Fundamentals of social entrepreneurship lectures. Social entrepreneurship in Russia: development, support and ideas

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.

Hosted at http://www.allbest.ru/

All-Russian State Tax Academy

Faculty of Finance and Economics

Department of Management Psychology

Course work

in the discipline "Sociology and Psychology of Management"

Social entrepreneurship: essence and development prospects in Russia

Performed

student of UPO-201 group

Sorokopud Yu.S.

scientific adviser

Professor Osipova O.S.

Moscow, 2012 G.

Introduction

We live in a world far from ideal. It is not easy for disadvantaged people and people with limited opportunities and resources to realize themselves in the modern world, society often does not provide them with the necessary opportunities and resources. It is precisely the fact that the modern world and its system do not provide a fair development of society, especially that part of society that is often considered "outcasts" - the poor strata of society and people who are limited in their abilities, is one of the reasons for the growing popularity of social entrepreneurship ideas.

One of the most important stages in the fight against poverty in the world is the creation of jobs, and social entrepreneurship is the most competitive and successful in this direction. The task of social enterprises is to contribute to the solution of social problems of society, to help ensure people's livelihood. Social enterprises provide jobs for hundreds of thousands of people in various fields: food production, marketing, lending, insurance, transportation, etc. Social enterprises open up employment opportunities for the disabled, marginalized groups of the population, youth, and women.

In many countries of the world, social enterprises work quite closely together with government organizations, both at the national and local levels.

Today, entrepreneurs and socially responsible businesses around the world receive support from non-profit organizations, foundations, governments and individuals. However, despite the fact that the benefits of social entrepreneurship are clear to many, there are many difficulties with its development. Until now, there is not even a consensus on what constitutes a “social enterprise” and who can be called a social entrepreneur. Some argue that the term "social entrepreneur" should only refer to the founders of organizations whose main source of income is the fees of their clients. Others believe that a social entrepreneur is someone who performs work under government contracts, while others consider a social entrepreneur to be those who rely primarily on grants and donations.

Disputes between scientists, experts and practitioners of social entrepreneurship about which organizations are considered a social enterprise and which are not, do not stop.

The purpose of my course work is to study the main aspects of social entrepreneurship. The relevance of the research topic is determined by the important role of the object of study in the context of the transformation of socio-economic relations in Russia. Social entrepreneurship has become an integral part of modern society and greatly influences its further development. Thus, my term paper helps to understand what “social entrepreneurship” is in the modern world, in particular in Russia, its functioning, as well as prospects for further development.

Objectives of the course work:

1) reveal the concept of social entrepreneurship and its essence;

2) consider the functioning of social entrepreneurship, especially in Russia;

3) conduct testing among students in order to determine the propensity for social entrepreneurship and analyze the results.

The object of the study is students of the All-Russian State Tax Academy of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation.

The subject of the study is the ability of the individual to social entrepreneurship.

Chapter 1

1.1 Key characteristics of entrepreneurship

Entrepreneurial activity is distinguished by a number of features, which allows us to speak of entrepreneurial activity as a narrower concept than the concept of "economic activity".

The main and mandatory features of entrepreneurial activity are:

independent activity;

the purpose of the activity is to make a profit;

the systematic nature of profit;

economic risk;

the fact of state registration of participants.

The absence of any of the five signs means that the activity is not entrepreneurial.

1. Entrepreneurial activity can be carried out both by the owner himself and by the entity managing his property on the basis of economic management rights with the establishment of the limits of such management by the owner of the property.

Independence in the organization of production is complemented by commercial freedom. The business entity determines the ways and means of selling its products, selects counterparties with whom it will deal. Economic ties are secured by agreements.

An important condition for commercial freedom is free pricing. However, in the economy, absolute freedom of producers does not exist. the entrepreneur has complete independence in the sense that there is no authority over him that issues commands: what to do, how and how much. It is not free from the market, from its strict requirements. Therefore, we can only talk about certain limits of independence.

2. Entrepreneurial activity involves the systematic receipt of profit, which is the product of a specific human resource - entrepreneurial abilities. This work is not easy and combines, firstly, the manifestation of the initiative to combine material and human factors for the production of goods and services, secondly, the adoption of extraordinary decisions on the management of the company, the organization of labor and, thirdly, the introduction of innovations through the production of new type of product or a radical change in the production process. All this gives reason to talk about entrepreneurship as a professional activity aimed at making a profit.

Having independence, organizing production in his own interests, the entrepreneur takes responsibility within the limits determined by the legal form of the enterprise for the result of his activity. The property liability of an entrepreneur is his obligation to suffer adverse property consequences due to offenses committed on his part. Its size depends on the organizational form of the enterprise.

3. The Civil Code specifies the main subjective feature, i.e. an indication of the systematic receipt of profit is introduced. Isolated cases of profit making are not entrepreneurial activities. Systematicity is characterized by the duration and regularity of profit, which is determined by the professionalism of the entrepreneur. Thus, the Civil Code of the Russian Federation states that for an entrepreneur, it is not so much the field of activity itself that is important, but the systematic profit.

4. A sign of entrepreneurial economic relations is economic risk. Risk constantly accompanies business and forms a special way of thinking and behavior, the psychology of an entrepreneur. Risk is the possible adverse property consequences of the entrepreneur's activities, not due to any missed opportunities on his part. The risky nature of activities can lead not only to bankruptcy, but also be detrimental to the property interests of citizens and organizations.

The entrepreneur is responsible for the risk with his property, but not only with it. Losses are also possible that affect his status in the labor and capital markets (competitiveness, professional reputation, psychological assessment, etc.).

5. State registration of participants in entrepreneurial activity is a legal fact that precedes the start of entrepreneurial activity. Business entities must be registered in this capacity to obtain the status of an entrepreneur. Engaging in systematic profit-making activities without state registration entails legal liability.

Entrepreneurial activities can be carried out by both legal entities and citizens. Among legal entities, commercial organizations fully enjoy this right. However, for some activities, a commercial organization must obtain a license. There are types of activities for which the monopoly of state enterprises has been established (production and trade in weapons).

1.2 The essence of social entrepreneurship

Social entrepreneurship is an entrepreneurial activity aimed at mitigating or solving social problems, characterized by the following main features:

social impact (eng. social impact) -- targeted focus on solving / mitigating existing social problems, sustainable positive measurable social results;

innovation - the use of new, unique approaches to increase social impact;

self-sufficiency and financial sustainability - the ability of a social enterprise to solve social problems as long as it is necessary and at the expense of income received from its own activities;

scalability and replicability -- scaling up the activities of the social enterprise (at the national and international level) and dissemination of experience (models) in order to increase social impact;

entrepreneurial approach - the ability of a social entrepreneur to see market failures, find opportunities, accumulate resources, develop new solutions that have a long-term positive impact on society as a whole.

Social entrepreneurship is successful when there is some innovative idea that leads to an unusual combination of resources. Companies of this nature are often exotic, pursuing what others have abandoned, exploiting gratuitous or underutilized resources, and creating social good in ways that others miss.

Social entrepreneurship is a new way of socio-economic activity that combines the social purpose of the organization with entrepreneurial innovation and the achievement of sustainable self-sufficiency. It is based on the operation of so-called social enterprises - enterprises created to solve a specific social problem or problems, operating on the basis of innovation, financial discipline and business practices adopted in the private sector.

In this paper, the concepts of "social entrepreneurship" and "social enterprise" are considered as conjugated, where social entrepreneurship means a process, activity, and social enterprise - its carrier, organizational structure, within and through which the corresponding activity is reproduced, achieves social and economic result.

The very definition points to several fundamental features of social entrepreneurship:

one). the primacy of the social mission over commerce, which means that the enterprise is intended to solve a real social problem or significantly reduce its severity; at the same time, the social effect is not a by-product of activity, as in entrepreneurship, but a direct purposeful result (in turn, this determines the direction of the profit received for the social goals of the organization, and not in the pocket of investors or owners);

2). the existence of a sustainable commercial effect that ensures the self-sufficiency and competitiveness of the enterprise (the best guarantee of this is the receipt of income mainly from the sale of goods and services, and not grants and charity, which, however, are not excluded as additional financial resources);

3). the innovation with which social and economic resources are combined -- without which neither the sustainability of the social mission nor the economic sustainability is possible once an organization has taken on the task of solving an unresolved social problem -- i.e. the transformation of the existing undesirable social order into a more favorable one.

It is the undesirable social order that has developed in some area that can be a natural prerequisite for the emergence of non-standard socio-economic organizations, such as social enterprises. Otherwise, the social problem would already be solved by means of traditional sectors of the economy - state, private or non-profit. Such problems of a sustainable but undesirable “social order” can include problems that are found in many countries, such as long-term unemployment among ethnic minorities, social exclusion of the disabled, and local ones, such as the decline of traditional fishing villages or environmental damage from massive seasonal burning. garbage.

If we talk about the economic consequences, then social entrepreneurship increases the overall economic efficiency, as it introduces into the economic circulation resources that were not previously used in this capacity. This applies to unused material and human resources - production waste, socially excluded groups, solidarity and trust of people when they are united by a common goal, and so on. New combinations of available resources have a similar effect, such as using the concept of wrestling to re-educate young people, bundling fishermen into a direct online fish sales company for restaurants; creation of a non-profit power plant to finance social projects, etc.

According to experts, the idea of social entrepreneurship gained popularity as it “touched the nerve” and “very much suited” the modern era. This idea is supported by a variety of facts and considerations.

1.3 History of the development of social entrepreneurship

entrepreneurship social testing

The terms "social entrepreneurship" and "social entrepreneur" were first mentioned in the 1960s in the English-language literature on social change. They became widely used in the 1980s, thanks in part to the efforts of Bill Drayton, founder of Ashoka: Innovation for Society, and Charles Leadbeater. In the 1950s-1990s, Michael Young played an important role in the development of social entrepreneurship. Harvard professor Daniel Bell has called Young "the world's most successful social entrepreneur" due to his role in building over 60 organizations around the world, including several Schools of Social Enterprise in the UK. Another famous British social entrepreneur is Lord Mawson MBE. Andrew Mawson received a peerage in 2007 for his work in the economic and social renewal and improvement of urban areas. He is the author of The Social Entrepreneur and runs Andrew Mawson Partnerships, a company that promotes his expertise.

Although the term "social entrepreneurship" is relatively new, the phenomenon itself has a long history. Examples of social entrepreneurship include Florence Nightingale, founder of the UK's first nursing school, who developed and promoted progressive nursing standards; Robert Owen, founder of the cooperative movement; Vinobu Bhave, founder of the Indian Earth for a Gift movement. In the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, some of the most successful social entrepreneurs contributed to the spread of innovations whose usefulness was so highly valued that they were introduced on a national scale with the support of the state or business.

One well-known contemporary social entrepreneur is 2006 Nobel Peace Prize winner Muhammad Yunus, founder and manager of the Gremin Bank and associated social venture group. The activities of M. Yunus and the Grameen Bank are an example of an important feature of modern social entrepreneurship: the implementation of social tasks using business principles often brings great success. In some countries, including Bangladesh and, to a lesser extent, the United States, social entrepreneurs take on tasks that the state, which plays a limited role, does not take on. In other countries, in particular in Europe and South America, they work quite closely together with government organizations, both at the national and local levels.

1.4 Social entrepreneurship in Russia

In Russia, social entrepreneurship appeared at the turn of the 19th-20th centuries. An example of social entrepreneurship is the House of Diligence, founded by Father John of Kronstadt. Here, everyone in need (from single mothers to the homeless) could find a job, receive shelter and care. The idea of houses of industriousness subsequently spread throughout Russia.

Social entrepreneurs in modern Russia today are divided into three categories.

The first are representatives of specialized enterprises (for example, enterprises working with the visually or hearing impaired), which were modernized after perestroika and became commercial organizations (for example, Volgograd enterprises for the visually impaired - "Etalon" for the production of lids for canning and " Luch, which produces household paper products: napkins, toilet paper).

An example from the second category is non-profit and charitable organizations that have embarked on a commercial footing. Most of them are in Russia. The Nadezhda Charitable Foundation operates in St. Petersburg, which produces rehabilitation equipment for the elderly, the disabled, and people who have suffered a serious injury. "Nadezhda" signed an agreement with the Social Insurance Fund and all products - strollers, crutches, etc. -- people receive free of charge by providing medical certificates on the need to purchase rehabilitation equipment for medical reasons. "Nadezhda" also opened a paid rental point that provides rehabilitation equipment for the period of collecting certificates (after the necessary certificates are collected, the rental cost is returned to the client). In Rybinsk, the women's society of social support "Woman, Personality, Society" works with low-income mothers of many children and, under it, the "Merry Felt" workshop, which produces felt toys, jewelry and other art products. In Tula, an example of social entrepreneurship is the Berezen household services salon - here, in a social hairdressing salon, a photo workshop or an atelier for tailoring and repairing clothes, a shoe repair shop, citizens are served by disabled people. For large families, the disabled, pensioners and low-income citizens who come to the salon, the prices for services are provided at a discount. In Nizhny Novgorod, the charitable public organization "Care" works with both the elderly and young people - it has many social projects to its credit. A labor exchange, a sewing workshop, a computer club, the production and packaging of various kinds of goods, psychological training, legal advice - not charitable, but profitable, successful social and commercial projects.

The most advanced category of social entrepreneurs are representatives of small businesses, new businesses, whose goal is not profit, but a methodical solution to the problems of socially unprotected categories of citizens. Dospekhi LLC is successfully operating in Moscow - an organization engaged in the production of an orthopedic system that allows people with injuries or diseases of the spine that have led to paralysis of the legs to move independently. In Yekaterinburg, the Scientific and Social Center Elfo LLC is engaged in the psychological and physical rehabilitation of children with the help of hippotherapy.

1.5 Prospects for the development of social entrepreneurship in Russia

Despite the seriousness of the problems associated with small business, domestic small business has prospects for further development.

First of all, it is necessary to limit small businesses from bureaucracy, make the registration procedure as simple as possible, reduce the number of regulatory bodies and inspections, and continue the process of reducing the number of licensed activities and products.

It is necessary to eradicate corruption, which is not only dangerous from a moral point of view, but also impedes economic growth, significantly raises prices, and distorts competition.

It is necessary to significantly reduce the tax burden on small businesses. This is especially important for start-up entrepreneurs, primarily in such activities as innovation, production, construction, repair and construction, and medical.

Attention should be focused on the concentration of all financial resources intended to support small businesses (federal and regional budgets, the Federal Fund for Support of Small Business, various extrabudgetary sources) in the most important priority areas, and create a system of credit guarantees for it. For newly created small businesses, it is necessary to widely use leasing and franchising. If the franchising system is gaining more and more positions in our country, then leasing is only in its infancy. The further development of these forms of activity among small businesses should be facilitated by large enterprises.

More energetic work is needed to develop the infrastructure of small businesses, develop the banking system, and various funds to support small businesses. Small businesses should be able at any moment to get advice and free assistance on opening and functioning, on marketing strategy issues, protecting their interests, and on any other problem.

Much work remains to be done in the field of training and advanced training of entrepreneurs. About 8 million people, or almost 12% of the total employed population in the country, work in the small business sector, and this number will increase from year to year. More and more young, energetic people are coming into small business. Meanwhile, according to opinion polls, over 70% of young entrepreneurs believe that they need to acquire special knowledge in the field of small business. The task of professional training of managers of such enterprises is especially urgent. Today, there are about 900,000 small businesses operating in the country. According to some estimates, only 20-30% of them have managers with special professional education. Consequently, for about 700 thousand enterprises, managers act on a whim, taking into account their abilities and experience. This hinders the further development and improvement of the efficiency of small businesses.

In accordance with the Federal Law “On Licensing Certain Types of Activities” dated August 8, 2001 No. 128-FZ, local authorities do not have the right to introduce any permits other than the licenses listed in this law. However, permits for trade or for some other type of activity, from fire inspection to sanitary and epidemiological supervision, remain common practice. Most of the survey respondents answered that competition is currently a more serious problem for them than state regulation. For the first time since the beginning of Russia's transition to a market economy, entrepreneurs named competition as the most important problem. Such attention to competition indicates that the Russian economy is becoming a truly market economy, entrepreneurs are more concerned about the behavior of competitors than the behavior of officials. To a certain extent, they have adapted to the behavior of officials, and they will have to constantly adapt to competition.

Thus, small businesses in Russia have reserves for further development. According to tentative estimates, in the coming years the number of small enterprises in Russia may increase to 1.4 - 1.5 million units. Their products can be estimated at 2.8 - 3.2 trillion. rub. thus, occupying approximately 14-15% of the country's GDP, small businesses can take their rightful place in the Russian economy.

Chapter 2

Methodology: testing

Purpose of testing: The purpose of testing is to obtain independent objective information about students' preparedness for social entrepreneurship.

Testing task: Analysis of test results and compilation of objective information about the ability of social entrepreneurship among students.

Working hypotheses of the study:

1) Formation of an objective view of the ability for social entrepreneurship among students in the conditions of the test.

2) The application of the obtained test results will increase knowledge about the students' abilities for social entrepreneurship.

The practical part of the course work is based on testing, which includes 21 questions and is aimed at determining the individual's propensity for entrepreneurship.

The survey was conducted among students of the All-Russian State Tax Academy of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation.

The study involved 15 people - 2nd year students of the Faculty of Finance and Economics. The age of the respondents is from 18 to 20 years. Respondents were asked to answer questions by choosing one of two pre-given answers. On the basis of the points obtained, the number of which is added up depending on the answer to a particular question, the degree of entrepreneurial abilities is determined. It, according to this questionnaire, can be "weak" - if the respondent scored less than 12 points, "medium" - from 12 to 16, "strong" - from 16 or more. Answer scheme - a choice of two options: yes, no. Each positive answer gives one point. Below is a table that correlates the questions and the number of answers given to them. The test allows you to assess the level of your entrepreneurial abilities (Author T. Matveeva).

Methodology: mini-questionnaire

Do you know what social entrepreneurship is?

Yes 4 pers. 27%

No 11 people 73%

Would you like to engage in social entrepreneurship? (This question was asked only to those who know what social entrepreneurship is.)

Yes 4 pers. one hundred%

There was no "no" answer.

Analysis of results

According to the results of testing, 5 people were identified among the respondents

33% of those who would be inclined to be entrepreneurial above average, 4 - 27% of people showed average results, and 6 - 40% - less than average.

This is partly due to the fact that not everyone and not always able to objectively assess themselves and their capabilities. Also of great importance is the mood, age of the respondents. All this tells us that, after a while, the same people will most likely answer the same questions differently, respectively, they will show different results, therefore, any technique cannot guarantee absolute reliability. Thus, only 5 out of 15 people are fully prepared to engage in entrepreneurial activities at this stage, i.e. every third. Respondents were also asked two questions related specifically to social entrepreneurship. Based on the results, one can see that social entrepreneurship is much less popular and only 27% of respondents know about it. I think this is due to the fact that social entrepreneurship is a fairly new phenomenon for the modern world as a separate institution, although it appeared quite a long time ago.

Conclusion

The idea of "social entrepreneurship" has touched the hearts of many people. This phrase is the best suited for our time. It combines a passion for a social mission with the discipline inherent in business. It is definitely time for an entrepreneurial approach to social problems.

While the concept of "social entrepreneurship" is gaining popularity, different people interpret this phrase in different ways, causing confusion. Many associate social entrepreneurship solely with non-profit enterprises that become commercial or begin to make a profit. Others use the term to describe only the activities of those who organize non-profit enterprises. Still others under this phrase mean the business that integrates the principles of social responsibility into its business processes.

Many government and philanthropic efforts fall far short of our expectations. The main institutions of the social sector are often found to be incompetent, inefficient and unresponsive. And today we need social entrepreneurs to develop new models for the new century.

The language of social entrepreneurship may be new, but the phenomenon itself has been known for a long time. Social entrepreneurs have always existed, although they were never named. It was these people who originally built many of the institutions we now take for granted. Nevertheless, the new name plays an important role, because it implies the blurring of the old boundaries of different fields of activity. In addition to innovative non-profit enterprises, social entrepreneurship can also include socially oriented businesses (such as the community of development banks), or various hybrid organizations that combine commercial and non-profit elements (these include, for example, shelters for homeless, in which the business is based on educating and employing their wards).

The new language allows social entrepreneurs to expand their former field of activity and find even more effective methods for realizing their social mission. Social entrepreneurship describes rather extraordinary principles of behavior. These principles should be encouraged and nurtured in those who have the ability and temperament for this kind of work. Then we could achieve much more.

Should everyone aspire to be a social entrepreneur? No. Not every good social sector actor is well suited to the role of an entrepreneur. And also in business. Not every good businessman is an entrepreneur. Society needs different types and styles of leaders. Social entrepreneurs are just one breed of leader and should be seen as such. Our study is intended to highlight their distinctive features and show that being a social entrepreneur is not so easy. And we need social entrepreneurs to help us find new ways of social improvement as we enter the new century.

List of used literature

1. Small business in Russia: Textbook., Chapek V.N., Maksikov D.V., ed. Phoenix, 2010

2. Kabachenko T.S. Psychology in human resource management. St. Petersburg: Peter, 2003.

3. Andreeva G.M. Social Psychology. M.: Publishing House of Moscow State University, 1980.

4. A. A. Timofeeva. The history of entrepreneurship in Russia: a study guide. Moscow: Flinta, 2011

5. Lawton A., Rose E. Organization and management in public institutions. M.: 1993.

Appendix

Questionnaire

	Are you able to bring the work you have started to the end, despite all the obstacles?
	Are you able to insist on the decision made or are you easily persuaded?
	Do you like to take on the responsibility of leading?
	Do you enjoy the respect and trust of your colleagues?
	Does your health allow you to engage in entrepreneurial activities?
	Are you ready to work 12-14 hours a day with no immediate payoff?
	Do you like to communicate and work with people?
	Are you able to convince and infect others with your confidence in the correctness of the chosen case?
	Do you understand the actions and deeds of others?
	Do you have experience in the area you want to start your business in?
	Are you familiar with the current procedure for taxation, payroll, income tax returns, bookkeeping?
	Will there be demand in your city or region for the product or service you are going to offer?
	Are other small entrepreneurs of your profile doing well in your city (region)?
	Do you have in mind a room that can be rented? If you do not have a room, does the area of \u200b\u200byour apartment (house) allow you to organize your business at home?
	Are you ready for the fact that your business will not generate income for six months or a year?
	Do you have sufficient financial resources to support your business during its first year of operation?
	Do you have sufficient initial capital to start a business?
	Do you have the opportunity to attract relatives and friends to finance the business being created?
	Do you have suppliers of the materials you need in mind?
	Do you have smart specialists in mind who have the experience and knowledge that you lack?
	Are you sure that having your own business is your main goal?

Hosted on Allbest.ru

1. Prerequisites for the emergence, formation and development of entrepreneurship

The economic reforms being carried out in Russia, for all their inconsistency and inconsistency, were a condition for the formation and development of entrepreneurship. As the experience of countries with developed market economies shows, entrepreneurial activity plays a very important role in the economy, affects economic growth, market saturation with goods, and the creation of additional jobs. In other words, entrepreneurial activity contributes to the solution of many urgent economic, social and other problems.

In the transitional economy of Russia, economic prerequisites are gradually being created for the development of enterprises with various forms of ownership. The private sector is being formed, which is accompanied by the elimination of old, pre-reform structures, the creation of new institutions of a market economy, a new financial and credit mechanism.

Russia's transition to a market economy has actualized the problem of entrepreneurship, which is a necessary component of a market economy.

It should be noted that in modern literature on economic theory much attention is paid to the content of entrepreneurship and the assessment of its impact on the economy. Thus, the classic of modern microeconomic theory A. Marshall, speaking of the main feature of a market economy, draws attention to the "freedom of production and entrepreneurship." R. Cantillon drew attention to the phenomenon of entrepreneurship as a phenomenon of the new time that replaced the feudal Middle Ages and proved that in addition to landowners and mercenaries of various kinds, people appeared who, at their own peril and risk, rushed to market exchange in order to make a profit. This approach to the interpretation of the concept of entrepreneurship is quite legitimate.

It should be noted that in economic theory there was another approach to understanding entrepreneurship. So, a hundred years after Cantillon, the theoretical concept of J.B. Say, which is based on such economic concepts as capital, land, labor, factors of production, a combination of factors. Entrepreneurship itself was interpreted as operating the factors of production. This means that the factors of production are extracted in one place where they give a small income, then they are moved, and a new combination of them in another place gives a greater income.

Say's concept is applicable to any form of entrepreneurial activity and therefore has acquired the authority of the classical formula of entrepreneurship. Almost all research on entrepreneurship contains direct or indirect references to Say's concept.

Entrepreneurship is associated with risk. Therefore, an entrepreneur is defined as a person who takes the risk of decisions made on his own initiative. Indeed, in a market environment, any economic entity operates in conditions of uncertainty and therefore risks.

The Austrian scientist J. Schumpeter associated entrepreneurship with innovation. In accordance with this concept, the result of the entrepreneur's activity leads to changes in the material content, forms and methods of labor. It is the impact on the acceleration of economic processes that is a specific property of an entrepreneur.

Speaking about entrepreneurship, one should take into account its relationship with the socio-economic environment. Free enterprise can emerge as a phenomenon if four groups of interrelated preconditions are realized: political, economic, legal and psychological.

The group of political prerequisites assumes the political stability of society in the country and its democratization. Free enterprise as a mass phenomenon can take place if the government enjoys the confidence of the people.

The group of economic prerequisites means the transformation of state enterprises into joint-stock companies and the emergence in the country of various economic structures with various forms of ownership.

The group of psychological prerequisites includes the elimination of the misunderstanding of social justice as equality - equality of opportunity.

A group of legal prerequisites suggests that free enterprise can function successfully if a country has a set of laws that support entrepreneurs, and do not outlaw their activities.

The beginning of the formation of entrepreneurship in the Russian Federation is considered to be the adoption in 1992 of the decision of the Russian government that destroyed the institutions of administrative regulation of production. Thus, the State Planning Committee, which developed centralized plans and forecasts for socio-economic development, was abolished. The State Committee for Material and Technical Supply ceased to exist, which, in accordance with the national economic plan, provided all sectors with the means of production.

So, for example, Russian small business (the main part of entrepreneurship) was born on July 18, 1991, when the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 446 introduced criteria for classifying enterprises as small, defined general conditions and rules for their functioning.

At the beginning of the reforms, there was a powerful breakthrough of people into private entrepreneurship, primarily in its small forms. In 1992, about 190 thousand new small enterprises were created, 1.4 times more than in 1991. This process played a decisive role in the emergence of the private sector in Russia, the filling of which was mainly due to small enterprises. By 1995, about 65% of all Russian private enterprises were small.

Over the past years, a legal framework has been created to regulate entrepreneurial activity. The goals and objectives of the state policy in the field of support and development of entrepreneurship are determined. Mechanisms for the implementation of targets have been developed and structures have been created that bring them to life. A network of service organizations has been formed that provides enterprises with educational, informational, consulting, and financial services.

The achieved level of entrepreneurship development is clearly reflected by state statistics: by the end of 2000, the number of small enterprises amounted to about 891 thousand, approaching the level of 1994. By the end of 2006, the total number of permanent employees in small enterprises was about 12.0 million people or 12% of the total number of employees in Russian enterprises. At the beginning of 2008, the number of small enterprises is already 1.137 million units, which indicates the progressive development of the small business sector.

Entrepreneurship is not going smoothly. There are still quite a few people in Russia who do not accept entrepreneurship, trust the former totalitarian system of centralized management, and the most conservative circles dream of restoring command and control structures and declaring entrepreneurship illegal.

2. Essence, functions and principles of entrepreneurship

Entrepreneurship is the subject of many disciplines. Hence the multiplicity of its interpretations and definitions. The essence of entrepreneurship, as an economic category, is due to its nature and features as a specific type of economic behavior, the ability of economic entities to respond to a potential source of benefit.

Entrepreneurship is an initiative, associated with economic risk and aimed at finding the best ways to use resources, an activity conducted with the aim of generating income and increasing property.

By its economic nature, entrepreneurship is inextricably linked with the market economy and is its product. As a property of economic activity, it externally manifests itself in the desire to extract additional benefits in the process of exchange. Meanwhile, exchange itself is not yet a source of entrepreneurship. It becomes such when it becomes an integral part of a single economic turnover, and production for exchange becomes the defining function of economic entities. Commodity production is historically and genetically the starting point of entrepreneurship. Exchange, firstly, stimulates the search for new opportunities, i. initiative. Secondly, it is in the process of exchange that the entrepreneur sees a source of possible benefit, which is both a motive and an assessment of the success of his initiative. Thirdly, when faced with similar persons in the process of exchange, the entrepreneur perceives his activity as competitive. Fourth, as a mechanism for meeting social needs, exchange determines the social nature of entrepreneurial activity.

The essence of the phenomenon of entrepreneurship is revealed in its functions: economic and social.

Economic function of entrepreneurship lies in the fact that it ensures continuous institutional change and development of the entire economic system of society, constantly updates the environment with innovations, breaks the old routine structures, opens the way for various transformations. The economic function of entrepreneurship contributes to increasing the efficiency of production, the quality of products and services, and the introduction of the achievements of scientific and technological progress.

Social function of entrepreneurship lies in the fact that it softens the spontaneous impact of the market by addressing the issues of social security of people and collectives. This function contributes to the growth of the cultural and educational level of the population, protects its low-income strata from inflation, etc.

Considering in more detail the explicit functions of small, medium and large businesses, it can be seen that in basic terms they coincide. The differences lie in the potential for each type of business to implement these functions in the most efficient way. For example, the function of organizing production, which involves assessing the economic situation, developing a plan of action, organizing administrative management and monitoring the implementation of the plan, is most effectively implemented by large enterprises due to the superiority of internal organization and the resulting economy due to the scale of production. For these reasons, it is large, and not small, enterprises that derive the main benefit from scientific and technological progress, since they can relatively quickly increase their fixed capital and use the most productive methods and production technologies.

A socially significant latent function of small business is the function of shaping the environment and the spirit of entrepreneurship, without which a market economy is impossible. In contrast to large-scale small business, in most of its forms, it is accessible to very many people already because it does not require impressive initial investments of capital. Low capital intensity and short terms of construction or reconstruction in comparison with large facilities are important advantages of small economic forms. It is also necessary to highlight the essential function of small business - the function of maintaining and strengthening political and social stability in society. This is achieved through the creation of new jobs by small businesses, as well as by expanding the layer of owners. An important role is played by the social function of small business - the financial filling of the revenue part of local budgets, since its taxation in most Western countries is carried out at the municipal level. Gradually, a similar situation begins to take shape in Russia.

Public functions of big business are specific. First of all, they should include the function of exercising real economic power in the country. The function of foreign economic representation of the national economy can also be attributed to a certain extent to the number of latent social functions of big business. It is big business that is the dominant subject of international foreign economic activity. The role of transnational corporations (TNCs), which dominate the international product markets, is especially great in this area.

A socially significant function of large business is the function of ensuring stable employment, professional and career growth for the vast majority of the population. Due to the virtual lack of opportunities to obtain loans, a high degree of entrepreneurial risk, small enterprises go bankrupt much more often than large ones. Among the public functions of big business is the function of filling the revenue part of the state budget of the country.

However, the function of the multiplier, the driving force of economic growth, is especially socially significant and at the same time latent for entrepreneurship. The economic nature of entrepreneurship is characterized through its principles Keywords: initiative, commercial risk and responsibility, combination of factors of production, innovation.

Entrepreneurship is an initiative activity. The constant desire to search for something new, whether it is the production of new products or the development of new markets, in a word, the search for new opportunities for profit is the hallmark of an entrepreneur. Entrepreneurial initiative is the desire to realize the opportunities provided by the process of market exchange itself, carried out for the mutual benefit of the participants in this process. Entrepreneurship should not be associated with deceit and violence, but with the extraction of benefits through the satisfaction of social needs - with the "spirit of non-violent acquisition."

The initiative requires a certain economic freedom. When the level of regulation of entrepreneurial activity is too high, initiative activity decreases, turning into business stagnation. In this sense, creating conditions for enhancing the initiative of business entities is the key task of the transition to entrepreneurship.

Although risk is an organic component of entrepreneurial activity, entrepreneurship itself is not associated with risk appetite. The focus of the entrepreneur on the treatment of market uncertainty and his own benefit is a decisive factor in his decision-making. It is not human qualities in the form of reckless risk-taking, but the expected reward that drives the entrepreneur to take risks. Therefore, the amount of risk he takes on directly depends on the likely increase in income.

Commercial risk differs from risk in general in that it is based on a sober calculation and consideration of possible negative consequences. The desire for success here is always balanced by economic responsibility. The economic responsibility that accompanies the risk puts before the entrepreneur the task of mastering the risk and managing it. And if the entrepreneur is not able to abolish market uncertainty, then it is quite possible for him to reduce the risk. The most well-known mechanism for reducing risk is insurance, which allows you to transform the risk into insignificant additional costs. The problem, however, is that the innovative nature of entrepreneurial activity makes it extremely difficult to reliably assess the likely risk, thereby narrowing the possibilities for applying insurance specifically in the field of entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurial initiative, on the contrary, involves the creation of new, previously unseen situations, the probable outcome of which is very difficult, and sometimes impossible, to assess. Consequently, the opportunities for insurance of business activities are reduced. Another way to reduce risk is to share it with other stakeholders. Meanwhile, while helping to reduce risk (possible losses for an individual participant), this method undermines entrepreneurial motivation, since entrepreneurial income will be divided among the participants in the enterprise.

Risk as a property of entrepreneurial activity characterizes not only the specifics of entrepreneurship. It also has a general economic significance. The presence of risk forces the entrepreneur to scrupulously analyze the options for possible alternatives, choosing the best and most promising of them, which leads to progressive shifts in the productive forces and an increase in the efficiency of social production. On the other hand, the presence of risk in entrepreneurial activity requires the application of certain restrictions and regulations in relation to it.

The movement of resources for their more efficient use is only a general formula for a more complex process of increasing the efficiency of resource use. Another, more complex form of increasing the efficiency of resource use is combination of factors of production . Its essence is to find the most rational combination of factors by replacing one factor with another. By varying the factors of production, the entrepreneur not only ensures the transition to a more efficient use of the resource, but also, manifesting itself in new technologies, ensures the progressive course of social productive forces. In the process of industrialization of the economy, combination based on the "principle of substitution" becomes the determining factor in generating income, and the "spirit of rationalism" permeates the entire content of entrepreneurship and is identified with it.

At the same time, it would be an unforgivable omission to reduce the essence of combination only to the issue of efficient use of resources. The entrepreneur also combines in the field of more complex parameters that ensure the stability of the entrepreneurial structure itself. When the market mechanism, for whatever reasons: scarcity of resources, instability of supplies, difficulties in monitoring the fulfillment of obligations, does not provide the proper level, the entrepreneur begins to combine with the elements of the mechanism itself. He removes individual elements from the market sphere and includes them in the structure of his own organization, changing the nature of the mechanism for redistributing resources. Therefore, the content of the combination function is wider than the "principle of substitution", and it itself can act as a factor in the transformation of the resource allocation mechanism.

Being social in nature, entrepreneurial activity is aimed at meeting social needs. But the entrepreneur does not take on property risk out of charitable motives. The material interest expressed in income is the incentive motive for entrepreneurial activity. However, it should be borne in mind that not every income is the result of entrepreneurship. It acts as such only when it appears to be the result of a better use of the factors of production. Therefore, various types of rental income, interest on capital cannot be considered as income from entrepreneurship. In reality, entrepreneurial income is presented in the form of economic profit, which is a direct form of entrepreneurial motivation. Profit is a source of income for the entrepreneur and the development of the company, serves as an indicator of the efficiency of the use of resources and evaluation of investment opportunities, and finally, an assessment of success and a psychological incentive. This suggests that, even without outwardly manifesting itself, profit, nevertheless, occupies a dominant place in the hierarchy of the entrepreneur's goals.

Thus, as a business manager, an entrepreneur strives to provide stable conditions for the implementation and development of his entrepreneurial function. From this side, his task is to balance the multidirectional forces that allow him to effectively carry out the entrepreneurial function in the long term. At the same time, realizing the function of the owner, he must ensure the highest return on the resources used, which is expressed in maximizing profits. The resolution of this contradiction can take a variety of forms, but all of them ultimately come down to ensuring an acceptable rate of profit. Satisfaction with profit means nothing more than a compromise between the various sides of the entrepreneurial function.

However, it would be unfair to focus only on the acquisition motivation of entrepreneurship, losing sight of the creative work it performs.

The main principles that entrepreneurs should be guided by in their activities:

1) The right choice of business strategy based on marketing research.

2) Creation of conditions for rapid adaptation to the requirements of the market of production, the range and quality of products, the management system of the production and marketing activities of the company

3) Active influence on demand, the market and the consumer through advertising, pricing policy, an effective system of control over the sphere of commodity circulation

4) An entrepreneur should not be afraid of competition

5) Carry out business planning

6) Do not be afraid to take loans

7) Diversify your production

8) Mechanize and automate your production.

3. Problems of entrepreneurship

During the transition to a market economy, Russia faced many problems that had to be solved as quickly as possible. First of all, it was necessary to define property rights and decide who would be allowed to own enterprises owned by the state, how, by what mechanism and at what prices the transfer of property would be carried out. It was also necessary to create capital markets, banking, financial and monetary systems. Efficient planning and accounting systems had to be developed in order to assess the value of firms and to judge the results of their activities in the most objective way. It was necessary to revise existing laws in order to legalize new forms of economic relations, new types of property and new types of transactions.

It was necessary to select and train managers who could work in a market system and compete in their own country and in the world market. It was also necessary to achieve recognition by the population of the new rules of the game.

The challenge was to develop competition and regulatory policy and find a way to deal with the problems that arise from the fact that the mere privatization of gigantic inefficient enterprises creates a system of gigantic inefficient private monopolies.

It was necessary to determine the procedure for the state termination of subsidies to various industries and develop tax systems that could provide funding for government activities.

Finally, it was necessary to decide whether, and if so, when, the closure of uncompetitive firms would be allowed, and to create social assistance services that would take over the solution of social problems arising from the inevitable economic imbalances both during the transition period and after it. completion.

Most of these problems apply to small businesses as well. The problems of the further development of small business in Russia remain basically the same as those noted in the materials of the 1st All-Russian Congress of representatives of small enterprises:

insufficiency of initial capital and own working capital;
difficulties in obtaining bank loans;
increased pressure from criminal structures;
lack of qualified accountants, managers, consultants;
difficulties in obtaining premises and extremely high rents;
limited opportunities for obtaining leasing services;
lack of proper social protection and personal security of owners and employees of small enterprises, etc.

It is no coincidence that the 2nd All-Russian Conference of Small Businesses, held in March 2001 in Moscow, was called "Reasonable Regulation for Civilized Entrepreneurship". The conference aimed to identify the sources of excessive administrative barriers in the development of entrepreneurship.

The fact is that among the problems hindering the development of small businesses, in second place after the tax burden are excessive administrative barriers. They not only hinder the development of entrepreneurship, but also create another state problem, forcing small businesses to go into the shadow economy.

At the beginning of 2003, the Ministry of Economic Development and Trade, on behalf of the President of the Russian Federation, conducted an inventory of the control functions of state bodies and found out how many people are directly related to supervision. As a result of the inventory, it turned out that there is no general system of state control in Russia. 43 federal ministries and departments have 65 inspection organizations. Only 55 of them employ 1065 thousand people. More than 423 of them are endowed with the right of direct state control, the rest serve them. There is no doubt that these numerous inspectors are focusing on small businesses, restricting, shackling, and often stopping their activities.

Experts who analyze the turnover of the shadow economy estimate it at least 40% of the gross national product. At the same time, there has been a gradual decrease in the share of the shadow economy in Russia in recent years.

1) high level of taxation;

2) unavailability of credit resources;

3) administrative barriers.

Small businesses in Russia face great difficulties in their activities. The main problem is the insufficient resource base, both logistical and financial. In practice, we are talking about creating a new sector of the economy. For decades, we did not have such a sector to any significant degree. This, in particular, meant the absence of trained entrepreneurs. The bulk of the population, who lived "pay to pay", could not form a reserve of funds necessary to start their own business. It is clear that the extremely strained state budget cannot become a source of these funds. It remains to hope for credit resources. But even they are insignificant and, moreover, extremely difficult to implement with constant inflation.

The situation can hardly seriously change in the right direction, unless we finally move from words to deeds in public support for constructive small business. There is no reason to count on a significant increase in the material, technical and financial resources available for this, at least in the near future.

Therefore, it is necessary to create mechanisms for preferential lending, taxation, various kinds of preferences, including those related to foreign economic activity. Their point is to ensure that the needs of the people are better served while creating the conditions for the consistent development of entrepreneurship.

The next problem is the legal framework that small businesses can now rely on. So far, to put it mildly, it is imperfect, and in many very significant provisions it is completely absent. The difficulty is that, firstly, there is no single legislative framework for today's activities of domestic small businesses, and secondly, the existing disparate regulations are far from being fully implemented.

At present, small business is in conditions that are very remote from those that should be inherent in market relations. On the contrary, there is a tendency to surround it more and more with the old framework of the planning-administrative system with its almost all-embracing planning and strict regulation with the help of limits, funds, etc.

There is no system for carrying out an in-depth analysis of the activities of small businesses, there is no proper accounting of the results of their work, there are practically no reports on those indicators that entitle these enterprises to take advantage of tax benefits.

The access of small enterprises to high technologies is limited, since their purchase requires significant one-time financial costs.

Another problem is staffing. Unfortunately, there are far fewer qualified entrepreneurs than the economy really needs.

Despite the seriousness of the problems associated with small business, domestic small business has prospects for further development.

First of all, it is necessary to protect small businesses from bureaucracy, make the registration procedure as simple as possible, reduce the number of regulatory bodies and inspections, and continue the process of reducing the number of licensed activities and products. It is necessary to eradicate corruption, which is not only dangerous from a moral point of view, but also impedes economic growth, significantly raises prices, and distorts competition.

It is necessary to significantly reduce the tax burden on small businesses. This is especially important for start-up entrepreneurs, primarily in such activities as innovation, manufacturing, construction, repair and construction, and medical.

Attention should be focused on the concentration of all financial resources intended to support small businesses (the federal budget, regional budgets, the Federal Fund for Support of Small Business, various extrabudgetary sources) in the most important priority areas, and create a system of credit guarantees for it.

For newly created small businesses, the widespread use of leasing and franchising is necessary. If the franchising system is gaining more and more positions in our country, then leasing is only in its infancy. The further development of these forms of activity should be facilitated by large enterprises.

Much work remains to be done in the field of training and advanced training of entrepreneurial personnel. About 8 million people, or almost 12% of the total employed population in the country, work in the small business sector, and this number will increase from year to year. More and more young, energetic people come to small business. The task of professional training of managers of such enterprises is especially urgent.

In recent years, the number of applications for new licenses has decreased, which has undoubtedly made life easier for small businesses. At the same time, 80% of all issued licenses cost entrepreneurs more than the fee established by law, and 77% of all licenses and decisions held by the head of firms were issued for a period of less than the five years prescribed by law.

In accordance with the Federal Law of August 8, 2001 No. 128-FZ "On Licensing Certain Types of Activities", local authorities do not have the right to introduce any permits other than those listed in the Law on Licensing.

Thus, despite a fairly large number of problems and obstacles, small businesses in Russia have reserves for further development.

4. Subjects and objects of entrepreneurial activity

The main subject of entrepreneurial activity is the entrepreneur. However, the entrepreneur is not the only subject; in any case, he is forced to interact with consumer as its main counterparty, as well as with state, which in various situations can act as an assistant or opponent. Both the consumer and the state also belong to the category of subjects of entrepreneurial activity, as well as employee(unless, of course, the entrepreneur does not work alone), and business partners (if the production is not isolated from public relations) (Fig. 1).

Rice. 1 Business entities

In the relationship between the entrepreneur and the consumer, the entrepreneur belongs to the category of an active subject, and the consumer is characterized primarily by a passive role. When analyzing the side of these relationships the consumer acts as an indicator of the entrepreneurial process. This is understandable, therefore, everything that constitutes the subject of an entrepreneur’s activity has the right to be realized only in the case of a positive (positive) expert evaluation of the consumer. Such an assessment is carried out by the consumer and acts as the willingness of the latter to purchase a particular product. An entrepreneur, when planning and organizing his activities, in no way can ignore the moods, desires, interests, expectations, assessments of the consumer.

An entrepreneur in a market system of relations has no other way to influence the consumer, except to act in unison with his interests. However, this situation does not mean at all that the entrepreneur is obliged to act only in strict accordance with the already identified interests of the consumer. The entrepreneur himself can form consumer demand, create new consumer needs. This is exactly what the proposition about two ways of organizing entrepreneurial activity boils down to: on the basis of the revealed interest of the consumer or on the basis of "imposing" a new product on him.

Thus, the goal of the entrepreneur is the need to "win" the consumer, to create a circle of his own consumers.

The role of the state as a subject of the entrepreneurial process may be different depending on social conditions, the situation in the sphere of business activity, and the goals that the state sets for itself.

Depending on the specific situation, the state may be:

. an obstacle to the development of entrepreneurship, when it creates an extremely unfavorable environment for the development of entrepreneurship or even prohibits it;

. by an outside observer, when the state does not directly oppose the development of entrepreneurship, but at the same time does not contribute to this development;

. entrepreneurial process accelerator, when the state conducts a constant and active search for measures to involve new economic agents in the entrepreneurial process (often such a purposeful activity of the state causes an "explosion" of entrepreneurial activity and leads to a "boom" of entrepreneurship).

An employee as an implementer of the ideas of an entrepreneur also belongs to the group of subjects of the entrepreneurial process. It is on him that the efficiency and quality of the implementation of an entrepreneurial idea depends.

It is known that each economic entity has its own interests. As for the entrepreneur and the employee, some of their plans are the same (the higher the profit, the higher the salary, for example), and some are polar opposite (the entrepreneur is not interested in high wages, but the employee is). In such cases the parties are forced to search for compromise options, which, in general, forms the basis of the relationship between these two subjects of the entrepreneurial process.

Partnerships (real and potential) play a very important role in entrepreneurship. Each entrepreneur, when planning his activities, when developing a business plan, must take into account the possibility of establishing the necessary partnerships. For example, if you are planning to produce, say, kitchen furniture, then you will naturally try to determine where, from whom and under what conditions, presumably (and whether there is such a possibility), you will be able to purchase everything necessary for organizing production (wood, other components, fittings, equipment, machines, etc.). Without such an approach, business planning is impossible.

Thus, when planning his activities, an entrepreneur considers a partner (partners) as a subject of the entrepreneurial process, on the form of relationships with which the level of efficiency of his activity depends.

The objects of commercial activity are fixed assets and working capital, as well as other tangible and intangible assets and financial resources, the value of which is reflected in the company's independent balance sheet. Shareholders exercise the right to own, use and dispose of the property of the company.

The company has the right to dispose of its property at its own discretion, including selling, transferring to other enterprises for a fee and free of charge, writing off the balance.

Possession and use of property that does not belong to the company on the basis of ownership is carried out on the basis of its lease with or without subsequent redemption, and other legal grounds. The Company owns and uses land and other natural resources in accordance with the procedure established by law.

The company is liable for its obligations with all its property, which, under the current legislation, may be levied.

The authorized capital of the company is formed at the expense of cash, property contributions, income from the sale of intellectual property of shareholders. The authorized capital can be replenished with the personal property of the shareholders, transferred to the company for subsequent sale and transfer of the proceeds to the account of the shareholder's contribution to the authorized capital.

5. Organizational and legal forms of entrepreneurship

According to the Civil Code in the Russian Federation, the following organizational and legal forms of enterprises exist: business partnerships, companies and production cooperatives.

Business partnerships and companies are recognized as commercial organizations with the authorized (share) capital divided into shares (contributions) of the founders (participants). Property created at the expense of contributions of founders (participants), as well as produced and acquired by a business partnership or company in the course of its activity, belongs to it by the right of ownership.

Business partnerships can be created in the form of a general partnership and a limited partnership (limited partnership). Participants in general partnerships and general partners in limited partnerships may be individual entrepreneurs and (or) commercial organizations.

A general business partnership is a closed-type association based on shared ownership with a limited number of participants who are fully liable for the obligations of the partnership with all their property. It may be established by at least two persons. Therefore, in the case when the only participant remains in the existing partnership, it must be liquidated or transformed into another form.

A limited partnership is a closed-type association that includes, along with the participants who bear full property liability for the obligations of the partnership, contributors whose liability is limited to the size of the contribution made.

A limited partnership is created on the same grounds as a general partnership, with the only difference that it must include at least one contributors (limited partners). In the event of the retirement of all depositors, it must be liquidated or transformed into another form.

Business companies may be created in the form of a joint-stock company, a limited liability company or an additional liability company. Citizens and legal entities may be participants in economic companies and contributors in limited partnerships. State bodies and bodies of local self-government are not entitled to act as participants in economic companies and investors in limited partnerships, unless otherwise provided by law.

A limited liability company is an organizational form of entrepreneurship based on the pooling of the capital of a limited number of participants who are not liable for the obligations of the company.

A limited liability company may be founded by one or more participants, the number of which must not exceed the legally established limit of their number. In their activities, companies of this type are guided by the Memorandum of Association signed by the founders and the Charter approved by them, reflecting the main provisions of the organization and management of the company. The formation of the company's assets is carried out at the expense of the contributions of the founders. And although the capital of a limited liability company is divided into shares, the company is not entitled to issue shares and similar securities. The minimum size of the statutory fund for companies of this type is regulated by law and must be at least 100 minimum monthly wages, and if the volume of the company's net assets drops below the established value, the company is liquidated.

An additional liability company is an organizational form of entrepreneurship based on the pooling of the capitals of a limited number of participants who assume additional property liability determined by them for the obligations of the company.

A joint-stock company (JSC) is a formation based on the pooling of capital by issuing shares, the participants of which do not bear property liability for its obligations, except in the amount of the value of the company's securities acquired by them.

A distinctive feature of a joint-stock company is the division of its capital into a certain number of shares distributed among the participants, which, however, does not exclude the creation of a joint-stock company by one person, acting in this case as the holder of the entire block of shares. Given the specifics of the functioning of a JSC, the formation of its capital is regulated by law. The authorized capital of a joint-stock company consists of the nominal value of shares placed among the founders. At the same time, its minimum value is set at 1,000 minimum monthly wages, and open subscription for shares is allowed only after full payment by the founders of the statutory fund. An increase in the statutory fund to cover losses is not allowed, and its reduction is possible only after notification of all creditors. A joint-stock company is also not entitled to pay dividends, both before the full payment of the authorized capital, and in the case when the net assets of the company are less than the authorized capital or may become less after the payment of dividends. However, JSCs can use such an instrument for increasing assets as bonds only after the third year of their existence and for an amount not exceeding the size of the authorized fund. At the same time, the law allows for the possibility of overcoming these requirements, provided that the issue of bonds is secured by third parties.

The main organizational and legal forms of entrepreneurship according to the Civil Code of the Russian Federation have the following gradation. (fig.2)

Fig. 2 Main organizational and legal forms of entrepreneurship

6. Entrepreneurship support funds

At present, the role of small enterprises is growing significantly. Their creation is of great importance, as it contributes to an increase in employment of the population: it ensures the development of production, goods and services. Entrepreneurship support funds are being formed at the federal and regional levels. Regional funds and small business support centers have been established in 73 constituent entities of the Russian Federation. Special state bodies carry out financial and credit and other measures to support small businesses.

The development of small enterprises is stimulated by tax incentives for the production of goods and services, preferential loans, provision of equipment under leasing agreements and other measures.

In the Russian Federation, state support for small business is carried out in the following areas:

formation of infrastructure for support and development of small business;
creation of favorable conditions for the use by small businesses of state financial, material and technical and information resources, as well as scientific and technical developments and technologies;
establishment of a simplified procedure for registration of small businesses, licensing of their activities, certification of their products, submission of state statistical and accounting reports;
support for foreign economic activity of small businesses, including assistance; development of their trade, scientific and technical, production, military, information relations with foreign countries;
organization of training, retraining and advanced training of personnel for small enterprises.

Financial support for state and municipal programs to support small business is carried out annually at the expense of the federal budget, the budgets of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and local budgets, as well as from other sources. The federal budget annually provides for the allocation of appropriations for its implementation.

The following funding measures are envisaged:

provision of state guarantees to foreign credit organizations that provide loans to support small businesses;
provision of state guarantees for loans issued by banks and other credit organizations of the Russian Federation to small businesses;
allocation of state preferential investment loans;
allocation of at least 40% of the funds from the State Employment Fund of the Russian Federation to create new jobs in the field of small business.

A number of measures are envisaged for the development of small business.

Concessional lending. Lending to small businesses is carried out on preferential terms with compensation of the corresponding difference to credit organizations from the funds of small business support funds.
Insurance. Insurance of small businesses is carried out on preferential terms. Small business support funds, under an agreement with an insurance organization, have the right to compensate it in full or in part for lost income.
Government order. When forming and placing orders, as well as concluding state contracts for the supply of products and goods (services) for state needs for priority types of products, state customers are obliged to place at least 15% of the total volume of supplies for state needs of this type of product with small businesses.

Works in the Kemerovo region State Fund for Support of Small Business of the Kemerovo Region, The main purpose of the Fund's activity is to accumulate resources for financial support of state support programs for small businesses, participation in the financing of regional programs, as well as projects and activities aimed at supporting and developing small businesses.

In addition, to solve the problems of small business development in Kemerovo, an infrastructure to support small business has been created, which includes: Municipal Non-Commercial Fund for Support of Small Business of Kemerovo (MNFSMP) , which unites Kemerovo Business Incubators, the City Business Center, the Training and Consulting Center and the City Innovation Center. The Small Business Support Fund actively cooperates with the Council for the Support and Development of Small Business under the Head of the City, the Kuzbass Chamber of Commerce and Industry, the Kuzbass representative office of OPORA Rossii.

The main activity of the Business Center is the provision of financial support to small businesses through the issuance of loans. A prerequisite for obtaining financial support is the creation of new jobs.

The Training and Consulting Center of the Municipal Non-Commercial Fund for Supporting Small Business in the city of Kemerovo, having gone from teaching the basics of entrepreneurial activity to developing special courses in popular areas of doing business since 1999, today highlighted the direction of coaching as professional support and solving problem situations at the workplace of a businessman as a specialist in specific area on the stated problem.

In turn, Business Incubators were created to solve the following tasks: support for start-up entrepreneurs by providing production space; formation and development of healthy competition in the region; creation of new jobs.

The main task of the City Innovation Center is informational, financial support for the commercialization of an innovative project, which is at the initial stage of creating a prototype. It is planned to create a bank of innovative projects, search for project executors thanks to the Center for Technology Transfer of the State Research Center, business incubation, consulting support for the activities of innovative enterprises, and assistance in protecting intellectual property.

This will allow, through the development of manufacturing small and medium-sized businesses, to provide additional opportunities to significantly improve the living conditions of people, increase their standard of living, health, educational and intellectual potential, and solve acute social problems of the city's economy. Thus, a comprehensive business support system has been formed in the Kemerovo MNFPMP: from training and consulting to the implementation of a business idea.

Such municipal, non-profit business support funds exist not only in the regional center, but also in almost every city and district of the Kemerovo region (Belovo, Anzhero-Sudzhensk, Osinniki, Kaltan, Berezovsky, etc.)

Conclusion

Entrepreneurship is an indispensable force for economic dynamism, competitiveness and social prosperity. After all, an entrepreneur is always an innovator, introducing new technologies on a commercial basis, new forms of business organization; the initiator of the combination of factors of production in a single process of production of goods and services for the purpose of making a profit; the organizer of production, who sets the tone for the company's activities, determines the strategy and tactics of the company's behavior and assumes the burden of responsibility for the success of their behavior; a person who is not afraid of risk and consciously takes it in order to achieve his goal.

Market relations pose many complex tasks for our society, among which entrepreneurship occupies an important place.

The nature of Russia's entrepreneurial potential is determined by the state of the Russian economy. On the one hand, Russia has demonstrated the ability to quickly form an entrepreneurial infrastructure and the very class of entrepreneurs, especially since these concepts themselves have been perceived extremely negatively in the country for many previous decades.

For the development of entrepreneurship in Russia, a special program is needed, which should include:

creation of stable economic legislation;
formation of state-public investment, insurance and information funds to assist entrepreneurs;
building a regional market infrastructure (training, consulting, certification centers);
the introduction of appropriate tax, currency, price and antimonopoly regulation, which would make it unprofitable to deceive partners.

Bibliography

Aleksandrova K. Entrepreneurship. - St. Petersburg: Neva, 2004. - 325 p.
Busygin A. Entrepreneurship: Basic course. - M.: Infra-M, 1999. - 437 p.
Butova T. V. Entrepreneurship. - M.: Yurkniga, 2005. - 481 p.
Gruzinov V., Gribov V. Entrepreneurship: forms and methods of organizing entrepreneurial activity // Economics of the enterprise. - 1996 - p.157
Ilyenkova S. D., Kuznetsov V. I. Fundamentals of management: Uch.-pract. allowance. - M.: MESI, 1998. - 179 p.
Korshunov N.M., Eriashvili N.D. Entrepreneurial Law. Textbook. - M.: Unity-Dana, 2004. - 379 p.
Lapusta M.G. Entrepreneurship. - M.: INFRA-M, 2004. - 422 p.
Okeanova Z. Economic theory. - M.: BEK, 2004. - 584 p.
Ontina A.F. Business development. - Tomsk: Business World, 2001. - 403 p.

Syropolis Nicholas K. Small business management. Guide for Entrepreneurs. - M.: Delo, 1997. - p.115

Gruzinov V., Gribov V. Entrepreneurship forms and methods of organizing entrepreneurial activity // Economics of the enterprise. - M., 1996 - p.157

Korshunov N.M., Eriashvili N.D. Entrepreneurial Law. Textbook. Moscow, Unity-Dana publishing house, 2004. - p.64

Topics related to social entrepreneurship are becoming more and more popular every day. However, it is very difficult to give an unambiguous definition of this concept. What is corresponding to this direction, which categories are relevant in the first place? Why? These and other issues of no less concern to society are discussed in this article.

The concept of social entrepreneurship

What's happened social entrepreneurship? Activities, which characterize it, are determined in a very interesting way. So, social entrepreneurship should be understood as entrepreneurial activity, primarily aimed at mitigating or resolving social problems.

It is important to note that social entrepreneurs form a business model with unique characteristics. Its profit consists in increasing the social good. It needs to be added that social entrepreneurship, activities, corresponding to it, differ from business with a corporate social responsibility type (CSR). The fact is that in the second case, only part of the profit, and not its entire amount, is directed to solving problems of a social nature.

Related definitions

Development of social entrepreneurship closely related to the following definitions:

Social impact is nothing more than a targeted focus on mitigating or solving urgent social problems; sustainable social outcomes of a positive nature that can be measured.
Innovation is the use of new techniques that increase the degree of social impact on society.
Financial stability and self-sufficiency is nothing more than the ability of a socially oriented structure to solve social problems for as long as there is a need for this, and at the expense of the income that comes from its own economic activity.
Replicability and scalability - some increase in the scale of economic activity of the social structure (both nationally and internationally) and dissemination of the model (experience) in order to increase the degree of social impact.
Entrepreneurial approach - the ability of an entrepreneur entering into market failures, accumulating resources, finding opportunities, forming new solutions that can positively influence both individual social groups and society as a whole on a long-term basis.

Social Entrepreneurship: Governance and Models

Through the analysis of currently relevant activities, the following models of social entrepreneurship can be distinguished:

Charity sales. Usually this includes shops of services or commercial products. As a rule, their proceeds are transferred directly to a charitable foundation. Vivid examples of such structures are the following stores: "BlagoBoutique", "Thank you", the art gallery "White Horse" and so on.
Solving the issue of employment of mothers with children under three years of age, disabled people, as well as individuals who are in a difficult life situation. For example, in the store "Naive? Very!" the formation of souvenirs is carried out by people with mental disorders, and the restaurant "In the dark" employs only blind people.

Additional destinations

As it turned out, characterizing social entrepreneurship activities do not have clear boundaries. Therefore, in the literature, as a rule, only approximate models (directions) of the corresponding activity are given. The options presented in the previous chapter are by far the most common. However, the following points are inferior to them to a minimum extent:

Social entrepreneurship organizations to create services that are not fully provided by the state. A striking example of this situation is the Vasilek kindergarten, located in Moscow.
Provision of services of a unique focus, for example, the taxi service "Invataxi" implements a transport service exclusively for the disabled.
Socially oriented entrepreneurship aimed at the development of the territory and local society. For example, the Kolomenskaya Pastila Museum, which houses exhibits of a lost taste, and the formation of an urban brand around pastila, as well as the LavkaLavka environmentally friendly product delivery project, implemented to support rural producers living in the Moscow region.

Small business entities

socially oriented the projects presented in the previous chapters are organized through the efforts of social entrepreneurs. So, the following structures and citizens can act as the latter:

Commercial organizations.
Organizations of a non-profit type.
Individual entrepreneurs.

Signs of social entrepreneurship

Subjects of social entrepreneurship are engaged in organizing and promoting activities that correspond to the following features:

Social impact. In other words, the activities of the structure, one way or another, are aimed at mitigating the actual problems of a social nature.
Social entrepreneurship (examples presented above) is determined by such a feature as innovativeness. Thus, in the course of its own activities, the company must use new unique methods of work.
A sign of financial stability. In other words, the enterprise is obliged to solve social problems at the expense of the income that it receives from its own economic activity.
And finally, it is scalable. That is, the structure, one way or another, has the ability to transfer previously acquired skills to other enterprises, markets, and even other countries.

What follows from this?

Having fully analyzed the features presented in the previous chapter, it can be judged that, due to such an interesting entrepreneurial approach, the category considered in the article differs significantly from the usual traditional charity. Why? The fact is that in addition to the social effect, the activities of social companies are aimed at making a profit, which is very important for business structures today.

Development in different countries

To date, social entrepreneurship in the Russian Federation has not become as widespread as in other countries. The strategic director of the Russian Social Innovation Laboratory Clouswatcher expressed his point of view on this matter. He explained that social entrepreneurship is a newly formed economic sector, so many points in this case are debatable.

Thus, social entrepreneurship is usually classified as either a non-profit or a commercial field of activity. The specialists of the Laboratory of Social Innovations believe that the direction considered in the article exists and develops in accordance with its own laws. This means that a social entrepreneur can be considered absolutely any entrepreneur who has official obligations to regularly carry out a certain set of actions of a social nature to solve socially significant problems.

History pages

In the 1980s, the concept discussed in the article became popular in society thanks to the activities of Bill Drayton, who founded the Ashoka company. However, the direction appeared in reality long before this moment. Thus, in the Russian Federation, social entrepreneurship appeared at the turn of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.

A striking example of such entrepreneurship is the House of Diligence, which was founded by Father John of Kronstadt. Subsequently, such structures began to rapidly gain popularity in society. In accordance with their meaning, they realized the function of labor exchanges, where every needy person had the opportunity to find a job.

However, social entrepreneurship only gained real popularity at the turn of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. It is no coincidence that the world Nobel Prize was awarded for the first time in 2006 for the direction under consideration. It is important to add what the founder of the Grameen Bank organization, which has a microfinance character, Muhammad Yunus, received.

Expert point of view

According to experts, the category of social entrepreneurship significantly increases economic efficiency indicators. Why? The fact is that it puts into circulation those resources that were not previously used in such quantities. Moreover, the above provision applies not only to unused material (for example, industrial waste), but also to those that exclude the use of human resources. So, the latter include socially prohibited groups, which include the poor, ethnic diasporas, and so on.

Thus, Coimbatore Prahalad formulated a very interesting approach to social entrepreneurship in his own works. In accordance with this provision, one can notice the following: if you do not consider the poor as a burden or a victim, but see them as consumers and entrepreneurs, then mechanically a large number of opportunities open up not only for the poor, but also for business.

Conclusion

In accordance with the foregoing, it can be concluded that by working for the disadvantaged or poor, a business has the opportunity not only to be profitable, but also to significantly expand the market, as well as attract a large number of new consumers. In order for this state of affairs to become possible, large-scale companies need to work closely with state organizations of local authorities and civil society.

It is important to note that foreign experience related to the support of social entrepreneurship is very broad in scope. Separately, it is worth noting the activities of organizations in South Korea. Why? The fact is that it is there that the promotion of socially oriented business today is a priority task of national importance. Thus, all social entrepreneurs in South Korea are required to undergo certification. This gives them a significant advantage in terms of competition with conventional business entrepreneurs.

In our country, this type of activity has not yet become widespread, but society is developing, so this business will soon become very popular.

Social entrepreneurship is a special kind of activity located at the intersection of charity and business. It involves the extraction of profit and its reinvestment in solving or mitigating the most pressing problems in society. Incomes are not distributed among the participants of economic companies, but are invested in such areas as reducing unemployment, strengthening the protection of the rights of citizens, the environment. Let us further consider in detail what socially-oriented entrepreneurship is.

General information

Social entrepreneurship is a field in which activities are carried out independently of external funding. All work is carried out on the basis of proven business schemes. In this connection, it cannot be said that social entrepreneurship is a form of amateur activity. In this area, not only time-tested, but also new, scientifically based approaches to solving existing and relatively recent problems are used.

Mission

Small businesses and socially oriented organizations can work in a variety of areas. They implement socially-oriented programs as part of their core business. It can be healthcare, agriculture, service, education, and so on. Currently, there is no exact definition of social entrepreneurship, since it affects many areas of human life and has a huge number of directions and facets. This activity can be most capaciously described by the following phrase: "To earn money by helping others." Social entrepreneurship is a solution to tangible and concrete problems of social life, contributing to positive sustainable change. It should be emphasized that this work is not a charity. Help is provided according to the principle "give not a fish, but a fishing rod."

History reference

How did social entrepreneurship start? In Russia, as early as the 19th century, there were so-called houses of industriousness. They can be called an example of domestic comprehensive labor assistance. These houses were founded by Father John Sergiev in Kronstadt. His main idea was the idea that often ordinary charity, almsgiving corrupts a person, depriving him of an incentive to work. "Houses" were centers in which work was carried out in three directions at once. Here they were engaged in charity, educational activities and employment. In the middle of the 19th century cooperatives in the UK. They were a source of financing the public needs of the population.

Development of social entrepreneurship

It should be noted that the phenomenon under consideration was noticed abroad much earlier than in Russia. There are several studies that illustrate the diversity of the content and forms of organization of social entrepreneurship. The concept itself was first introduced in the 1960s. 20th century UK. Then the tendencies of public freedom became widespread. On this wave, issues of public importance were widely covered by English-language publications. A more stable use of the concept of social entrepreneurship dates back to the 70s and 80s. This was facilitated by several prominent personalities. So, Gregory Dees pointed out in one of his articles that the reason for the emergence of small business, socially oriented non-profit organizations lies in the inefficiency of the work of individual public institutions. It is worth noting here that in advanced countries with fairly progressive structures, the form of business in question is more common. In this regard, for the emergence of social entrepreneurship, the appearance of a subjective assessment of existing institutions as ineffective by an individual member of society is enough.

Specificity

Michael Young

This man not only created social enterprises around the world. Michael Young is seriously engaged in educational programs. It spawned the College of Entrepreneurship (Social), the 3rd Millennium University, the Institute for Community Studies, and many other institutions. One of the Harvard professors called Young the most successful businessman in the field of public initiatives. Thanks to his activities, many ideas for consumer protection have been implemented. Young has performed and written books. The main idea of his works was the idea of evaluating people not only by education, merit, mental abilities, occupation, but also by the level of their honesty, ability to sympathize, show kindness and generosity.

Modern realities

Currently, commercial companies are more actively involved in social reforms. At the same time, all enterprises have in common the desire to introduce innovative approaches in business. There is a growing interest in social entrepreneurship from the academic community. A special course was opened at Harvard Business School in 1989. The training went directly through the program of social entrepreneurship. Since that time, America's leading business schools have begun to include additional courses in their curricula. In 2004, about a quarter of Stanford's graduates had degrees in social entrepreneurship. At the beginning of the 21st century, several large companies were opened. Among them:

Russian companies

In the Russian Federation, the contribution of the Our Future Foundation can be called the most significant. It was founded by V. Alekperov, co-owner and president of the LUKoil company. The Fund provides information, financial and consulting assistance to social entrepreneurs, organizes project competitions, analyzes the effectiveness of supported enterprises in terms of specific indicators. In addition to "Our Future", it is worth noting the "School of Farmers" in the Perm Territory, the workshop "Merry Felt", operating under the Women's Society in Rybinsk, the consumer services salon "Berezen" in Tula, LLC "Armor" in Yekaterinburg "Elfo", public association "Care" in Nizhny Novgorod, "Nadezhda" fund in St. Petersburg. In 2010, the concept of "social entrepreneurship" was officially included in the regulations of the Ministry of Economic Development. Due to this, regional authorities began to show more attention to this social phenomenon. Educational institutions began to develop more actively. Among them, for example, the Novosibirsk school "Territory of Development" can be singled out.

Conclusion

The social problem that the entrepreneur's actions are aimed at solving is the starting point of his business. If there is no urgent issue requiring intervention, then there will be no special work. There will be a conventional enterprise with traditional goals. Social entrepreneurship is a balance of social tasks and business component. Here, money is not a goal, but a means that allows not only to solve problems, but also to remain independent of constant investments from the outside. From the point of view of world history, social entrepreneurship is considered a fairly young phenomenon. It has existed abroad for just over 30 years, and in Russia for about 10. Nevertheless, despite this, social enterprises today are on a par with charity, non-profit initiatives, and corporate responsibility. At the government level, draft regulations are being worked out, which would clearly describe the mechanism of interaction between enterprises that solve social problems, citizens and government agencies. Today, social entrepreneurship is based on general business rules. At the same time, companies are constantly introducing innovative methods of work. Undoubtedly, this sector should expand.

Social entrepreneurship is a new innovative way of carrying out socio-economic activities, connecting the social mission with the achievement of economic efficiency. It is based on the creation of so-called social enterprises - i.e. business enterprises organized for social purposes and for the creation of social good and operating on the basis of financial discipline, innovation and business practices established in the private sector. 1 In the last decade, this practice has gained extraordinary popularity both in developed industrial countries, such as the USA, Great Britain, France, Germany, etc., and in third world countries, for which a new way of combining economic and social resources is a means to wrest people out of deep poverty. large segments of the population. According to G. Deese, director of the Center for the Development of Social Entrepreneurship, has recently gained popularity, because. "very fitting for our times." This is due to the fact that "many results of the activities of state and charitable organizations turned out to be far from our expectations, and most of the institutions of the public sector are increasingly seen as ineffective, inefficient and irresponsible. Social entrepreneurs are needed in order to create new models of socially significant activities" for new age". 2

The concept of social entrepreneurship in Russia is just beginning to circulate. In this sense, it lags behind, for example, Ukraine, Kazakhstan, Moldova or Belarus. For the development of social entrepreneurship in Russia, not only the correct self-identification, which can come with increased information exchange, is important, but also the development of important socio-economic institutions common in other countries - such as small business, credit cooperation, microfinance, non-profit activities in the socio-economic sphere capable of acting as "maternal structures" for the development of social entrepreneurship. At the same time, an analysis of the existing experience of functioning of some of the listed forms testifies to the beginnings of the development of social entrepreneurship in Russia. An important prerequisite for social entrepreneurship in this series is microfinance and, in particular, credit cooperation.

2. Microfinance and social entrepreneurship

The content of microfinance technologies is to make it economically feasible for the lender to provide the necessary range of financial services to the low-income population and micro-business in such a way that recipients can use financial services for their own development. Traditional lending technologies, unlike microfinance, do not allow large-scale work with these categories of clients. This is the fundamental difference between microfinance and usury, since the task of the latter is to consolidate the dependence of the borrower by withdrawing the income received almost in full.

The invention of microcredit technologies as an alternative to standard bank loan schemes and usury is associated with the name of the founder of the bank, and then the Grameen group, a university professor from Bangladesh, Mohammad Yunus. The Grameen Bank was founded by Yunus in 1976 with the dual mission of providing financial services to poor women and the poorest families in order to help them overcome poverty through the establishment of a profitable business. 3 It was the first microcredit experience in the world that simultaneously received global recognition as a successful example of social entrepreneurship. For his services "in the field of socio-economic development..." M. Yunus became in 2006 a Nobel Peace Prize laureate. 4

Due to the fact that consumers of microfinance services are, as a rule, classified as high-risk, a set of systems and procedures for providing services to recipients of microcredits has been developed in world practice. However, in itself, the technical solution to the problem of lending to small borrowers, taking into account the limitation of their economic resources, is not social entrepreneurship. In order to become such a social enterprise, firstly, it must have a social goal as the primary and leading task of the activity, and not its by-product. Secondly, in solving a social problem, it must offer an innovative economic solution - non-trivial from the point of view of combining economic social resources. The latter distinguishes "entrepreneurship" from just "business". In the case of the Grameen Bank, the goal was to eradicate poverty in a rural community. In other words, it was necessary to offer a credit system at such a modest percentage that it would allow the producer to keep the surplus from the sale of products for his own development (and exit from stagnant poverty), in contrast to the then existing practice of complete economic dependence on local moneylenders. The mechanism that was proposed for this served both as an economic and social innovation - the new social enterprise united the borrowers into a social network connected by relationships of trust, mutual assistance and responsibility, which served both as a consumer and a resource of the services offered by the enterprise.

3. Credit cooperatives in Russia: distribution and socio-entrepreneurial features

The main tasks of credit cooperatives are to provide loans to their members and pool their financial resources to provide financial mutual assistance oriented towards production or social goals. The nature of a cooperative 5 helps to avoid the risky use of shareholders' savings, including through the formation of a reserve fund, the development of an internal control and insurance system, but primarily through collective democratic management implemented by all shareholders on the principle of "one participant - one vote" and the presence of subsidiary liability of members for the obligations of the cooperative. Credit consumer cooperatives are organizations of low financial risk.

According to the Ministry of Finance, as of October 1, 2008, about 2,500 credit cooperatives were registered in Russia with a total number of members of about a million people, which accumulate about 15 billion rubles of personal savings of citizens. Such cooperatives are usually formed on a territorial, industrial or professional basis; they are most actively developed in small towns of Russia and in the countryside. Shareholders are mainly public sector employees, pensioners (up to 65% of shareholders), entrepreneurs and trade workers. The structure of the membership base of rural credit cooperatives is dominated by citizens who maintain personal subsidiary plots - more than 80%. At the same time, only a part of them are active borrowers. As for pensioners, they generally prefer to place their savings in the cooperative. For shareholders, participation in credit cooperatives is beneficial, first of all, due to rather high interest on deposits, on average from 16 to 24% per annum, which is about one and a half times higher than interest on deposits in banks. For borrowers, the average overpayment on a loan per year can be 28-46%. 6 The higher fee for a loan than in the banking sector is compensated by the speed of the decision to issue a loan and the absence of many formalities. The term for making a decision on issuing a loan, as a rule, is no more than three days. At the same time, a higher loan price is by no means an obligatory condition for cooperative lending; in a number of cooperatives, the loan fee is the same as the deposit fee. Differences in the credit policy of different organizations are due to the "specialization" of the cooperative and the composition of depositors and borrowers.

On average, credit cooperatives in Russia issue 100-120 thousand loans per month, the average loan amount is 70 thousand rubles for a consumer loan, 250-0300 thousand rubles for a business loan. In the last two years, the share of business loans in the total number of loans has been constantly growing, and at the moment it has already reached 40%. The average savings contribution in Russia as a whole is about 60,000 rubles, but it varies considerably by region. The most developed regional systems of credit cooperation so far have been in the Kemerovo Region, Altai Territory, Volgograd Region, Rostov Region, the Far East (in particular, Primorye).

The highest density of placement of rural credit cooperatives is observed in the Central, Southern, Volga and Siberian federal districts. Rural credit cooperatives are widely represented here not only in regional centers, but also in rural municipalities.

The largest cooperative in terms of the number of shareholders is the Chest credit cooperative, registered in the city of Kamyshin, Volgograd Region, with over 35,000 members. In terms of assets, the cooperative "Eco" from the city of Urai, Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug, is in the lead - 1 billion 300 thousand rubles of assets.

In the new Russia, the revival of domestic credit unions began in 1991 in response to the aggravated problem of consumer credit for citizens and the need to save family budgets from rapidly growing inflation. The adoption in 1992 of the federal law "On consumer cooperation in the Russian Federation" played a decisive role. Credit unions began to register as consumer cooperatives or consumer societies. The first credit union in Russia was registered in 1992 (CS "Suzdalsky"). In January 1993, the first forum took place in Suzdal, where the main principles of the Credit Union Movement were formulated. The growth of their numbers and the accumulation of operational experience required organizational formalization. In November 1994, the founding assembly of the Union of Consumer Societies "League of Credit Unions" (SPO LKS) was held. 7 Today, this league includes more than 200 CUs. In turn, LKS is an official member of the World Council of Credit Unions (WOCCU) 8 and is also represented in the National Partnership of Microfinance Market Stakeholders (NAMMS). nine

The development of the movement required the creation of a fundamental legal field. In August 2001, a new law No. 117-FZ "On Credit Consumer Cooperatives of Citizens" was signed. It consolidated the non-entrepreneurial nature of the main activities of credit unions, their non-commercial status, the mutual and internal nature of work, the principles of membership, prescribed measures to protect the financial interests of shareholders, limit the financial and managerial risks of the credit union.

The benefits of credit cooperation can be summarized as follows:

Accessibility for low-budget segments of the population. The use of the principle of individual and group surety instead of collateral allows the cooperative to expand its activities to those sections of society that cannot provide collateral.

Transparency and ease of control over resources. Members of the credit cooperative provide control over the issuance of loans. Since they usually know each other well, this is usually more effective than the control of an outside financial institution.

Low cost of doing business. This is due to the fact that the group takes on part of the administrative work in the process of issuing loans (formation of a credit group, evaluation and monitoring of projects).

Mutual support of group members. This strengthens social ties and reduces the need for advisory services from an external financial institution.

These factors provide a high level of payments and an affordable interest rate on loans.

The prerequisites for the transformation of a credit cooperative into social entrepreneurship are already laid down in the above principles of credit cooperation, combining social and economic components. Since this is a much less formalized and regulated procedure, it is based on close interaction with the client, with his business and social environment (family, friends, neighbors). This allows not only to focus on the specific financial needs and capabilities of a person, adapting lending opportunities to them, but also to carry out various types of business consulting and even mediation when concluding transactions. The latter is a distinguishing feature of a credit cooperative compared to other types of microfinance institutions in Russia. Another feature of Russian microfinance is the focus on small business, which is primarily due to the institutional and organizational barriers to its development. The latter are to a certain extent overcome by the flexibility of combining economic and social levers of support and control on the part of cooperative members, as well as by using the resource of informal social ties.

1 alter. S.K. Social Enterprise Typology. Virtue Ventures LLC. Nov.27, 2007 (revised vers.), p.12.

2 Dees, J.G. The meaning of social entrepreneurship. Center for the Advancement of Social Entrepreneurship, Duke University's Fuqua School of Business, 2001 (revised vers.)

3 For more on M. Yunus’ experience, see Yunus, M. Banker to the poor: Microlending and the battle against world poverty/ New York: Public Affairs, 1999, http://www.grameen-info.org

4 For more details on the experience of well-known social entrepreneurship organizations abroad, see M. Batalina, A. Moskovskaya, L. Taradina "Review of the experience and concepts of social entrepreneurship, taking into account the possibilities of its application in modern Russia." M., SU-HSE, 2008. WP-1/2008/02.

5 Cooperative - in accordance with the Civil Code of the Russian Federation - a voluntary association of citizens and legal entities in the form of a non-profit organization on the basis of membership in order to meet the material and other needs of participants, carried out by combining property shares by its members. The activities of specialized credit cooperatives are regulated by a number of special laws.

Fundamentals of social entrepreneurship lectures. Social entrepreneurship in Russia: development, support and ideas

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Moscow, 2012 G.

Similar Documents

1. Prerequisites for the emergence, formation and development of entrepreneurship

2. Essence, functions and principles of entrepreneurship

3. Problems of entrepreneurship

4. Subjects and objects of entrepreneurial activity

5. Organizational and legal forms of entrepreneurship

6. Entrepreneurship support funds

Conclusion

Bibliography

The concept of social entrepreneurship

Related definitions

Social Entrepreneurship: Governance and Models

Additional destinations

Small business entities

Signs of social entrepreneurship

What follows from this?

Development in different countries

History pages

Expert point of view

Conclusion

General information

Mission

History reference

Development of social entrepreneurship

Specificity

Michael Young

Modern realities

Russian companies

Conclusion

Read also on the topic: