel and titanium bearings. This allows you to increase the load on the rubbing parts whiter than 50 times.

Iodine is used to make special polaroid glass. Crystals of iodine salts are introduced into the glass, which are distributed strictly regularly. Vibrations of the light beam cannot pass through them in all directions. It turns out a kind of filter, called a polaroid, which removes the oncoming blinding stream of light. Such glass is used in automobiles. By combining several polaroids or rotating polaroid lenses, you can achieve exceptionally colorful effects - this phenomenon is used in film technology and in the theater. Iodine is also used in photography. The modern method of photography was invented by the Englishman W. Talbot. His method of photography is based on the photochemical reaction of the decomposition of silver halides under the action of light:

Ag (Gall) + hγ = Ag + (Gall),

Where hγ is a quantum of light.

In the modern photographic process, to obtain negatives, a layer of photographic emulsion is used - a mixture of tiny crystals of silver iodide or bromide with gelatin (a protein substance, "animal glue") - deposited on a transparent glass or polymer film substrate. Under the action of light, only a negligible amount of metallic silver is formed in this emulsion. Upon subsequent manifestation, i.e. when a photosensitive material is treated with an aqueous solution of an organic reducing agent, the reduction reaction is accelerated by the action of primary particles of metallic silver, it occurs mainly in those places where light fell. Then with sodium thiosulfate ( Na2S2O3*5H2O

), which forms a water-soluble complex salt with silver halide, the photographs remove the unreduced excess of the halide. This stage is called fixing or fixing the image. Washing, drying - and the negative is ready.

In analytical chemistry and organic synthesis, iodine and its compounds are used in laboratory practice for analysis and in chemotronic devices, the operation of which is based on the redox reactions of iodine. As a catalyst (reaction accelerator), iodine is used in the production of all types of artificial rubbers. Like other halogens, iodine forms numerous organioiodine compounds, which are part of some synthetic dyes.